The ndege "Bamba Gorky" (svosve-20): Magadzirirwo

Zvinozivikanwa kuti Soviet anoparadzirwa vosmimotorny mutakurwi ndege "Bamba Gorky" - svosve-20 - vaiona kupfuura airliner nguva yayo, nenyika vakanyatsogadzirira chassis. It rakavakwa muguta Voronezh iri fekitari ndege.

zvisikwa

Ngationgororei sei zvakanaka yakagadzirwa ndege "Bamba Gorky". Muna 1932, muna October, izvozvo chakaratidza rechi40 gore Maksima Gorkogo kunyora tsika. Journalists nevanyori, akatungamirirwa Mikhail Koltsov vaiva chiitiko ichi chinofadza. Zuva iroro, vakasarudza kuvaka agitsamolot, akaritumidza zita iri kukudzwa kunozivikanwa munyori - "Bamba Gorky". Nokuti kuvakwa chivako ichi rakavambwa All-Union Committee, nyika yose vakatanga kuunganidza mari yokuvaka. Munguva pfupi vanhu vakakwanisa kuunganidza rubles vanopfuura mamiriyoni matanhatu.

Ndiani muvambi pamusoro ndege "Bamba Gorky"? The Committee ayo sezvamunoita akaronga Technical Council, uyo sachigaro akagadzwa mukuru TSAPI Kharlamov. Kuti akanga basa kuona remangwana chiso simbi shiri nokusika kuti michina ezvinhu maererano dzinokosha zvinangwa zvayo.

In kukura Technical Council of nemasangano vanobatanidzwa: TSAPI, CIAM, kutsvakurudza uye akatanga esayenzi Air Force, kudhinda indasitiri, Kinofotoinstitut, vagadziri zhinji uye mainjiniya: VM Petlyakov, N. Nekrasov, A. Saukke (vatungamirire injiniya), AA . Engibaryan (midziyo), A. A. Arhangelsky, VN Belyaev (simba kukarukureta), B. M. Kondorsky (zvachose mhando), EI Pogossky nevamwe. Basa rakanga inotungamirwa AN Tupolev.

The ndege "Bamba Gorky" akasika vakawanda nemasangano. Ndakatarisa pakuvaka uye vakapfuura murayiro pamusoro zvakasiyana-siyana zvokushandisa uye kuvakwa komiti (sachigaro AN Goryanov), sangano pamwe Committee. Muna 1933, March 10 , Commission uyu akapinda sungano TSAPI kuvaka ndege svosve-20.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti mugadziri AN Tupolev muna 1933 vakabudirira yakatanga kuti TB-3 svetuka bhomba iri Serial kugadzirwa. Kuti akanga mubasa mberi kugadzirwa runoshamisa colossus - zvomuchadenga bastions. Uyezve, nyanzvi zvakagadzira rokutanga nekubatwa mufambi womuenzaniso TB-4 bhomba inonzi svosve-20.

Conceptual magadzirirwe zvinhu zvitsva kudzokororwa muna April 1933, akagovera ndingangokuvara kushandiswa kwayo sechinhu anoparadzirwa motokari bhomba, izvo zvinogona kutumirwa zvakawanda uye vanhu. The ndege "Bamba Gorky" kuita mabasa ose dzimbahwe Mobile nokuda enyika neechiuto pamusoro hurongwa munyika.

mudziyo

Svosve-20 TB-4 (svosve-16) akasiyana chete kukura uye aifanira kukurira ane payload pamusoro 1500 makirogiramu guru, unogona kushanda pamwe diki Banga. Kuti tiwane kubvisa pasi, aifanira kutora kumhanyisa kubva chinhambwe 300-400 M (pa TB-4 - 800 m).

Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, vanamazvikokota vakagadzirawo bapiro idzva, rakanga rakakwirira elongation uye nharaunda kupfuura Bapiro TB-4. Zvinenge zvose zvayo pamusoro yakagadzirwa chemarata.

