Tsika ainoita psychotherapy. Tsika psychotherapy: unyanzvi, madzidzisiro, vamiririri, dzinokosha redzidziso

Nguva dzose vanhu tatarisana mafungiro kuratidzwa akadai kuvhiringidzika, waneta noupenyu, kusazvivimba, akatendeuka kuva mwoyo. Zvinetso panguva dzakasiyana vaivawo zvakasiyana, asi manzwiro uye zvakaitika vanhu vanoda. Nhasi vanhu vakawanda vachitambura kubva kurasikirwa zvinoreva upenyu uye kupererwa yomukati zvinokonzerwa nokusvika zvimwe upenyu matambudziko. Mwari akaronga kuti kubatsira vanhu vakadaro tsika psychotherapy.

Pfungwa tsika psychotherapy

Tsika psychotherapy - mitemo uye mupfungwa nzira kudzokera upenyu kuipa kwevanhu, azere zvokutyira uye nepfungwa. Pane kusimbisa kuzvipira ruzivo, kwete somunhu yoga chinhu, akavharwa pachavo uye zvakaitika, uyewo chikamu upenyu, chokwadi kumativi. Zvipatara unoumba basa hwako uye chii chiri kuitika mairi. Izwi iri rinobva muchiLatin existentia - «upenyu». Tsika zvepfungwa uye psychotherapy hunonyatsobatana kuti uzivi. Muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri paiva kuitika se "uzivi chokuvapo", riri pedyo zvakasikwa tsika psychotherapy.

Tsika mirayiridzo psychotherapy yakatanga kuonga Søren Kierkegaard. Chinokosha achidzidzisa yake, akaita basa iri 1830s. Ake huru postulates vanoti munhu haagoni kuparadzaniswa kubva kunze kwenyika uye nemagariro upenyu. The chikuru zvinoumba ari munhu - hana, rudo, kutya, hanya, kutsunga. Man anova anoziva zvaari muna zvashata ezvinhu, izvo protrude rufu, kurwisa uye kutambura. Reassessing ekare, murume anova akasununguka. Kierkegaard akatanga pfungwa kuvapo, yakasiyana uye mumwe mhando yeupenyu, kuparadzana mumwe nomumwe. Iye akawana chokuita akatendeuka pfungwa muupenyu uye vazive pachavo, vamwe uzvione uye upenyu mushure mekusangana kuvhunduka.

postulates Bugental

Dzheyms Byudzhental - President of Association of tsika psychotherapy. Muna 1963, iye akasarudzwa dzinokosha vanodzidziswa tsika psychotherapy:

• Man - ichi wose, izvo zvinofanira dzinoongororwa uye anodzidzwa Verengai vanhu vose yenhengo dzayo. Nemamwe mashoko, kukwana mashandiro hazvigoni kushandiswa kuongorora unhu, asi zvinhu zvose hwose.
• upenyu hwevanhu haina vakanyarara uye yakasungirirwa interpersonal ukama. Munhu haagoni kudzidzwa pasina kufungisisa zvakaitika.
• Kunzwisisa unhu chete zvinogoneka kupiwa kwayo kuzivikanwa. Nguva anoyera munhu pachake, zviito zvake, pfungwa.
• Man ndiye musiki hwake, haasi munyemba, iyo dzinobhururuka yapfuura mufananidzo yokuva, uye kushingaira ubatanidzwe chiito. Anowana ruzivo, anosika pachake.
• In upenyu hwevanhu hune chinangwa, pfungwa dzake vari kuendeswa remangwana.

Tsika psychotherapy nechinangwa nokudzidza upenyu hwevanhu, munyika zvakamupoteredza, avo upenyu ezvinhu. Mumwe nomumwe wedu anotora zvakaitika mukubata kunze nyika, nevamwe vanhu. Izvi anoisa mupfungwa mufananidzo yedu, pasina pazviri pasingabviri mu psychotherapy kubatsira murwere. A seti pachake unhu zvaisingazobereki kunyatsonzwisisa munhu azere, munhu haagari voga mukati ayo nhumbana, zviri kuramba Virtual, kuchinja maitiro, anoyera zvakatipoteredza uye, pamusoro maererano ichi, anoita zvimwe zviito. Saka, vamwe vanachiremba takadzivisa pfungwa nokuzivikanwa, sezvo haanyatsonzwisisi kuongorora zvose zvinobatanidzwa kwevanhu kuvapo uye kuziva.

