US simbi road: nhoroondo uye tsananguro

US railroads vane akapfuma nhoroondo uye chaizvo basa iri kukura ehurumende. Parizvino munyika chokufambisa ichi haafariri mukurumbira mukuru akadai ndege uye motokari mhando. nezvitima vazhinji kupfuura Exhibits. Vanofamba kunze dzorudo uye vanhu vanotya kubhururuka ndege. Uye tikiti mutengo Kazhinji hazvina akasiyana zvikuru kubva Mari kutiza.

Brief tichienzanisa njanji Russian

отличается. Railroad Russia uye United States rakasiyana. Kana Kureba munyika mikuru iri 87 zviuru makiromita, vokuAmerica, nhamba yakanga 220 zviuru makiromita. Track upamhi muRussia - 1,520 neMM, apo ari US - 1435 neMM, uyewo Europe. Munyika ino vashandi mamiriyoni 1,2, ukuwo American Mugwagwa anoshanda vanosvika 180 zviuru. Vanhu vanoshanda mune indasitiri. Inenge ndiye chete chikamu maindasitiri turnover, izvo zvose munyika ndiyo 40%.

chizvarwa

началась в 1815 году. Nhoroondo US railroads rakatanga muna 1815. budiriro yavo akatarisa vaizotibata chaizvo tichifunga kuti panguva iyoyo nyika yakanga isina nechido zvakachipa uye vakatsanya nyika zvifambiso. Zvino Railway Company New Jersey rakavakwa Colonel John Stevens. Pakutanga matavi maindasitiri dzakatangwa kuti chokufambisa kwenhumbi pamusoro pfupi kure, somuenzaniso, kuti tisunungurwe zvicherwa kubva mumigodhi. Pennsylvania Railroad, iyo yakatanga kushanda muna 1846, akanga ari boka rokutanga indasitiri. Makore masere gare gare, akanga pamutemo kupinzwa kushanda nzira yayo yokutanga, iyo richibatanidza Philadelphia uye Harrisburg.

The locomotives yokutanga

, стало обеспечение тяги. Kana kuvaka hombe pamatende kusina matambudziko, dambudziko huru vakatarisana neUnited States wokutanga simbi mugwagwa kwaiva kugovera traction. Muna 1826, Dzhon Stivenson chambotaurwa nezvacho akagadzira uye akavaka chiutsi yake locomotive. Kuti mumuedze vana vavo injiniya akavakwa New Jersey pachake tenderera njanji. Achiedza michina vanobudirira. Makore matatu gare gare, Allen Gortari, sezvo mukuru injiniya makuru mumagwa kambani, zvinganaka kushandisa pachena Chirungu locomotive. Mushure vakabudirira yekuedzwa, akatanga kushandiswa iri bazi pakati Karbonveyl uye Honesdeyl muPennsylvania. Muna 1830, kuti locomotive wokutanga aiendeswa mutakurwi chokufambisa yakanga yakagadzirwa ne American Peter Cooper mu New York. Nokufamba kwenguva, iye akazviita yakavimbika zvikuru motokari.

dzinonakidza chokwadi

Mune mashanu ari namapfumbamwe remakore, mabasa ayo akatanga vanonzi pevhu kana pevhu. так себя называли представители одного тайного общества. Mune US, iri pachavo vanonzi vamiriri munzanga pakavanda. Zvinonzi mubasa kusimudzira anotiza varanda raizouya African kubva kumaodzanyemba inoti kuchamhembe. Basa iri sangano aiva nechokuita chokufambisa uye motokari. Nhengo sangano chete kushandisa mazwi pechiteshi, rwakazokura akakurumbira munyika American vanhu.

Kutanga nokukurumidza budiriro

Yakanga mushure locomotives vakatanga kushingaira kuumba njanji muUnited States. новый вид транспорта уже составлял серьезную конкуренцию судоходным компаниям. Muzana remakore rechi19 mutsva chimiro pakufamba ane kare yakaoma makwikwi kutumirwa makambani. Special zvakasimbisa ayo budiriro akapa kuedza akawanda kuti kwakaratidza kuti injini anokwanisa kufukidza chinhambwe anenge matatu kana mana nguva kupfuura chikepe.