The ndege "Bamba Gorky" akanga vakashongedzerwa ane simba chirimwa, akanga injini sere M-34FRN, mumwe 900 litres. a. (Total inokwana 7200 l. C.). Nhanhatu injini ndege akanga pamapapiro, vaviri - on fuselage ari tandem chimwe. Zirume screws dzinoitwa namatanda uye aiva dhayamita of 4 m. Pakutanga wakange aronga yokugadza nhanhatu injini, asi akawana kuti kwairo hazvivakwani.

The ndege "Bamba Gorky" mukati kukuru! Nzvimbo yayo mukati raiva 100 sq. M:. vaigona anobvumawo anenge makumi manomwe vanhu. Mapapiro aiva zororo kutsemura-yakati mubhedha. The airliner akanga vakapakata manera, iyo, Kumbofungatira, ikava chikamu pasi.

Kokutanga kuti hombe nyanzvi ndege vakashandisa waya kudzora hurongwa. Navigation uye piloting nenhumbi svosve-20 anobvumira kushandiswa kwayo masikati uye usiku. Aigonawo kuita kwamira mu kugadzirira mamiriro enzvimbo.

Nenzira, svosve-20 chiri akashongedzerwa ane autopilot nyanzvi. On bhodhi dzichengeterwe akasiyana-siyana rutsigiro maturusi, kusanganisira purojekita, redhiyo ane simba "Izwi kubva kudenga", kudhinda, redhiyo zvinotakura, Photo yezvirwere, raibhurari, uye zvichingodaro. Novelty akashongedzerwa mhepo tsamba.

Ndege "Maksim Gorky" (svosve-20) Vaine magetsi romugove hurongwa pamwe AC 120 V, 50 Hz. utsanzi ichi rakaiswa kokutanga (uye zvichida munyika) mudzimba tsika. Onboard chiteshi hwakanga maviri peturu injini (nomumwe aiva yavose sezvavakatarirwa nokukurumidza 3000 Zvak / Nha) uye mana emagetsi (the emagetsi mbiri vakatakura rakatumbuka simba kwazvino 5,5 KW uye 3, emagetsi maviri vane kugara voltage 27 V uye inokwana 3 KW 5.8 KW).

Kana zvichidiwa, ndege zvaigona disassembled uye yaitakurwa njanji.

vols

Bvumiranai, penyanzvi yakanakisisa kukudziridza ndege "Bamba Gorky". Kweguyo magadzirirwo ayo dzinokatyamadza! zvisikwa Its akatanga muna 1933, 4 July, uye muna 1934, musi April 3, chigadzirwa kwave aivigirwa kuti Banga. Uyezve, musi 24 April, zvakatora basa raikosha. Kokutanga pamusoro payo kuti nendege bvunzo mutyairi M. M. Gromov July 17, mugore iroro. Ndege rwakatora maminitsi 35.

Airliner yechipiri ndege vakaenda mazuva maviri gare gare akabhururuka pamusoro Red Square panguva Chelyuskinites musangano. Ivo akaperekedza ndege varwi vaviri I-5.

Saizvozvowo 1934 N. S. Zhurovu uye M. M. Gromovu pamusoro muchina uyu aigona kuti amboitika kubudirira maviri: Vakaunganidza mukwende yairema gumi nemashanu matani kuti nekukwirira zviuru zvishanu mamita! Zvinozivikanwa kuti kunyange Antuan De Saint-Exupery, vakabhadhara rokuenda Soviet Union, nendege pairi!

chiitiko chinosuwisa chaizvo

The ndege "Bamba Gorky" unhu kwakanga inobwinya, asi upenyu hwake yakatora pfuurei gore. Muna 1935, May 18 Kuratidzwa ndege chaiitirwa Moscow Central Airport, pashure pacho akanga aronga uchatamisa svosve-20 agiteskadrile pavo. Gorky. Aviator agiteskadrili I. V. Miheevu akapfuura motokari mutyairi N. S. Zhurov. It aibvumirwa kubhururuka pamusoro payo, uye nhengo dzemhuri svosve-20 creators.

