Tu-244 - a supersonic ndege

Kamwe vanhu vakatanga mukudzidzire denga simba, nguva dzose zvinoita anoedza kunatsiridza ndege kuti kwavari kupfuura yakavimbika, nokukurumidza, zvimwe capacious. Chimwe chezvinhu itsva zvigadzirwa vevanhu mirayiridzo iyi ndivo supersonic mutakurwi ndege. Asi, zvinosuruvarisa isingawanzopotswi kunze, vakawanda zviitiko avharwa kana vari pari panguva gwaro rwakazara. Mumwe purojekiti yakadaro supersonic mutakurwi ndege Tu-244, izvo tichakurukura pazasi.

dzichimhanya kupfuura inzwi

Asi tisati tatanga kutaura zvakananga pamusoro Tu-244, ngatitorei pfupi karwendo kupinda munhoroondo yevanhu kukurira dzoro kumhanya inzwi, nokuti ndege richava zvakananga kuenderera kwesainzi munharaunda iyi.

Chinokosha wedzera kuti kukura avhiyesheni rakapiwa Hondo Yenyika II. Ndipo apo pane mazano chaiwo ndege pamwe ndege injini vaikwanisa aimhanya zvikuru sikuruu. Sezvo yechipiri yezana 40-ies wekupedzisira remakore, vakanga vachishingaira ichanzwiwa zvose zvechiuto uye vehurumende avhiyesheni.

The rakatevera basa raiva maximize ari kumhanya ari ndege. Kana kubuda pamusoro supersonic chipingamupinyi haana kuoma, kungowedzera injini simba, iyo KUKUNDA kwayo kwaiva chinokosha dambudziko, sezvo mitemo aerodynamics panguva aimhanya avo siyana.

Kunyange zvakadaro, kukunda wokutanga munhangemutange tiine yakanga kubudirira muna 1947 mune American experimental ndege, asi massively kushandiswa ultrasonic Michina haana kutanga kusvikira pakuguma okuma50 - mangwanani 60-ies zviri XX remakore muuto avhiyesheni. Kune inogadzirwa yokutevedzera sezvo third-19, North America A-5 Vigilante, Convair F-102 Delta Dagger nevamwe vazhinji.

Passenger supersonic ndege

Asi wehurumende avhiyesheni zvakanga zvisina kudaro rombo. Yokutanga supersonic mutakurwi ndege dzakabuda chete mukupera 60s. Uye panguva yakanga akasikwa maviri chete Serial muenzaniso - Soviet Tu-144 uye Franco-British "yokuwirirana". Ndivo hwokufananidzira-refu dhonza ndege. Tu-144 ari kushanda kubva 1975 kusvika 1978, uye "yokuwirirana" - kubva 1976 kusvika 2003. Saka, panguva iyoyo haina kushandiswa, hapana supersonic ndege pamwe mutakurwi motokari.

Pane zvakawanda okuvaka kuti supersonic uye hypersonic ndege, asi vamwe vavo pakupedzisira kuvharwa (Douglas 2229, Super-Caravelle, T-4, uye vamwe.), Uye vamwe Implementation akatambanudza nokusingaperi (Zvaakazoita Engines A2, SpaceLiner, Next Generation Supersonic Transport). Yokupedzisira chinoshanda ndege Tu-244 chirongwa.

Start okukura

Chirongwa kuti kusika ndege, iyo aifanira yokutsiva Tu-144 Tupolev akatanga panguva yaitonga Soviet Union, mukuvamba 70-ies wekupedzisira remakore. Kana mazano ane ndege itsva, vagadziri vakashandisa namaapuro nowakautangira kwayo, "yokuwirirana", uyewo zvinhu zviri American navo uyo aimbotaurawo basa. Zviitiko zvose zvinoitwa pasi pokutungamirira Alekseya Andreevicha Tupoleva.

Muna 1973, ivo projected ndege ainzi Tu-244.

purojekiti zvinangwa

Chinangwa chikuru chemusha basa iri raiva kuumba yemakwikwi zvechokwadi supersonic ndege kuti mutakurwi motokari zvichienzaniswa subsonic ndege airliners. Rinenge chete mukana aimbova pamusoro ekupedzisira aiva fuma iri nokukurumidza. In vamwe supersonic airliners vakarasikirwa vakwikwidzi dzavo nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva. Passenger motokari pamusoro pavo havana abhadhare mari. Kunze Vols vakanga ngozi kupfuura chete plane jeti injini. Wokupedzisira chinhu, Sezvineiwo, kwaiva yepamutemo chikonzero oparesheni rikaguma supersonic Tu-144 mwedzi mishomanana yekutanga namarudzi kutanga.

Saka, ndiko zvinetso izvi, uye akanunurwa kuti Developers of Tu-244. The ndege inofanira kuva akavimbika, kutsanya, asi panguva imwe chete, mashandiro awo kuti kutakura vafambi vaifanira kunge mari-anobudirira.

rwokugadzira unhu

The yokupedzisira muenzaniso Tu - 244, vakagamuchirwa pamasikiro kwaiva kuti Followings hwokugadzira uye woshanda maitiro.

