The tsvina mugwagwa. mumigwagwa Russia

zhinji zvinhu mamiriro kuvimba ukuru kukura munzira network, akadai kubudirira munyika, ayo kuzvidzivirira kugona, uye zvakawanda. Sezvineiwo, Russian mugwagwa chete nezvimwewo, vanofanira kudhonza mumugwagwa uye musoro kure nemaguta sezvinobvira kutarisana Chiitiko ari tsvina mugwagwa.

Between munzanga dzakawanda nzira dzakadaro sokuti kuva iripo, asi kuvashandisa kwakaoma zvisingaiti. On primers kwakadaro dzimwe nguva pane makomba guru, kuchereka makuru, anorovera zvikukutu, uyewo zvizhinji guruva kubhururuka kubva pasi mavhiri motokari kwose kwose. Kunyange zvazvo kwerunyararo migwagwa mu Russia rinoitwa gore negore, hazvibviri zvakazara kuramba anoparadza zvinhu kuti kuparadza mugwagwa pamusoro. Naizvozvo, vagari Russian kuziva pachine zvavangava nazvo mikuru Russian.

History of mugwagwa kwezvivako

Muzana remakore rechipfumbamwe, kana rekare Russian Hurumende akanambwa mumigwagwa vaiva nzizi, saka ruzhinji nemisha dzakavakwa pamusoro mabhanga dzavo. Muchirimo, ivo kushambira mumvura, uye muchando sleigh mberi.

Zvadaro, kana muzana remakore rechigumi nemashanu, kuvambwa rimwe centralized mamiriro, simba rayo vakatanga kufunga nezvokusika Yamskoy kero. Saka akatanga kuumba mumigwagwa Russia, uye avo ezvinhu akanga kuva nomutoro zvakananga basa mukuru uyu.

Paitonga Catherine II mugwagwa nyaya isu makatanga kuisa zvikuru kukosha munyika kukosha. Kuitira kwake migwagwa yekare zvakaguma yakanaka ezvinhu, uye mune imwe mudunhu chikwata chaiyo ikaungana, ane basa rakanga kuti muvatarisire yakachengeteka yomumugwagwa chiziviso.

Muzana remakore rechigumi nepfumbamwe vakatanga kukura yokudadira chokufambisa, migwagwa uye tsvina nzira havazodi zvainoreva hurumende. Asi muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri, nemhaka kukurumidza kukura bhizimisi uye kubuda mumotokari rokutanga, maitiro zviremera 'mumugwagwa pomumbure yachinja yekudyidzana. Sezvo pakanga pasina mari zvakakodzera, unhu migwagwa Russian vakaramba vari anosiririsa ezvinhu.

A guru purogiramu gadziridzo uye kuvaka mugwagwa rave chakarongwa nokuda forties remakore rechi20, asi urongwa chikuru chakadai kudzivisa Second World War. Mushure vachirwisana, kwakaonekwa kuti wakaparadza vanopfuura zviuru makumi makiromita mugwagwa kwezvivako, saka paiva mubvunzo sei kudzorera migwagwa yekare, kwete kuvaka vatsva.

Ipapo kuvakwa zvakasimba tifambirane akaramba ari manonwe, asi zvinosuwisa kwematunhu vachiri vazhinji nzvimbo havana chokuita emunharaunda maguta riitike.

Panguva ino, kunyange zvazvo mamiriro migwagwa uye nani zvikuru, asi, maererano nyanzvi, zvachose kureba motokari mugwagwa pomumbure asingadi kusvika padanho mamiriyoni 1,5 makiromita, iro aizokwanisa kusangana zveupfumi zvinodiwa nehurumende.

Kupatsanura uye chikamu

Carriageways muRussia, sezvo, pfungwa, uye mune imwe nyika, akasiyana chatingatevedzera mugwagwa nomumativi kureba, saka migwagwa vari makirasi zvinotevera:

• Mugwagwa (chinoshanda muchikwata wokutanga, ane Lanes mana, kufadza motokari kumhanya 130-150 km / h);

• zvinoitika nzira (nyaya dzakasiyana Mapato uye siyana nhamba kurohwa, kufadza kwebasa muchina mumugwagwa chikamu asingapfuuri 100 km / h);

• Speedway.

In atlases uye mepu iri kupatsanura akadaro anenge zvisingaiti kuwana, saka zvakanaka kuziva kupenda, zvinosanganisira tsamba uye nhamba. Drive tsamba rinojekesa kuti nzira mutyairi kuita:

• E - date hwokutiparadza makwara chinokosha zvinonakisa European mugwagwa mbiru, coinciding navamwe zvikamu batana mikuru.