Muna 1830 paiva chiitiko chinokosha nokuda American njanji. Zvadaro, pakati pamaguta Ohio uye Baltimore muna Maryland nayo kwakatangwa uye akatanga kumhanya nguva dzose yokutanga mutakurwi chitima. Pakutanga, voruzhinji zvikuru maonero kuti injini, achivadana diabolical michina, asi nokufamba kwenguva vakawanda vagari akatowedzera pachena kuti kutakurirwa ichi ndicho ramangwana.

составляла 2755 миль, то двадцать лет спустя этот показатель перешагнул через отметку в 30 тысяч миль. Kana sezvo ari 1840 US kuwedzerwa njanji raiva 2755 mamaira, makore makumi maviri gare gare, nhamba iyi pavakayambukira pamusoro chiratidzo zviuru 30 mamaira. Kuvakwa nzira itsva akwanise zvikuru kukura zvokurima. Sezvo varimi kushanda pamisika, vakakurumidza vaida chokufambisa, vaikwanisa uye rubanzu chirimwa mune bhuku guru.

Kuvakwa transcontinental njanji

Muna 1861, hondo yakatanga pakati North uye South. . Pasinei neizvi, rimwe gore pashure pacho akatanga, President Abraham Lincoln akaita chisarudzo, maererano yaifanira akavaka transcontinental njanji USA. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti Kureba mutsetse uchava anenge zviuru zvitatu makiromita. Contractors vava mapoka maviri: Central Pacific (yakagadzirwa jira kubva kumavirira kusvikira kumabvazuva) uye Union Pacific Railroad (akatungamirira kuvakwa kumabvazuva-kumadokero). Munzira Center vakafungidzira vanonzi musangano pfungwa. Imwe neimwe makambani vakatsvaka kutanga kupedza wako nzvimbo uye kukunda kuti machisi mhando iyi, saka basa haisi nguva dzose kuitwa maererano nepurani. vakuru vakawanda kutorwa mari dzinounzwa nokuda kuvaka. Kana nzira njanji vaiva nemisha yavo vageremo vakapa paltry inopfupikisa nyika. Uyezve, mukutsinhana fufuro kubva mayors vamwe maguta (kwavari akanga kunobatsira kuvapo huru), kambani kakawanda achinja pakutengeserana.

Nokuti kuvaka vakauya vanenge 10 zviuru vashandi kubva China uye mumwe 4000 kubva Ireland. Izvi zvakaitwa kuti kuderedza mari basa, nokuti vekuAmerica haana kubvumirana kushandira yaida mari (dzakawanda $ 1.5 pazuva). Nokuda yakaoma nokushanda mamiriro kuti vavaki vazhinji vakafa.

Somugumisiro, kambani Union Pacific Railroad akaita vakakwanisa kuvaka 1749 makiromita jira, apo vavengi vavo - 1,100? Km. It vakazoroorwa aiva tambira mberi kwemashoko "vakundi", iro nhasi yazova imwe yenzvimbo simba munyika njanji namaoko. Apo, muna 1869, akasangana zvavanobata Contractors maviri, kusungira mbambo yakanga Akarovera goridhe, inomiririra kubatana pakati munyanza mbiri.

The mugumisiro pakuvaka transcontinental njanji

тогда стала бесполезной и бессмысленной затеей президента. Vatsoropodzi vakawanda vanoti US transcontinental njanji ipapo akava asingabatsiri neyekusadzidza ririkuitwa mutungamiri. Zvisinei, vakabva, yava chaizvo basa kuti hurumende, kutanga yechimurenga upfumi uye yokutama mairi. Munguva pfupi nguva iri yakaorera vokumadokero nyika akasimuka pamusoro guru nhamba vokuAmerica vanoda kutanga kurima.

Pakupera rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore paiva mashomanana mapazi chokuita munyanza mbiri. Vakanga nani vakafunga panze, uye pakuvaka akabvumira vashomanana kutyorwa. , проложенная от востока до запада страны, считается тёмным пятном американской истории. The njanji yokutanga muUnited States, yakavakwa kubva kumabvazuva kusvikira kumavirira munyika, runoonekwa kuva rima panzvimbo munhau American. Izvi hazvishamisi, sezvo Feat pamusoro makambani maviri anogona zvisavhiringidza nhamba yevashandi akafa uye akasiya pasina denga pamusoro nemhuri dzavo pemisoro.

