The mashandiro evanhu rokudzora chero nyika. Basa Hurumende munzanga. Economics uye Management

Kushanda uye paumbwe utariri uye rokuva imwe Murongerwo vagara vandifungira kwayo chaizvo. Sezvo chikamu chacho anoverengeka zvinhu aripo. Usati kuvati, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti kudzora mamiriro inzira Implementation pakukura uye kudyidzana pakati pamutemo ukama. Ivo vakaratidza zvikurukuru mune mazano uye mitemo, zvinangwa, mashandiro, nzira, mamiriro uye muitiro pacharo. Sechikamu nemamiriro parizvino mapuranga, zvinhu uye zvimwe zvinhu. Social kuzvidzora mashandiro ichaongororwa mumwe chikuru levers munzanga murau ukama. Chii eremendi ichi?

Vhuṱanzi

The mashandiro management nzanga chero nyika iri kupfuura zvose, tinofanira chokuita kubudirira okukura zvinangwa uye Implementation rimwe nzvimbo mumhuri negwaro. chaikosha ichi achiumbwa uye kushandurwa zvinechinangwa chokuita nevanhu pamutemo kunzwisisa siyana, nzira, features, incentives uye levers. Izvi zvakakodzera kunyanya kuita inonyatsobudirira pamutemo chivako iri chaiyo munhoroondo ezvinhu. Ndiro huru rinoitwa Hurumende munzanga.

Unhu pachiyero hukama pakati pamutemo zvinoriumba mamiriro, ukuru hwakakwana, uyewo zvaidiwa zvinokosha zvinodiwa unotsamira zvikurukuru pamusoro professionalism uye padanho kugadzirira yevashandi, avo unyanzvi uye kukwanisa kuziva uye kupa chinangwa tinyatsonzwisisa chezvinhu zvinokosha zvinoriumba uye anobatanidza, kunyanya kuratidzwa uye zvakazokonzerwa dzakaonekwa nemiitiro .

zvinoriumba

munzanga kuzvidzora mashandiro chero nyika kunosanganisira zvakawanda zvinokosha dzakabatana: mukuru kushanda, misimboti, nzira uye zvinangwa. Society, somunhu multi-chinangwa yakaoma hurongwa zvinoda Urongwa munhu kukurukurirana zvakajeka subsystems zvose uye basa. Uchifunga voruzhinji Kutarisirwa uye vanhu kubva munzvimbo iyi, akataura nhamba yenhengo achiumba kudzorwa mhikuriso. Izvi zvinosanganisira, kunyanya zvinosanganisira socio-tsika uye musangano okunze.

In ichi inokosha pamwero panguva iyo anosangana upfumi zvakanaka uye. Panyaya iyi, runoenzanirana chinhu ndiyewo aripo murwiyo kudzora ruoko. Maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi, ndicho zvoupfumi zvinoriumba inopa zvizhinji izvi kunyatsoshanda. Zvisinei, kubudirira pakati zvinangwa uye kukura evanhu mamiriro inopiwa yakatarwa pakati zvinhu.

Kutsanangura zvinhu uye vanotongwa

Social hurongwa ndivo vose chinhu uye nyaya management. Izvi zvinoita zvakafanira kufunga izvi zvinoumba maviri vari kuramba kusakarongeka pamwe nemumwe - vose aidzora uye masimba zvinhu. Nyaya (a chinoumba wechipiri) ari chikamu chinhu. Kukura uye muganhu rokutanga vari pedyo kuvimba zvainyanya uye kukosha kwakaita wechipiri. Izvi zvinotungamirira kuti mabasa kuzvidzora zvivako dzinowanzotsigi- pakutsvaga ehupfumi munhu akakwanisa Kufananidzira.

In ayo mukuru fomu kuti basa zvinhu nofanira basa kwevanhu uye munhu. Mupfungwa yakakura, munharaunda ino uye mapoka makuru evanhu (maindasitiri, nharaunda, kambani). Zvinhu zvinogona kuita sezvo chaiyo basa, zvakadai munyika kutarisira mari, yokutengesa, dzevanhu pfuma uye zvichingodaro.