Kazhinji, "Bamba Gorky" ndege muvambi chaizvo nokukwanisa brainchild ake. The shiri rutsigiro njanji vakagadzirira ndege mbiri: kaviri F-5 (mutyairi vakavhura motokari Rybushkin) uye murwi-5 (bvunzo akamhanya muchina N. P. Blagin). Dzinobvisa filming vakatakura Schekutev opareta kuti P-5.

Wakamboona munhu ndege "Bamba Gorky"? Description, mapikicha shiri iyi zvinoshamisa simbi anogona kuwanikwa mumabhuku esayenzi nguva idzodzo! Asi isu mberi nyaya yedu pazasi. Zvinozivikanwa kuti N. P. Blagin aifanira kuita rimwe basa riri zano muvhidhiyo firimu Vagadziri, aifanira kutyaira munguva filming pamusoro svosve-20, saka vaiona aigona kuona musiyano iri kukura.

Ups Zirume pamusoro apa Aerodrome siyana. Asi zvisingatarisirwi ndege vakatodzidza chinotyisa chimiro Blagin akaita pasi murwi akanaka mazano ari saka kure diki kubva svosve-20. Nokuti muswe, "Maksima Gorkogo" Blagin akatuma motokari yake pfupi yepamusorosoro, pakarepo akakoromora kudzora tsvimbo (akarangarira kutsanangura kumativi hofori "loop akafa"). Paaizosvika pamusoro murwi zvaanoda uye kunyimwa zvazvingava akawira kunokudzwa zvinobhururuka pasi svosve-20.

Raiva zvinoshamisa ndege - "Bamba Gorky"! vanodhirowa ake kusika zvakanakisisa unyanzvi. Uye Blagina Ndege akamhanyira pakati injini ake uye vakagogodza naye kunze chete nokurova. Akatyora vakawira pasi uye rakabayirwa muchina Blagina akazviratidza kwakandionza mugomba bapiro. Izvi zvinotyisa ramming airliner vakapona.

Zvichida Mikheev uye Zhurov aigona nokurusima, kana ini-5 handidi idonhe muswe, rikarova yechipiri, zvino Kuparadzwa kuna "Maksimu Gorkomu" akarova chidhiraivho ake.

Kunokudzwa shiri akawira pamusoro bapiro, akapidigura uye akatanga aputse mudenga. akatinhira munhu terrific kuputika, uye svosve-20 kugeza pazororo farmstead Falcon vakaroorana mumasekonzi. ndege ino aiti upenyu hwevanhu 49, kusanganisira Blagina, 11 vashandi nhengo uye 37 vakatakurwa airliner - TSAPI vashandi uye nemhuri dzavo, kusanganisira vana vatanhatu. Filming kwedambudziko iri yakanyangarika (vakawanda vanofunga kuti rakanga Classified pamwe chete nyaya).

dzimahwe

Kuvigwa yevanhu vakaurayiwa ikatsva kwakaitika panguva Novodevichy Cemetery. In rwendo rwake rokupedzisira akaperekedza akafa nhengo hurumende, pakati waiva munyori chokutanga MC uye CIM CPSU (b) N. S. Hruschov uye musoro Moscow Soviet N. A. Bulganin. Mitumbi yevakafa cremated urn akavigwa muchikamu chetatu columbarium ari mutana chikamu kumakuva. Nhasi, chokurangaridza rakapfekedzwa korona hunoshamisa Bhanabhasi-rusununguko yakadonha hofori yakagadzirwa girenayiti.

Zvinokonzera njodzi

Munhu wose anakidzwa ndege "Bamba Gorky". Description anomupa vamwe mumba uye Pfungwa excites zvokufungidzira! Soviet pamutemo wokudhinda zvose mhosva pamusoro Blagina uyo vakakanganisa kurayirirwa uye nokuita aerobatics, aiva mhaka nenjodzi.