The vashandi pamusoro airliner Kunoumbwa vanhu vatatu. mukati makadirwa rakatorwa pana mwero 300 vanhu. Zvisinei, mune rokupedzisira shanduro chirongwa rakanga kucheka kusvika vanhu 254, asi chero zvakadaro zvakanga yakakura kupfuura Tu-154 atiitirewo. dzinokwana 150 vanhu.

Akaronga cruising nokukurumidza yakanga 2.175 zviuru. Km / h, rinopfuura kaviri kumhanya inzwi. Enzanisa chete chakarurama pamusoro Tu-144 akanga akaenzana 2300 zviuru km / h uye "yokuwirirana" - .. 2,125 zviuru km / h. Ndicho ndege yakarongwa kuita zvishoma nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva pane nowakautangira, asi nokuda ichi, yekudyidzana kuwedzera kugona kwaro, iro aifanira kupa chipiriso kubatsirwa Vos kutakurwa vatakurwi. Movement akapa mana turbofan injini. Range kuti kutiza ndege itsva yakanga kuva 7500-9200? Km. Kutakura - matani 300.

Ndege inofanira kuva kureba 88 m, mumwe kukwirira 15 m, bapiro kutsvaira yaiva 45 M uye chinobudirira pamusoro nzvimbo - 965 mamita ^2.

Musiyano mukuru kwokunze pakati ndege itsva kubva Tu-144 aifanira kuva yekupindurwa mhino mamiriro.

mberi budiriro

chirongwa chokuvakira supersonic airliner yedzinza wechipiri Tu-244 akatora nani kuramba tichishanda uye kakawanda kwave kuchiita kuchinja. Zvisinei, kunyange pashure pokuwa kweSoviet Tupolev haana kurega kukura mune mirayiridzo iyi. Somuenzaniso, kare muna 1993, panguva mhepo anoratidza kwemashoko akazara pamusoro pokumuka zvapiwa muFrance. Zvisinei, mamiriro ezvinhu zvoupfumi munyika mumakore 90 vaisagona asi kukanganisa njodzi racho. Kutaura zvazviri, mugumo wake akarembera mudenga, kunyange akagadzira basa rakaramba, uye mukuru mishumo yayo kuvhara haana. Rakanga panguva ino, chirongwa vakatanga kushingaira abatane nyanzvi American, kunyange kutaura navo yaiitirwa mumazuva USSR.

Kuramba tsvakurudzo pamusoro mufambi supersonic airliner chizvarwa yechipiri muna 1993, vaviri Tu-144 vakanga vatendeukira pasi zvinobhururuka murabhoritari.

Kuvhara kana -oma?

Against pakanyorwa ziendamberi kukura uye anozviti kuti muna 2025 ari TU-244 ndege achauya kushanda yevagari avhiyesheni mu uwandu 100 zviyero, inoshamisa chaizvo chaiva kushaya chirongwa rehurumende purogiramu kukura avhiyesheni pamakore 2013-2025., Iro rakagamuchirwa muna 2012 . Ndinofanira kutaura kuti purogiramu kushayiwa zvimwe zvinokosha zvave, iyo kusvikira panguva iyoyo vaionekwa vaizotibata iri ndege indasitiri Somuenzaniso, imwe supersonic bhizimisi ndege Tu-444.

Chokwadi ichi aigona kuti Tu-244 chirongwa kana kuvharwa zvachose kana chando nokusingaperi. Mukupera nyaya, kusunungurwa supersonic ndege izvi zviri zvikuru paya chete, muna 2025, ari zvinobvira. Zvisinei, hapana mukuru tsananguro iri nyaya iyi haina kupiwa, kuti vasare chaizvo navanopinda munda kuti mhirikiro zvakasiyana.

tarisiro

Kupiwa ose pamusoro, zvinganzi kudonongodzwa kuti chirongwa Tu-244 pari panguva zvishoma kuti akayangarara mudenga, uye chingatova kuvharwa. The pamutemo chiziviso pamusoro kutapwa chirongwa hazvisati zvaitika. Kana vataura zvikonzero akanga yakaturikwa kana zvachose kuvharwa. Kunyange zvazvo zvingataurwa vakafunga kuti vanogona kuva kushaya paruzhinji mari mari zviitiko zvakadaro, upfumi zvazvakashatira chirongwa, kana chinhu kuti aigona zvino nyore mutsika zvisingachashandi kwemakore 30, uye pamusoro wenyaya zvakawanda kwenguva refu zvinangwa. Zvisinei, zvinobvira kuchinja zvose zvitatu zvinokonzera panguva imwe chete.

Muna 2014, nhepfenyuro vakaitwa zvekungofungira pamusoro resumption chirongwa, asi zvakadaro kure havana pamutemo kusimbiswa, sezvo, zvirokwazvo, uye zvinonzwisisika achinyatsoramba.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mhiri kwemakungwa kusimudzira supersonic mutakurwi ndege chizvarwa wechipiri usati kusvika munhangemutange, uye Implementation vazhinji vavo pasi guru mubvunzo.

Panguva iyoyowo, apo hapana mitsara yepamutemo nokuda mvumo vanhu havafaniri chose mapfumo racho iri Tu-244.