Vanhu veNorth uye tsika yavo

Pamberi pekare, ethnologist yakaverenga vanhu vanosvika 45 vakasiyana-siyana vanogara mumamiriro okunze akaoma muNorth. Vanogara mumapoka maduku, mumwe nomumwe ane rurimi rwake, tsika uye zvitendero zvake.

Ndivanaani vanhu vokuchamhembe?

Pfungwa ye "vanhu vekuchamhembe" iri kuwedzera kucheneswa neshoko rokuti "duku". Maererano nehuwandu hwemashoko, avo vanofungidzirwa kuti ndeavo vane nhamba yevamiririri haipfuuri chikumbaridzo chevanhu 50 000. Kunyange zvakadaro, avo avo vachiri kudarika chiyero ichi havazokwanise kusvika pamatsetse, asi vanogara kuNorth, vanoremekedza tsika dzekare dzemadzitateguru avo, uye vanotiwo chitendero chimwe chete. Muitiko apo vanhu vekuFar North vanofungidzirwa chete nenhamba shomanana, inofanira kukandwa kunze kwezita reKomi, Karelians uye Yakuts. Aya mapoka makuru kwazvo.

Legislative justification

Muna 1995, kwenguva yekutanga, mamwe maitiro akarongeka emapoka emarudzi uye vanhu veNorth akaonekwa, izvo zvisingararami muchikamu ichi cheRussia, asiwo kuchengeta tsika netsika dzezuva nezuva. Inosanganisira zvose Komi uye Yakuts, iyo inobatanidzwa mukuzadza mbeu. Vose vanogara munzvimbo duku, vanosiyana mumabasa uye vari chikamu chemaitiro makuru emadzinza. Vatsvakurudzi vanoramba vachitaura pamusoro pevanhu veNorth uye Siberia, sezvo kune mashomanana emaRussia anogara munyika idzodzo.

Muna 1999, tsanangudzo dzakapiwa dzakapiwa kune dzimwe nyika dzakasiyana. Vanhu vekuchamhembe vanoziva avo vanogara munharaunda yavo, apo madzitateguru avo akambogara, vane rurimi rwavo pachavo, vachichengeta tsika, vachishandisa marudzi akafanana ezvokudya uye kuverenga zvishoma kudarika zviuru makumi mashanu zvevanhu. Kutaura zvazviri, masayendisiti akaparadza anenge 30% emadzinza.

Muna 2000, kwekutanga, vanhu vese vemuNorth vakaiswa mune rimwe gwaro rehurumende. Mutsamba ye 45 inonyatsozivikanwa kusvika nhasi maitiro evanhu. Mumwe nomumwe wavo anogara munharaunda yaro, anobata mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekutya, achitaura nevamwe vose veRussian Federation, sekutonga, kuburikidza nekutengeserana. Panguva imwecheteyo, tsika dzavo tsika dzakachengetedzwa uye dzinoparidzirwa sehupfumi hwemadzitateguru avo.

Zvinenge gumi nemanomwe pane zvose zvakanyorwa hazvina vanhu vanopfuura 1500 mukuumbwa kwavo.

Vanhu veNorth vanonyatsochenjerera nezvezvisikwa. Vanoedza kuziva zvisikwa zvakapoteredza, zvichiita kuti zvikuvadze zvakanyanya.

Vazhinji vavo vaifanira kushandura nzvimbo iyo yekare, asi kazhinji panguva imwechetewo madzinza avo akachinja zvakare.

Zvipo

Kwemazuva mazhinji, vanhu vekuchamhembe vakatsinhana chete. Vakapa zvipfeko zvakanyanya uye vakatora icho chavaida. Kuchinjwa sezvinhu zvekushandisa kwezuva nezuva, uye zvakasiyana-siyana fertilizer, fossils nezvimwe zvakadaro.

Munguva yekare, vakapfuurira kune mumwe nemumwe kunyange ruvara, kubva pavakagadzira zvigadzirwa zvekuvhima.