Kukura munjanji mushure Civil War

Yehondo akaratidza sei kukosha uye inobudirira njanji zvokufambisa ari zvokufambisa vanhu, zvokudya uye nezvombo. стало приоритетным. Hazvishamisi kuti munguva yemberi United States pokumuka njanji yazova chokutanga. Kushanda nemauto makambani pamberi ratanga rokuvaka inopiwa map. Kunyanya, hurumende dzinounzwa 16 kusvika 48 zviuru zvamadhora nokuti kwemaira nechimwe web. Mukuwedzera, nharaunda 10 mamaira kana divi yezwi iri zvarinoroora makambani. Nomuvuki anogona kunzi kuti, kubvira 1870, kwemakore 10, makambani akatoparadzirwa 242.000 makiromita mativi nyika.

производилось в грандиозных масштабах. Munguva kubva 1865 kusvika 1916 kuvakwa US railroads kunze pamwero mukuru. The zvachose urefu pamakwara munguva iyoyo yakawedzera kubva 35 kusvika 254 zviuru zvemakiromita. Uyezve, pakutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, vose mufambi uye mitoro zvokufambisa munyika inenge zvakazara kutakurwa njanji.

Kuderedza basa munjanji

Panguva World War First, kuchiteshi zvekutepfenyura akauya aidzorwa nehurumende US. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, indasitiri zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga kurasikirwa kutungamirirwa nzvimbo yaro. Muna 1920, railroads vakanga vadzokera pachake. Zvisinei, panguva ino, avo ezvinhu hwaipa yekudyidzana. Pamwechete kukura unyanzvi mberi uye vamwe modes pakufamba ndiko kutanga zvinotungamirira zvishoma nezvishoma rutapudzo basa racho indasitiri kumarudzi upfumi.

Asi zvakare kutapudza mutengo kuti indasitiri akaita, hazvisi zvakakodzera. Chekutanga, zvakatanga chokufambisa network, unobatanidza zvose womukati pamusika wenyika neHurumende rimwe chimwe. Chechipiri, kuvaka rejira akatsigira nokukurumidza nesimba sectors akadai chokufambisa engineering simbi, nokuda kudunhu kudiwa njanji, ngoro locomotives. Chero zvakanga, kusvikira 1920 apo kukura munjanji ainzi "yendarama nguva", tinogona kutaura chokwadi kuti kubva ipapo zvave zvinenge zvapera.

Mamiriro

Parizvino, vanhu vashoma chaizvo muUnited States anochovha njanji. Izvi anonyanya nokuda chitange aeronautical kukurukurirana zvakanaka. Uye mari matikiti chitima uye ndege kazhinji pamusoro chete. Panyaya iyi, hazvishamisi kuti hombe mugove mari yacho indasitiri kwakabatana mitoro chokufambisa. имеет протяжённость, составляющую более 220 тысяч километров. Network US railroads ane kureba kupfuura zviuru 220 makiromita. Ivo caterers nokuti sectors zvose upfumi hwenyika. Mugove njanji chokufambisa nyaya inenge 40% of National turnover.

kambani

American Makambani All njanji vari voga anazvo. Pamwe pane anenge 600. Panguva iyoyowo mugove 7 pakukura kwavo nezvokuvandudzika inopfuura hafu turnover vhoriyamu iri indasitiri. makambani State vari anosimbiswa kodzero kuzvimirira sarudzo panyaya tariffs, kuti chokufambisa. Panguva iyoyowo, izvi inotongwa muviri yeUnited rinonzi Council kuti Land Transport. Privatization kuAmerican Railroads hazvishandi. Makambani kuziva chinobudirira nokufambira Kufambisa pamusoro zvachose hurongwa zvose. Izvi imhaka kuti zvikuru makwikwi pamwe mugwagwa senga. Chinokosha zvisarudzo pamusoro basa njanji makambani tora shareholders dzavo. Mumakore achangopfuura, yemari makambani aya ndiwo avhareji anenge mabhiriyoni 54 emadhora pagore.

mitoro senga

могут похвастаться довольно развитой и эффективной системой грузовых перевозок. Iron US migwagwa kuzvirumbidza munhu dzakabudirira uye vakarongeka gadziriro mitoro motokari. Nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti kuchengetedzwa kubudirira kwayo anongofunga nokuda kwavo hama rusununguko kubva kuhurumende murau.