Mumwe, zvachose tarenda shanduro ndechokuti Blagin nemaune rammed svosve-20. Pepanhau Polish "Bakatwa" muna 1935 September 12 yakabudisa tsamba chasainwa Blagin, umo zviri kukwidza vakanga kunyadzisa yeutongi hwechiKomonisiti. Gare gare akazviratidza mupepanhau Paris wokuRussia vakatamira "Revival". Today akabvuma kuti tsamba yaiva chitsotsi.

Blagin akavigwa pedyo dzimwe dzawirwa nengwavaira. mwanasikana wake uye chirikadzi vakabatsira: vakagara mufurati itsva, akatsunga kudzidza mwanasikana kuchikoro chitsva. Mwanasikana, chirikadzi uye mumwe vabereki Blagina pakarepo yakatarwa akapona kuti mudyandigere. mhuri yake yakanga yakapoteredzwa kunyatsotarisirwa kwevatungamiriri dzebato vemunzvimbo. Zviri pachena, shanduro husina chinangwa kwakanga untenable.

Unenviable mugumo ndege "Bamba Gorky". vanodhirowa ake zvichiri vakachengetedzwa muna zvakachengetedzwa. Tikaramba zvakare kuongorora tsaona iyoyo. Saka, zviri pamusoro apa kupa chikonzero kutaura yechitatu, kupfuura chokwadi shanduro: vazhinji vakatenda kuti Blagin akarayira kuita kukodzera zvakapesana mudenga. Somugumisiro, iye nehope "tailspin" nemhaka yakaderera nokukurumidza. Asati chiitiko ichi, Stalin akatanga yavamwe newsreel, yaiva footage mhepo mazano, mukurumbira mumakore iwayo. Zvakaguma pfungwa nokuita mabasa akadai chokuita ndege "Bamba Gorky".

NKVD vakaperekedza kuferefeta, iyo vakatsunga kuti hafu yeawa pamberi kutiza pamwe vezvikepe uyo aimbotaurawo kutiza pamwe ndege hofori, akasangana tsvimbo kudzidzira uye uto firimu Studio mafirimu V. G. Ryazhsky uye A. A. Pullin. Vanofarira kwazvo ndege hofori svosve-20. Photo ( "Bamba Gorky" chaizvoizvo aiva kwazvo), zvakaita chihombe pfungwa pamusoro pavo, ivo vanoda manyawi. Mvumo mukuru Air Force utungamiri akavabvumira kuomerera nokuchinja ndege kuitika. Somugumisiro, vezvikepe, pasina Kufambisa pamwe musoro ndege uye nevatungamiri, aifanira kubvumirana. Documentary filmmaker vakatevera chinangwa filming zvemuchadenga stunts pedyo "Maksima Gorkogo" kuti mashoko anoparadzirwa basa. Ryazhskiy Pullin uye njodzi yaitika vakanga vakapfigirwa.

Svosve-20 bis

Kutaura zvazviri, isu akatarira ndege "Bamba Gorky". Ndiani akagadzira izvozvo, tiri zvakanaka ikozvino kuzivikanwa. kwakasarudzwa kusika kopi kwakavandudzwa rechipiri pashure yakawondomoka. Tandem kupera, uye pachinzvimbo 34FRN masere M-M-yakasimbiswa matanhatu 34FRNV capacitance 1000/1200 l. a. Kuunza muchina mutsva yakapedzwa muna 1938, akanga vakaitazve M. M. Gromov wake unorwadza.

Muna 1940-1941, kuti liner pasi zita SS-124 (R-760) akanga akatakura vanhu kubva kuMoscow Mineralnye Vody kuburikidza Kharkov uye Rostov-on-Don. Hondo payakatanga, yaishandiswa senzira mutakuri nhumbi ari shure. Iye yakadonha muna 1942 musi December 14 pa 60 Km from Tashkent panguva kumhara, kuti chiitiko maawa 272.