Mhando huru dzekubata vazhinji vevanhu ava nde:

• Reindeer herding;
• Kubata;
• Kuunganidza;
• Truck kurima.

Vakawanda vane hurongwa hwekufamba kwemwaka, panguva iyo mavhima ekuvhima anoitwa kana kutengeserana nevamwe vagari venyika idzi.

Guru resettlement

Vanhu vemuNorth vakashandurwa zvakanyanya mushure mekunge mazaya emvura akatanga kunyauka makore gumi akapfuura. Munguva iyi inoitika, chikamu chematnos emunharaunda, iyo yakashandiswa kugara mukati kana kuti kunyange nechekumaodzanyemba kwenyika, yakasimuka ichienda kumaodzanyemba.

Vanogona kutsanangurwa nemapoka emitauro :

• Evens, Dolgans, Evenks nedzimwe vanhu vakawanda vekuFar North ndeyevanhu veTurkic neTungus-Manchu;
• Nenets, Nganasans, Selkups uye Enets ndezvenharaunda yeSamoyedic mitauro;
• Yukagir kuenda kuPaleo-Asiatic, achibatanidza zvose izvo vanhu vekuchamhembe nevekuMabvazuva vanounza kune tsika yavo;
• Khanty, Saami naMansi kune boka rakasiyana rekutyisidzira mitauro yeFinnish.

Yukaghir zvakavezwa nematombo zvakawanikwa mumakomo eAngara. Uye zvino ivo vose vanogara kumaodzanyemba kweRussia. Vakawanda vaiva muArctic Circle.

Nokufamba kwenguva, mutauro wakashanduka, uye kunyange kutaridzika kwevatungamiri. Mumuviri wavo wakagadziriswa kuti uregere kushivirira frosts.

Tsika yeVanhu veNorth

Chimiro chemarudzi ese chakasiyana uye chakasiyana. Pasinei nehamba shomanana, rudzi rwevanhu vanodzidza mitauro yemadzitateguru avo, kuchengetedza tsika dzetsika.

Zita roga roga, rinotaurwa neumwe kana imwe nyika, rakakamurwa kuva subspecies yakasiyana-siyana.

Semuenzaniso, chiChukchi ine zvinyorwa zvishanu zvakasiyana. Chimwe nechimwe chazvo chinoratidzira kune imwe nzvimbo yavanogara.

Folklore

Vanhu vechidiki vaduku veNorth vanonyatsochengetedza nhoroondo dzekare dzinopfuudzwa kubva kune rimwe rudzi kusvika kune rimwe chizvarwa. Nhema dzavo dzinogona kuonekwa sechiitiko chakasiyana chetsika. Vatsvakurudzi vachiri kunyora nyaya dzose kubva munhau dzinoratidzwa nevanhu vokuchamhembe. Nekubatsirwa kwavo unogona kunzwisisa kuti zvii zvave zvichiitika nevanhu ava kwemazana emakore.

Nhasi mazororo anochengetwa gore negore muhupenyu hwemadzinza, zvichida kuchinja. Rwiyo rwemitambo, mimhanzi, kutamba - zvose zvavo zvichiri kuchengetedzwa nemunharaunda.

Material tsika

Zvipfeko zvakajeka pazvipfeko zvinoshanda senhengo inoparadzanisa vanhu vese. Uyewo kazhinji pazvipfeko zvepamberi zvevachamhembe kune zvipimo kubva muupenyu hwavo, zvifananidzo zvemadzitateguru. Iwe unogona kuona mvura inogadziriswa pamapfeesheni emadzinza aya ayo ari kubata hove semhizha huru. Mifananidzo yemhashu inowanikwa mumadzishe emombe.

Mumwe nomumwe wemadzinza anozivikanwa nekugara kwawo, akavakirwa nzvimbo yekugara, kushanda kwemamiriro ezvinhu. Kanadic dzinza dzinowanzovaka zvivako zvenguva duku, izvo zvingave nyore kuparadzaniswa kuitira kuti tifambe kune imwe nzvimbo.