Zvinangwa yokurapa

Tsika psychotherapy rinotarisirwa kutungamirira pfungwa dzomunhu mugwara, kubatsira kunzwisisa upenyu, kunzwisisa kukosha kwayo uye vose mukana. Zvipatara haachinji nezvezvisikwa murwere. nzeve All anorayirwa kunyatsoreva upenyu pachahwo, kuti uongorore zvakare zvimwe zviitiko. Izvi zvinoita kuti matsva Kutarira chokwadi, pasina neunyengedzi uye zvounzenza, uye kuvaka zvirongwa ramangwana, nezvinangwa. Tsika psychotherapy nekutsanangura zvinoreva upenyu nezuva mabasa mhosvawo hwavo uye rusununguko rwokusarudza. The chokupedzisira chinangwa - paakasika itsva maonero okurarama kuti zvinopindirana. Tinogona kutaura kuti mishonga kunobatsira kunzwisisa upenyu, anodzidzisa dzokugadzirisa zvinetso uye kuwana nzira kuagadzirisa, kuongorora nzira zvose kuvandudza kuvapo kwavo uye rinoendesa chiito. Varwere akaziva vanhu havana kurwara, uye vasingazivi sei kubata mikana yavo, waneta noupenyu. Kana munhu akabatwa muupenyu uye kufunga kwake, chikanganiso chikuru - kubata naye sezvinoita murwere. Saka vanoti vamiriri tsika psychotherapy. Haugoni kumubata somunhu asingabatsiri murume, unotofanira kumubatsira kuti uongorore zvakare kuitika uye kusarudza mugwagwa rworudyi pamusoro yaakanga achaenda munguva yemberi noungwaru uye ane chinangwa. Chinangwa hakusi kuchinja unhu, asi pashure achirapwa kurapwa munhu anogona kunzwisisa kuti anofanira chinhu kuchinja, kuvandudza upenyu hwavo, kuti ikozvino haana kurarama nenzira Ndinoda, nokuti vanoda zvokuita. Tsika psychotherapy - ndiwo mukana kuwana zivo uye rusununguko, simba, mwoyo murefu. It anotidzidzisa kwete kuvhara kubva chokwadi, kwete kuvanda kubva matambudziko, uye kuti vadzidze uye kunzwa upenyu kuburikidza kutambura, nhamo, mwoyo, asi kuvabata zvakakwana.

Psychotherapy uye Philosophy

Zvino zvava pachena nei tsika tsika mu psychotherapy rakabva philosophy, uye nei izvozvo hunonyatsobatana nayo. Ndicho chete psychotherapeutic dzidziso, misimboti ayo dzinoruramiswa uzivi. The muvambi tsika dzidziso vanogona kunzi Danish muzivi Serena Kerkegora. Vamwe vazivi Western vakaita mupiro mukuru kukura chikoro tsika: muzivi wokuGermany, mumwe chaiwo pakati tsika muuzivi Heidegger uye M. Buber, P. Tillich, Jaspers, muzivi wokuFrance Jean-Paul Sartre nevamwe vazhinji. With vremnem kwakapararira tsika psychotherapy. Vamiririri Russian uzivi haana kumira parutivi uye paakapiwa hapana zvishoma simba uye ruzivo tsika nedzidziso. It Rozanov, S. Frank, S. Troubetzkoy, Shestov, Berdyaev.

Kokutanga chokubatanidza uzivi uye psychotherapy vakasarudza Swiss psychoanalyst L. Binswanger. Achiedza kwakadaro aakaita ari 30s remakore rechimakumi maviri, zvichireva chinhu tsika yokutaura kuti psychotherapy. Gangaidzo ndechokuti akanga asiri mubasa tsika akapiwa mirayiridzo, asi aikwanisa kutsanangura dzinokosha zvenyika womukati womunhu, maitiro ake nezviito kune dzakapoteredza chokwadi, kuti vateye nheyo mishonga. It anganzi muvambi tsika psychotherapy. Medard Boss, mumwe chiremba wepfungwa Swiss, akapa chiratidzo chake, rokutanga rwayo. Zvino makore 50 remakore rechimakumi maviri. Nokuti hwaro ratora German muzivi dzidziso Heidegger uye kuchinja navo dzokushandisa mushonga. Iye anonzi muvambi rimwe nzvimbo tsika yokurapa - daseinsanalysis, chine muenzaniso womunhu njere. Mumakore 60 kuti webasa akaronga kurovedza purogiramu psychoanalysts uye psychotherapists yavo unyanzvi. dzenzvimbo zhinji zvino ane tsika psychotherapy, unyanzvi waro akasiyana, asi chinangwa nokutsvairwa mumwe - kuti upenyu hwevanhu hwomutambarakede uye Qualitative.