Mhando zvinhu

In zvachose mune mhando nhatu. Izvi zvinosanganisira kugadzirwa zvivako. Izvi mhando kunosanganisira zviumbu anoumba kwesangano utariri evanhu kugadzirwa. The mhando rechipiri - STRUCTURAL zvinhu. Ivo chikamu kuzvidzora yose hurongwa. Uye wechitatu mhando ndiyo dzichipfekeka masangano. Vari dzinounzwa rinokosha kudzora mashandiro. Somugumisiro, mumwe generalized maonero chinangwa kuzvidzora chinhu chisinganzwisisiki mabasa evanhu, kure evanhu kwezvakatipoteredza kana ari kushanda chaiyo kunoda anokosha murau mhikuriso, kana sezvo kubatana mamiriro.

Anoumba zvivako

Kutanga paumbwe yenhengo izvi uwirirane kuronga kusunungurwa kwavo sezvo huru Dzokuvaka evanhu mamiriro. Somuenzaniso, kubatana uku kungava mukugadzira vachida. Zviri rudzi tsime, pokutangira kuverenga bhuku siyana uye makro upfumi kuzvidzora uye microstructure kudzora mabasa mukati zvavakanga vachida kuita. chikamu chakadaro ndiyo hwaro paumbwe maindasitiri zvivako akasiyana chikero murau - mudunhu, kuti bhizimisi sechipiriso National upfumi hwose.

Public Kutarisirwa uye voruzhinji zvikoro zviri kuramba kuwadzana mumwe. Kusurukirwa Kugadzirwa Zvivako irimo kusika pamutemo yakarongeka, sezvamakaropafadzwa neimwe Link ariwo STRUCTURAL Kufananidzira (chinhu). zvinoriumba izvi zvisingapindirani kunzwisisa uye kushanda. Zvinoguma imwe nguva kana imwe Institute management. Education uye Kugadzirwa zvose yenhengo ndivo hwaro kuramba uvandudze evanhu murau mamiriro.

Zvinhu nekufemera paumbwe zvinhu murau

Kune akawanda zvinhu, vane mukuru kukosha mune chipo muitiro. Izvi zvinosanganisira, ndivo vanofanira kusanganisira zvekushandisa uye kwesayenzi, magariro, masangano uye zvoupfumi zvinhu. Zvinhu kuti tiratidze zvinodiwa mazano uye mitemo chinangwa evanhu kukura, vane yokukakavadzniswa ukama.

The chinhu sechinhu mashandiro evanhu rokudzora chero nyika iri kunotangira mumwe kana imwe nzira mubatanidzwa spatial uye maindasitiri murau kunobva padanho decentralization kana centralization. Zvinhu zviri inotungamirwa mumwe kana mumwe izvo kuti yomukati nemamiriro pamwero, zvinonyatsorehwa chinzvimbo, munzanga uye zvichingodaro.

The chikuru sangano management

nhasi Nderipi nyaya murau? Pasina mubvunzo, mamiriro ichi. Kunyange zvazvo panguva ino kune achangobva katsika dzokugovera kwavari vamwe mabasa avo (pamutemo, masangano, normative nezvimwe) kune dzimwe masangano. Nokududza mamiriro sechipiriso chinoumba kuzvidzora, rinofanira kutaura kuti chivako ichi kunosanganisira pooling masangano kufanana uye masangano anopa murau ukama uye mabasa vanhu, namarudzi, makirasi uye mapoka.

Current kunzwisisa chikuru nemamiriro nokudzora mhikuriso

The kunditsoropodza kazhinji anoita mabhuku masayendisiti zvino pasi pehurumende kuzvidzora, uye kuronga, rinobatsira kwechirwere nenyaya pamusoro zvokurarama nazvo vanhu, kuvimba nesimba hurumende. Chinangwa chiito ichi kuramba, ronga kana rokuchinja vagari 'nzvimbo. Chinangwa, kudiwa hurumende murau imperious kunokonzerwa zvinoverengeka. Chokutanga mukuru socio-enyika uye nhoroondo background. Uyezve, zviri kukosha uye akananga kwazvo zvinhu, yo imwe nzanga.