• AN - zvinoreva kuti huru ndohwaJehovha kumigwagwa Asian.

• M - ndiro yeUnited mugwagwa tsinga unobva pakati guru kwematunhu nzvimbo uye maguta.

• P - migwagwa zviri interconnected misha administrative tsika.

• Uye - izvozvo carriageways kuti remunharaunda kukosha iyo havana yavo zvakananga nzira kuti guta weRussia.

• K - dzimwe migwagwa, kunyanya munyika mugwagwa kana lähikuva.

• N - omunharaunda kana Inter-matunhu neminisiparati mugwagwa kubatana.

Chokwadi, zvakanaka kuvaka avaiita renyu mikuru chemhando muchikwata, kunyange dzimwe nguva ndiye refu, asi njodzi uye vakasununguka.

Chii chinonzi tsvina nzira?

Ava carriageways, iine chete dzinongoitika uye zviwanikwa zvokuvakisa: jecha, ivhu, dzine mabwe ivhu, turf uye vazhinji nevamwe chikonzero zvakadaro. Tsvina mugwagwa unhu uye zvivako chokuita muchikwata rechishanu uye hakuna paasingazonyuri.

Panguva ekunze kuchinaya uye snowmelt, nzira dzakadaro kukodzera zvakakwana kushandisa uye motokari pariri inosimbiswa kuti kukwanisa kufamba. Zviri zvikuru kuti inovadzvinyirira pakutanga chando, kana hapasisina chando, kana iri mwaka.

The tsvina mugwagwa ndiyo mhando zvinotevera:

• nani (anozivikanwa pamepu maviri nepadivi mitsetse yero);

• munda uye dondo (ari atirasi ane chimiro yakaputsika mutsetse);

• Country Road (mepu unoratidzwa yakasimba mbariro).

Construction lähikuva

Izvi mhando mugwagwa pamusoro zvinogona kuitwa nemaoko ake pachake, somuenzaniso, pane nyaya apo zvakakodzera kuti husava Travel kwenyu nyika kana mune dzimwe kumaruwa. Construction migwagwa kubva dzinongoitika muvhu anoratidzwa nenzira dzinotevera:

1. usasire Road chamber marasha gang rukoko iyo ichava akaenzana anenge 5-10 cm. Iyi, nzira unoomesa nokukurumidza uye anoita hapana puddles vari aumba. nzira iyi rinofanira kudzokororwa pashure pemakore matatu kushanda.

2. Shandisai zvidhinha pamwe Asphalt muvhuruvhuru. Uyu mugwagwa tsvina anokwanisa kutsungirira kunyange chitubu snowmelt uye anogona kugara makore anopfuura mana.

3. Kuisa tarakita mafufu Asphalt Dornit jira ane arambe achirema iri 150 g / mamita ^2. nzira iyi - the uchitsanya uye unhu.

Construction migwagwa iyi mhando haisi kudhura, asi zvinoda kugara Nokuraramisa coatings zvakanaka.

Repair basa pasi micheka

Mukushanda vhiri pasi pokudzora dzakasiyana-siyana nemotokari, mamiriro ekunze, nokuda yakawanda kwemvura, tembiricha kusagadzikana uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvimwe zvinhu Mugwagwa zvose pasina chaakasiya kusakara uye kuuya unsuitability. Naizvozvo lähikuva unhani kunoda enderana mugwagwa kudzorerwa nokuchengetedza. Izvi zvinogona kuitwa nenzira dzakawanda.

Overhaul migwagwa zvinoreva pacharo, iro achaiswa kuvharwa zvakare vamwe vavo nzvimbo huru, uye dzimwe nguva, zvachose achiri kupenda.

At ano negore pazvinhu graders kazhinji kushandisa zvamakaparadza dzinongoitika zvinhu pamusoro kumicheto uye kutamira kune panzira.

Kuvandudzwa lähikuva

Nokuti zviri nani kutsiga mugwagwa mumigwagwa mumisha kusika nzira panzira lightweight mhando. Pakutanga, izvi anatswa kushingaira chikamu mugwagwa neguruva uye tsvina, uye ipapo zvemapuranga aivhengana ivhu, mavhu zvokunyama uye binders pamwe yokuvirisa zvakasiyana.

nani unpaved migwagwa kwakadaro zvakawanda nemishonga inokuvadza kuti siyana zvinhu, apo pakuvaka kwavo vachishandisa zvishoma nzira.

dzakaoma runofarira

vatyairi Russian yakaratidza zvikuru zvinoshamisa shoma akamirira pamusoro tsvina mumigwagwa.