Psychotherapy Frankl

Chimwe chezvinhu hwokufananidzira vamiririri tsika psychotherapy anganzi Viktor Frankl. Ichi yeAustria kwepfungwa, psychotherapist uye wetsinga. Tsika psychotherapy, nzira iyo dzinobva dzidziso Frankl akadana logotherapy. pfungwa Its chikuru ndechokuti chinhu chikuru kuti murume - kuwana zvinoreva upenyu uye kunzwisisa hwavo izvi, anofanira kuedza. Kana vanhu havaoni pfungwa, upenyu hwake hunova chinhu. Frankl kwakaita tsika psychotherapy kunobva kunzwisisa kuti ariko chaizvo kumutsa mibvunzo kune munhu nezvezvinoreva upenyu, uye kwete ndiEzekieri, uye munhu anofanira kupindura zviito izvi. Existentialists vanodavira kuti munhu wose anogona kuwana zvinoreva isu, zvisinei kuti murume kana mukadzi, zera, rudzi kana chitendero, munzanga.

Nzira zvinoreva zvakasiyana nomumwe munhu, uye kana iye haagoni ariwana, anouya kuzonunura mishonga. Asi existentialists vanodavira kuti munhu uchagona kuita ichi, mukuru mutungamiriri vakatumidza hana, iyo Frankl akatenda "muviri pfungwa" uye mukana kunonzi kuzvidzora nomugumo. Vape- pasina munhu anogona chete kushamwaridzana dzakapoteredza chokwadi; akadzora mukati pacharo uye vazvione. yomukati manzwiro avo, ichi hazvibviri. Frankl aiti kuti 90% kuti vakapindwa muropa nezvinodhaka uye zvidhakwa vava saka nokuda kurasikirwa zvinoreva upenyu uye kurasikirwa nenzira kwairi. Munogonawo - mufananidzo, kana munhu nezveimwe pachake, vachiedza kuwana mufaro ichi; asiwo nzira dzenhema. Dzakagadzirirwa Frankl logotherapy nayo inobva Counteracting kuti kufungisisa - derefleksii uye gangaidzo chinangwa.

kutaura mushonga nzira. Derefleksiya

Derefleksiya anotipa zvizere kuzvitsaurira chokunze kugumiswa kuchera kwavo pachavo. Nzira iyi inoshandiswa pamberi nyanyisa-muropa nyonganyonga. Mienzaniso zvinetso zvakadaro kazhinji vane matambudziko kurara upenyu chokuita nokutya kusabetsera, frigidity. Frankl aidavira kuti neurosis obsessional hunhu zvepabonde chokuita kuda mafaro uye kutya kusavapo yake. Kuedza kuwana mufaro, nguva dzose achiita nokuda ichi, munhu haawani nayo. Achipinda kufungisisa, vakatarira pachako sokunge kubva kunze, kuongorora manzwiro avo uye kwete kuwana chero kugutsikana kubva kuitika pakupedzisira. Frankl anoona mhinduro kubvisa kufungisisa, nokuzvidzora yokukanganwa. Sezvo muenzaniso anobudirira pokushandisa nzira iri tsika derefleksii Frankl kusiyanisa nyaya mukadzi wechiduku, uyo chema frigidity. Somuyaruki, akanga pasi mhirizhonga uye kugara kutya, kuti chokwadi ichi vakasiya chiratidzo bonde upenyu hwake uye mukana kunakidzwa nazvo. Uye chikuru ichi pamusoro pachavo, manzwiro avo uye manzwiro, anochera makatsamwisa kurambwa, asi kwete chokwadi nechisimba. Kana musikana akakwanisa bati kubva pachake kune shamwari, mamiriro ezvinhu zvachinja muna nyasha payo. Akakwanisa kunakidzwa kuda zvepabonde, dambudziko akanyangarika. Kuwanda pokushandisa nzira derefleksii rakafara angabatsira kugadzirisa matambudziko akawanda zvepfungwa.

gangaidzo chinangwa

Gangaidzo chinangwa - pfungwa inobva padzidziso Frankl pamusoro kutya uye phobias. Akataura kuti kutya munhu upi chiitiko, akatendeuka kupinda kupengeswa, zvishoma nezvishoma akamutungamirira kunyatsoreva zvaanenge anotya. Somuenzaniso, munhu anova murombo kana muchirwara, nekuti pre-kuona manzwiro uye manzwiro omunhu kutya kuva nayo. Shoko rokuti "chinangwa" rinobva muchiLatin intentio - "kuteerera, chido," izvo zvinoreva womukati pfungwa kuti chinhu, uye "gangaidzo" zvinoreva pakatarisana chiito, kupikisana. Musimboti nzira iyi iri chinangwa rakasikwa ezvinhu inova chinokonzera kutya. Asi, kudzivisa chero mamiriro ezvinhu, kuti vaende naye, kuti ndicho gangaidzo.