MARARAMIRO pave simba mutemo

The mashandiro evanhu rokudzora munyika hwapedyo kuitira kuti muronga minda mabasa evanhu. Uyezve, nokuda basa kuzvidzora maoko, akaumba mamiriro ezvinhu nokupukunyuka munharaunda. Pakati zvinhu ichipa nayo, kunyanya zvinosanganisira itsva siyana basa basa, administrative basa, kusanganisira Primary hanya tichitarisa mashoko (zvikurukuru, nekunhonga mashoko akasiyana-siyana pamusoro basa, etc.).

Zvishoma nezvishoma munzanga akamira stratum vanhu vane basa guru rakanga murau ukama mukati veruzhinji. Somugumisiro, vakaumba akasiyana-siyana munzvimbo namagwatidziro: vatungamiri, vakuru mabasa uye nezvimwe fieldworkers. rukoko urwu yakanga yapfuura muboka revatungamiriri. Nokufamba kuvandudzika muvanhu stratification zvakava Jabneh kuti kazhinji kunotungamirira kune nezvokubvuta nesimba imwe boka kwenzanga uye zvinoenderana zvavanofarira.

Weboka vanhu rayo vakaumba mapoka mamirire uye strata kunetsana ukama uye dzinopesana zvido zvakatungamirira kudiwa kusika enyika mashandiro mutemo evanhu ukama uye kuzvipokanidza. Nokuti kuti hurumende midziyo rakanga ratorwa ropafadzo strata, kuzvidzora mabasa anopa kunyanya kutonga mapoka aya pamusoro pevamwe.

chikuru kuzvidzora ruoko mabasa

Zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti nechokwadi chinangwa kusakarongeka pakati akasiyana mapoka hwevanhu kuzvidzora kuti kusika zvimwe mitemo maitiro vagari uye dzinoumba zvinokosha muchimiro kuzvibatsira kwevanhu. Kureva chokugadza kugadzira mamiriro ezvinhu kuti chakaipa nokuvapo zvikamu zvose munzanga vaiva mabasa chikuru ehurumende. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, simba mamiriro vanofanira kudzivirira mupenyu nzvimbo dzichiri kubudirira kwevanhu.

pfungwa ano

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pamusoro nguva, zvinhu ataurwa pamusoro apa zvachose asisina kushanda kwayo. Mukupesana, kutanga akagadzirwa mabasa zvinofanira kuitwa nenzira levers simba, yekudyidzana kuoma. Kuchinja kuitika munyika yanhasi iri mumunda zvigadzirwa, sainzi, mashoko michina, kungoita munhu kuchengeteka nyaya kuoneke.

Nhasi, kudiwa paruzhinji Kutarisirwa iri riine nechido nechokwadi Implementation zvezvipfuwo mutemo, nechinangwa kupfuura vakarongeka kushandiswa basa, zvinhu, dzinongoitika uye ruzivo zvaainazvo. The chikuru mabasa simba pamutemo basa iri ano ezvinhu anosanganisirawo yakaenzanirana kugovera mari, kuvimbisa huru munzanga kodzero uye kwerunyararo kurongeka. Kugovera ane kugonesa zvakatipoteredza Panotoda uye Implementation zvirongwa zvehurumende. Pamusana kwavari, ichipa shoma nemararamiro, kana kuwana dzidzo kana kudzidziswa.

mhedziso

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti basa ehurumende midziyo iri basa pezvakaitwa uye mazuvaano kwenzanga dambudziko kudiwa kuti sayenzi magariro uye nevanhu. Kusimbiswa izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa, kana chete pakuti pane vazhinji pfungwa maonero panyaya iyi. kukurumidza kuchinja nyika yanhasi inoita kuti kutsvaka nzira ajairane nokuchinja ayo. Mundima iyi, hurumende anoita se inonyatsobudirira kudzora mhikuriso inokwanisa nekukurumidza chekuunganidza mari nekuita zviripo uye zvoupfumi Kubudirira.

Kugadzikana mumagakava bhora inopiwa pamberi nemaune nzira kuchinja kuti huripo utariri zvivako, ane zvishoma nezvishoma, coherent Implementation panzvimbo yavo nani. Chinangwa, ukoshi ndaisagona nemamiriro hurumende midziyo iri kunyanya iziviswe panguva yatinenge sanduko, kana zano yekare enyika kuchatsiviwa itsva.