Chaizvoizvo yakanga akaronga kusika zvimwe bis 18 ndege svosve-20 Zvisinei, iye kana svosve-20 kune vakawanda kugadzirwa uye haana kubvumirwa. Chokwadi, nyanzvi vakava zvirongwa zvakawanda makuru michina svosve-26 uye svosve-28, asi akarega kushanda muna 1936.

imbroglio

Saka chii chakaitika pazuva iroro yenhamo zuva muna 1935? Ngatimbotaura pamusoro rakasiyana ikatsva kwakaitika May 18. Chinhu chokutanga kusimbisa anotyisa kwokufananidzira commonality date: 1896 May 18 (. Art Style) chaizvo 39 apfuura, pazuva rokutanga kugadza Nicholas II, iyo iri Khodynka munda zvinotyisa apwanye pakati vane mwero youmambo Goodies akakuvadza paiva vanhu vanenge 1,300 uye sezvo akafa zvikuru zvakare.

TASS rinoziviswa mashoko nenhamo: wakafanana, chaizvoizvo, vanenge makumi mashanu chero vanhu vasina mhosva, uye vana vatanhatu, kusanganisira, yakashatiswa Pilot scorcher. Kunyange zvakadaro, mhinduro yakavimbika dzemibvunzo dzisingaverengeki chokuita pokuwa liner, pane nhasi. Quite ichangopfuura, zvinyorwa kubva zvakachengetedzwa of KGB declassified, uye vari kunyanya vavhiringika ezvinhu yacho.

We munotoziva kuti akagadzira uye kuvakwa kweareka ndishande OKB A. N. Tupoleva TsAGI: chinhu yaifanira yakavakwa May 1, 1934. The ndege "Bamba Gorky" akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze ari kunyaradzwa unokosha: mu mutakurwi nezvikamu pamusoro mahwindo akaturika maketeni, mahwendefa akanga vakapakata dhesiki nemwenje, macheya akanga yakakura, uriri akanga akafukidzwa nemakapeti. The liner vaivawo cabins zhinji makarara, okuchengetera nzvimbo zvokudya, penhumbi mupanda, raibhurari, tudyo bhaa yakafadza waitonhora uye inopisa nezvikafu zvishoma, zvimbuzi uye rinosakara.

Uye pakupedzisira, hofori muchina akasimuka kudenga. Uye akatanga kupfuura anotyisa. I-5 vakatanga zvokuzvigadzirira simbi dzomuchina mifananidzo kunhivi svosve-20. Kana akashanda ari "loop akafa" rechipiri, Ini yakabonderana bapiro "Maksima Gorkogo". Nokurohwa yakanga anotyisa simba. Ante-20 kutanga tilted kurudyi, kubudikidza inertia ichibhururuka More 10-15 masekonzi uye akabva atamira hunyambiri svetuka uye miromo yesimbi pamusoro kumusana kwayo. Ndege dzakawira Pin, akagogodza miti uye pakupedzisira vakapararira pasi. Izvi zvakanyorwa zuva pashure pepanhau "Pravda» (nhamba 137 1935 20 May).

Chokwadi, nhamba yevanhu aisafunga dzichibhururuka ndege. Ngwanda vakapararira pamwe munharaunda kwomusha vemifananidzo "Sokol", kunokunda imba nhamba 4 mumugwagwa. Levitan uye inokuvadza mumugwagwa. Surikov imba nhamba 7 uye 11. Pano, nhamba yevanofa haana kutaurwa.

tsaona ongororo haana kuwanikwa kwayo zvinokonzera vechokwadi. Mhinduro huru chakavanzika - zvakanga chinhu ane akarayirwa kuita zvemuchadenga stunts kunhivi svosve-20, kana kuri kuipa "mhepo zvakaipa" Blagina - kumbowana. The "Chokwadi" musi May 19-20 dzakabudiswa footage filming, asi havana yacho pamwe meseji TASS. Dambudziko akaedza nokukurumidza kupinda yokukanganwa, apo kunyange zvachose vatogadzirira kuhaya unyanzvi firimu "mapapiro Great."

"Barrel" kana "loop"?