Unogona kupa muenzaniso kune yacho. Man, kamwe achiita pachikuva pamberi vateereri uye panguva iyoyowo vaitozonyepa muvanhu kuti seyi, akaona kuti ake nemaoko akarovana. Nguva inotevera vasati pakubuda, akatanga kutya kuti maoko vachadzungudza zvakare, uye ichi kutya chazoitika. Kutya kunokonzera kutya, somugumisiro zvose izvi rava phobia, zviratidzo recurred uye kwakawedzera, paiva kutya kumirira. Kuti kubvisa ichi uye kurarama murugare, kuti tinakidzwe noupenyu, unofanira kubvisa chinokonzera kutya. Nzira ingashandiswa vakazvimiririra chokuumba chinangwa chakajeka kusika zvinhu rwakatarisana kuti kubva izvo ndinoda kubvisa. Heano kuchitsauko mienzaniso.

Mumwe mukomana vanhurume ose usiku mu hope dzake, uye ake chiremba vakasarudza kushandisa nzira gangaidzo chinangwa. Akaudza mwana kuti nguva dzose zvinoitika zvakare, iye achagamuchira mubayiro. Saka chiremba akachinja kutya womukomana, chido kuti izvi zvakaitika zvakare. Saka mwana kubvisa urwere hwake.

Nzira iyi rinogona kushandiswa hope. Man kwenguva refu haagoni kurara, kutya pakusarara usiku anotanga kutambudza iye ose usiku. The zvakawanda anoedza kunzwisisa manzwiro avo uye vorega kuti hope, kashoma nayo zvinoitika. The mhinduro iri nyore - kurega kuchera mukati pachako, kutya hope uye vanoronga kugara nemaune zvose usiku. Tsika Psychotherapy (mabiko gangaidzo chinangwa zvikurukuru) kunoita kuti kutora matsva Kutarira mamiriro ezvinhu, kuti vawane vadzore pachavo uye hwavo.

Nzira Client zvakatinakira

Imwe nzvimbo zvinosanganisira tsika psychotherapy. Dzinokosha Pfungwa uye kushandiswa kwayo michina yakasiyana kubva chaiwo. yeGmail.END_STRONG zvakatinakira kurapa nzira yakazokudziridzwa neAmerican wepfungwa Karlom Rodzhersom uye zvinotsanangurwa mubhuku rake "Client zvakatinakira marapirwo. tsika kuitika uye Pfungwa rinoreva" Rogers aidavira kuti murume muupenyu hwako kutungamirirwa chido kutanga, nyanzvi uye zvinhu kukura, kushandisa mikana iripo. Ari saka zvaitova kuti anofanira kugadzirisa matambudziko anotarisana navo, ngaaruramisire akavhiyiwa dzavo hudzokere panzira yakarurama. Asi kuti unyanzvi uhwu unogona pamberi mumagariro tsika. Rogers akatanga pfungwa dzaanofanira dzinokosha nzira unhu kukura:

• munda ruzivo. Kungwarira nyika womukati uyu kuburikidza prism raakanga Anoona kwokunze chokwadi.
• Self. Kusanganisa zvokunyama ruzivo.
• I-chaicho. Ideas pamusoro pachavo, yakavakirwa muupenyu ezvinhu, kuremekedza vamwe vanhu.
• I-akanaka. Sei vanhu anotura pacharo panyaya kuzadziswa mikana yavo.