Wokutanga vavo - chitubu ichi migwagwa. Panyaya iyi, iyo lähikuva unhani chakafanana doro. Tsvina inogona zvibodzwa aidzivirira zvachose, saka kuita vhiri kumeso uye zvachose kuzvidzivirira. Kudzivisa matambudziko akadaro, unofanira kufamba zvachose achitevedza Rut uye edza kuti kunonyanyisa zvakanaka motokari.

Kushamisika rechipiri - ndiko jecha nezvimwewo. Pakadaro, kana zvaoma, muchina anogona kuva pasi kwayo uremu zvakadzama uye zvakadzama kuchera mariri. Kana akanyorova jecha unhani, chinogona kukurirwa nokukurumidza, asi iwe unofanira kuita kungwarira nzira zvakare svetuka kupinda viscous Dunes.

sokuti puddles duku mumigwagwa kunogona kuva chimwe chipingamupinyi, asi zvakadaro dzimwe nguva kuviga yakawanda misungo. Kana iwe usingagoni inorwa, zvakanakisisa kurega uye vabude mumotokari kuti kuongorora kudzama tsvimbo.

nyika mugwagwa

Izvi roadbed duku pakati nemisha zvemapuranga sezvo dzinongoitika ivhu. Zvakakodzera kufamba mavhiri motokari, asi, sezvo mugwagwa uyu haana coatings zvakaoma pasi mamiriro rwakashata ekunze, zviri kukodzera zvachose yokufamba.

mugwagwa uyu ndiyo vaisafanira kushandiswa iri motokari yayo - kutyaira pamusoro payo, kunyanya mu pakutanga kwematsutso, farira motokari iyi vanokurudzira munhu tired kupfeka remudunhu chaiyo.

Quality mugwagwa mishumo Russia

Muna 2012, nyanzvi akanga Davos Forum uye mushumo wegore kuti dzinoongororwa mumigwagwa Russia uye dzimwe nyika. Munyika yavo, nomwe-pfungwa pamwero raishandiswa, apo 1 - akaipisisa mamiriro, uye 7 - kwazvo. Russia akagashira muchidzidzo ichi, zvavaida zvitatu points. Akadaro pasi mufananidzo akapiwa nemigwagwa Russian nokuda kwayo inogutsa unhu uye izvi zvose, vamwe nzira unpaved haifaniri kushandiswa kuwa kana chitubu mwaka. Saka, chaizvoizvo, kufungidzira izvi hazvishamisi.

Sei Russia Migwagwa zvakaipa?

Vazhinji vakabvuma kuti mugwagwa wehurumende afoot vanotarisa saka nemhaka dzakaipa okunze uye nderechinyakare mitemo uye michina munyika. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, nzvimbo yokuvakira yemamiriro vanoshorwa nomunzvimbo dzine, saka kunyange mugwagwa kugadziriswa mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro achava zvakaoma.

Munzvimbo dzakadai Russia sezvo yakarwiwa panzvimbo inonzi Karelia uye Far North nzvimbo kuvaka kunoomeswa tembiricha yakaderera, saka kunoda simba, iyo iri mugumisiro kunotungamirira kune kuwedzera mari pomugwagwa. Zvinoguma kuti yakawanda mashizha kudarika tichigadzira uye kuti tikurire kukanganiswa dzinongoitika ezvinhu.

How zvikuru anoita zviri paguva rakarongwa?

In bhajeti 2016, mabhiriyoni 554 rubles dzakaiswa, izvo 130 vachaenda kune kwematunhu patsva uye kunaya migwagwa, uye 65 - nokuda kuvaka zambuko Kerch. Nemabhiriyoni yasara richaperera pamusoro kuvariritira uye yokugadzirisa batana mikuru. Maererano ichangobva nokufungidzira, vavakezve imwe kiromita kuti mugwagwa mu avhareji mutengo mamiriyoni 28 rubles, uye kuvakwa - mamiriyoni 133 rubles. Izvi kuchaderedza kuwanda kuwandisa kwemotokari mumigwagwa munzvimbo idzi.

hurumende zvirongwa

Bazi Transport akazivisa kuti mashanu akatevera anoronga kutsiva ose tsvina migwagwa kongiri. kuvaka Izvi zvinopa mari kusvika 1,8 tiririyoni rubles. Uyewo, purogiramu yakadaro inofanira kutsiviwa kana reconstructed mabhiriji-matatu nemashanu uye overpasses.

Kuri kuti akazivisa urongwa chichazadziswa, ipapo, maererano nenyanzvi, zvichava kuderedza uwandu tsaona uye kuwedzera mugwagwa vanokwanisa. Uye kunze, anogadziriswa mumwe mikuru zvinetso vatyairi.