Kana iri chikafu, vanhu vekuchamhembe vachiri nenzira ine tsika yekuchengetedza zvokudya - kuti vaomise. Izvi zvinotibvumira kuti tishandise firiji inowanzogara. Semuenzaniso, kuomeswa kwechikafu nyama, hove, mawaniro akasiyana-siyana, mushwa, maruva akapararira munzvimbo dzakawanda dzeNorthern Russia.

Vazhinji vevamiririri vemarudzi aya vanobatanidzwa mukudya kwekudya. Havana kubika nyama kana majikiro, hove kana kuti herbs, vachida kuidya zvakasvibirira. Zvinonzwisisika, izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuda kwekuti kutonhora kunowanzosvika kumusoro kwezero.

The Religion

Mumusoro kuchamhembe kweRussia, kwakanga kusina vaKristu, kwete vaMuslim, hakuna mumwe. Ndechikonzero chechikonzero icho chiito chekutenda chakachengetedzwa pano. Izvi zvinofadza zvikuru masayendisiti nevadzidzisi vezvechitendero. Mumiririro evanhu vomunharaunda yacho akasiyana zvakasiyana neavamwe vanhu.

VaShaman vachiri kuremekedzwa. Ava vanhu vanoremekedzwa ndiyo motokari pakati penyika yemweya uye nzvimbo yevanhu. Vanoita basa revanodzidza nezvepfungwa, vanachiremba uye vadzidzisi vezvitendero.

Maererano nehuwandu hwevanhu, chimiro chimiro chipenyu. Zvose zvakapoteredza zvine mweya uye zvinokwanisa kubatsira zvose nekukuvadza. Ndicho chikonzero ichi kuti vanhu vose vekuchamhembe vanonamata mweya yemhuka, masango, makomo nemiti. Madzitateguru anofanirwa kuremekedzwa kunokosha. Nekuremekedza kwakakodzera, ivo vanozobatsira hama dzavo. Mukuwedzera, ivo ndivo vanochengetedza zvese zvakasangana nazvo iyo maitiro akawanikwa munguva yaro.

Zvinonakidza kuti shamanism yeNorth haina chokuita nemaitiro evaIndia. Kana iwe uchikwanisa kufanana, ichava pedyo nekutya voodoo. Asi, kusiyana nechechipiri, shamans vanoshandisa ruzivo rwavo chete kuitira zvakanaka.

Historical background

Vakawanda vanodavira kuti chizvarwa chevanhu vose venyika ndeMesopotamiya uye nyika yeSumerian. Pano pane pfungwa yokuti vanhu vakabva muEgipita. Zvichida vanhu vokutanga vakatanga kukura China kana India. Kunyange zvakadaro, chaizvoizvo izvi hazvigone kutorwa nemunhu.

Asi pane zvikonzero zvose zvekutenda kuti Russia inopa humwe humwe hwematongerwo enyika ekare. Vanhu vokumusoro vanogara pano makore 9 000 apfuura. Pane kudaro, zviwanikwa zvakawanikwa uye zvinhu zveimba zvinokubvumira kutaura nezvazvo. Zvinokwanisika kuti humwe uchapupu hwekare hunenge huchigere kuwanikwa.

Kunyanya kufarira panyaya iyi ndeye Yukagirs. Iyi nyika inonzi ndiyo yakwegura uye midzi yayo inogona kuenda kunyanzvi dzeHyperboreans. Maererano nerimwe shanduro, madzitateguru avo anofanirwa kutaridzirwa kuti Chukchi, nokuti nzira yavo yehupenyu yakakodzerwa neActic. Mukuwedzera, maererano nezvesayenzi-teknolojia, ivo vari mberi kupfuura mamwe marudzi ose.

Kana tikataura pamusoro pevanhu vashoma vaduku veNorth, aya ndiwo mabhesheni. Iyi ethnos yakaumbwa chete pakati pezana remakore rechi19, apo maRussia tsars akatanga kutanga nyika yeUssuriysk. Kufananidzwa kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana (Nanais, Udege, Chinese) vakazviwana vari voga vakaunza kubuda kweboka idzva.