Zvakakodzera kusimbisa chokwadi chokuti kurwara-fated mhepo Wandinyengedzerei mu mameseji Tass akadana "loop akafa", uye munyaya yake mutyairi wake Rybushkin rinonzi "dhiramu". Berry yake dzemari mufananidzo Blagina anonziwo "mudende", uye ipapo vamwe avhiyesheni venhoroondo pakutsvakurudza ake akatanga kuzivisa kuti Blagin akaita "dhiramu" - nekuti Stalin aisagona kuva kushuma zvakaipa! Somugumisiro, zvichangobva kuongorora mushanduro uye zvinokonzera tsaona pachinzvimbo kukurukurirana rinovaka kakawanda atsiva maturo nharo panyaya: "dhiramu" kana "loop"? Maererano pfungwa dzimwe nyanzvi, zvinokwanisika kuti kuomerera shanduro Blagin kuita "loop."

Unogona chete kutaura chimwe chinhu: mu osovnom basa muna NP Blagina akanga zvikuru kunyanyisa pane yakakurumbira mutyairi wendege V. P. Chkalova, kuita ndege pasi Neva mabhiriji.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti wokutanga loop akaurayiwa Blagin zvishongo kuti anoti mutyairi pamusoro avaida yakawanda basa zano, uye ndege nzira. Hazvizivikanwi kuti mutyairi akanga akagadzira basa ... Tinoziva kuti kushingaira kuumba zvinhu zvakasiyana uye, hapana mubvunzo, akanga zvakakwana vanoziva ouinjiniya Masvomhu. About zvakaitika panguva kuurayiwa yechipiri loop, tinogona chete zvokufungidzira. Mwari anoziva kana ndikazviita mu dzinotevedzana (muchicherekedza mapuranga akasiyana kupfura pfungwa, hazvibviri kuona), kana akaenda nzira itsva.

zvekungofungira

Pahwaro mashoko pamusoro, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinoti zvinotevera zvekungofungira:

1. Camera Angle P-5 nenguva kuurayiwa zviri loop, nenzvimbo yaro uye shoma daro kubva ndege (mapapiro mu pamatanda haasi chose kuisa) zvinoratidza kuti zvakanga pre-chikwata pakati cameraman uye vatyairi. Pasina mubvunzo, pano anotaurwa chinhu ane nezve aurayiwe pokuongorora akadaro.
2. Hatigoni kutaura kuti chakaitwa "mhepo hooliganism". Chokwadi, wemanomano zvaiva nengozi (pakutanga kundikana, ipapo - kwete), asi isu chete kuona kuti pano vakakanganisa kutiza chengetedzo mitemo. Kazhinji, Vols zvakadaro vanhu vaivamo kuita filming mhosva.
3. The kwechokwadi nenhamo vakashumira Blagina mutyairi kukanganisa, uye kunyange yakarongeka (the loop yokutanga nemazvo dzaona), asi zvekushandisa chete, izvo unoisa diki (asingasviki mumwe wechipiri) kunonoka panguva kwezuva nezuva rechipiri loop.
4. Flight unyanzvi NP Blagina kutaura universalism ake uye professionalism - aigona kukwikwidzana chaiye M. M. Gromovym. Muna 1935 Blagin pemwedzi mishanu chete nendege kwemaawa 26 uye maminitsi 11.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti panguva kuferefeta, vose avo mune zvinouraya filming zvose akasungirwa musi Blagina. Zvisinei, zviri urn rine madota Blagina akavigwa parusvingo Novodevichy kumakuva, pamwe nemamwe dzawirwa nengwavaira. On pamarinda seboka bhodhi akanyorwa pamutemo shanduro rufu, uyo akaudza Tass.

Munyori Bamba Gorky, panzira, akagumbuka chaizvo nokuti rufu "namesake". Asi, nokuda uye yakakura, nokuti zvaMambo Serial kugadzira yokufambisa uye mutakurwi ndege hofori nenjodzi haana maturo.