"Ini-chaicho" chaitwa kuna "Ini-akanaka." The maduku musiyano pakati pavo, zvikuru akasiyana wacho anonzwa upenyu. Maererano Rogers, kuzviremekedza, kugamuchirwa munhu pachake sezvo iye, chiratidzo hwepfungwa uye mumudzimu. Zvadaro kutaura pamusoro congruence (womukati kusachinja-chinja). Kana musiyano iri guru, munhu vaine chinzvimbo uye maturo, overvaluation pamusoro nezvaanogona dzavo, uye izvi zvingaita kuti neurosis. Real ndaisazombogona kuuya pedyo yakanaka nokuda upenyu ezvinhu, rushoma, kana nokuda chokwadi kuti murume zvinoisa pachake installation, maitiro, manzwiro kuti kuparadzanisa kubva "Ini-yakanaka". Inokosha pamusoro nzira yeGmail.END_STRONG zvakatinakira - katsika nokuzvidzora actualization. Mumwe ane kugamuchira pachake sezvo iye, kuti wana nokuzviremekedza uye vanoedza akure mumamiriro kuti urege kuputsa ake kuzvida.

yeGmail.END_STRONG zvakatinakira nzira unyanzvi

Tsika yokutaura psychotherapy kubudikidza Karl Rogers anozivisa muzvikamu manomwe kukura, ruzivo uye kuzvidzora kugashira:

1. Pane yokuzviparadzanisa zvinetso, kushaya chido vachinje upenyu hwavo kuti huve nani.
2. Man anotanga kuratidza manzwiro avo, kutaura pachavo, kuti zvishoma kuzarura matambudziko avo.
3. Kukura yokuzviratidza, kuzvicheka-agamuchirwe kunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu, matambudziko avo.
4. Pane kudiwa kuzivikanwa, chido kuva pachavo.
5. Maitiro anova Organic, kwatangwa uye nyore. Pane womukati rusununguko.
6. Man anozarura pacharo uye nyika. Namazvikokota wepfungwa inogona wacho.
7. The kwaita chaizvo nemwero pakati chaiyo uye ini-ini-akanaka.

Ziva Musimboti zvinoumba nzira:

• kupangidza manzwiro,
• nezvinoita kudzokorora,
• pokugadzwa congruence.

Ngatikurukurei muchidimbu mumwe nomumwe wavo.

Reflection manzwiro. Pataikurukura yacho kwepfungwa anodana zvinonzwika manzwiro kwakaitirwa yeGmail.END_STRONG pamamiriro ezvinhu, yakavakirwa nyaya yake.

Nezvinoita kudzokorora. Kwepfungwa anoshandisa mumashoko ake pachake mashoko nemhosva, asi asingadi kukanganisa pfungwa kuudza. Pfungwa iri rakagadzirirwa kusimbisa kukosha mutengi chokurondedzera, chinovhiringidza zvikuru nguva yake.

Pokugadzwa congruence. A utano nengaidzo pakati chaiyo uye yakanaka J. The vapore kwacho kunogona kunzi kubudirira kana nemhosva nemamiriro kuchinja zvinotevera mirayiridzo:

• anoona iye zvakakwana ndivhurire vamwe vanhu uye zviitiko itsva, kuzviremekedza ikadzoka dzose;
• zvakawedzera kunyatsoshanda;
• sezvazviri maonero dambudziko;
• akaderedza munjodzi kunowedzera anochinjika kuti mamiriro ezvinhu;
• rutapudzo mwoyo;
• kuchinja pamafambiro nenzira yakanaka.

Rogers chidobi riri kushandiswa zvinobudirira muzvikoro kuyaruka vari kunetsana chisarudzo. Ikoko iye uye contraindications - zviri chisingadiwi kushandisa, kana munhu zvechokwadi hapana mukana akure.

kuziva rufu

Pane mutongo kuti vanhu vakaona kumwe rufu kana chirwere chakakomba, kukosha hwavo uye kubudirira. Achiziva zvisingadzivisiki finiteness upenyu, rufu, tsika psychotherapy anoita uongorore zvakare mafungiro avo kuti dzakapoteredza nyika, kunzwisisa chokwadi nenzira yakasiyana. Kazhinji vanhu havafungi nguva nezvorufu, asi, atarisana chirwere chakakomba, anogona kuita zvisina kunaka. Somuenzaniso, mupfige vamwe, nechomukati kana kutanga kutsiva utano vanhu vose vakamupoteredza. Basa kwepfungwa pamusoro nzira iyi inofanira kutungamirira kuitwa pakati yeGmail.END_STRONG nehosha sezvo mukana munhu kukura. Near rufu vakagadzirira munhu kunotungamirira kuti overestimation tsika, wevasungwa panguva. It anomuvhurira vamwe vanhu, mhuri yake uye shamwari - hakuna Kusara: ukama anova yepedyo uye vepachokwadi.

Tsika psychotherapy, Michina kuziva rufu kuti munhu achava sokuti kujeka, chaizvoizvo zvinobatsira vazhinji vapukunyuke zvinechiremera nezvinetso kwakaitika navo.