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, vanenge 40% kuti mitoro motokari munyika anopa njanji. ukoshi ichi kunowedzera mumakore gumi apfuura. уступают своему главному конкуренту – автомобильному транспорту. Zvisinei, indekisi iri US railways muduku ayo chikuru mukwikwidzi - mugwagwa senga. In kutamburira yeGmail.END_STRONG kambani zvinosimbisa zvakasimba zvinogona vatengi zvavo zveupfumi uye zvakatipoteredza zvikomborero. Maererano vatungamiriri vavo munguva pfupi zvichaita vachiri kuvandudza ano unongotaura.

Kupatsanura pakati mitoro makambani

, согласно действующей в стране системе классификации, делятся на следующие классы: компании первого класса, региональные компании, линейные локальные операторы и S&T перевозчики. Vatakuri kuti vanoshumira US migwagwa simbi, maererano kuitika kupatsanura hurongwa munyika, akakamurwa zvinotevera zvidzidzo: kirasi yokutanga makambani, emunharaunda makambani, dzomunharaunda Linear dzaishandisa uye S & T vatakuri.

By kuchiteshi Mapoka kirasi yokutanga inoreva nomwe chete dzaishandisa. Ivo pamusana anenge 67% kubva turnover, ukuwo avhareji mari mumwe gore negore akapfuudza chiratidzo mamiriyoni 350 emadhora pamusoro. Transportation Kazhinji akatakurwa pamusoro madaro marefu. Nhamba dzinoratidza kuti 9 kubva 10 US Railroad basa yemakambani aya.

Makambani Regional vane paavhareji mari mamiriyoni kanenge $ 40 pagore. Vari kazhinji kuitwa panguva chokufambisa kure 350 kusvika 650 (makiromita mukati anoverengeka anoti). Maererano ichangobva data, nyika ine 33 emakambani yakadaro, uye uwandu vashandi neimwe zvinosiyana munzvimbo kuwanda vashandi 500.

Local dzaishandisa achiita kutakurirwa kure kumusoro kusvika 350 makiromita pagore uye vanobhadharwa kusvika mamiriyoni 40 emadhora. In hurumende mune 323 yemakambani mukirasi iyi, izvo kazhinji zvaitakura zvinhu pamusoro munharaunda imwe hurumende.

At S & T kwete chete kutakura zvinhu, sezvo vakanga vaita transhipment uye Sorting. Mukuwedzera, ivo dzidzira ari pakukurukura mukati imwe nzvimbo pamusoro sezvakarayirwa imwe mutakuri. Maererano ichangobva data, nyika ine 196 makambani akadaro nditambire nerimwe gore emamiriyoni emadhora.

mutakurwi kutakura

Rail mutakurwi senga muUnited States haafariri mukurumbira zvikuru. Chokwadi chokuti madaro pakati maguta kazhinji yakakura kwazvo, uye havasi vose vanokwanisa kugara kwemaawa nechigaro, pasinei nyaradzo yake. Zviri nokukurumidza zvikuru kufamba nendege, tikiti mutengo dzisina zvikuru kupfuura mari rwendo muchitima.

U.S. emit mhando mbiri mutakurwi nezvitima: daro refu uye pfupi-dhonza (usiku). Chokutanga izvi vakashandisa mota ndakagara mhando. Ivo Dzinogara chete masikati. In yechipiri mhando ine zvose akarara uye agere kaviri-decker motokari. Panyaya iyi vatakurwi dziri pamusoro yokumusoro weDanho ezasi inhoroondo ya kutakurwa mukwende. Night nezvitima kushumira kunyanya kumadokero kwenyika yacho.

Uyezve, nokuti mutakurwi basa vari akapawo Republic chokufambisa. Zvitima kuti muvatsvakire ndezvaJehovha omunzvimbo dzaishandisa, izvo vakazvimiririra kuumba mutero hurongwa.

kupera

в своё время сыграли революционную роль в экономике страны. Iron US Migwagwa pane imwe nguva kwainge echimurenga basa upfumi. chitarisiko chavo chave yakanaka inoverengeka kuchinja, uyewo kugadzirwa kwepurogiramu maindasitiri zhinji uye kurima. The Evolution of American njanji chokufambisa pamberi kutanga World War First kunyange pakuzivikanwa so "yendarama zera" pakati njanji. Chero zvakanga, kukura unyanzvi mberi pamwe Kuwanikwa dzimwe modes pakufamba chakaguma zvishoma nezvishoma rutapudzo basa racho indasitiri.