Sufism - Chii? Rakavanzika-hwokuzvinyima kuitika Islam. Kutungamirirwa dzenhoroondo Islamic uzivi

Kushushikana - chii ichocho? Mukusayenzi, hapasati kuine maonero akajeka uye akabatanidzwa emhando iyi yakaoma uye yakawanda yemafungiro echitendero cheMuslim.

Kwemazana emakore emakore ekuvapo kwayo, yakagamuchira kwete nyika yose yeMuslim, asi yakakwanisa kupinda muEurope. Echoes of Sufism inogona kuwanikwa muSpanish, Balkans neSicily.

Chii chinonzi Sufism?

Kushushikana chinhu chakakosha uye chisinganzwisisiki chiripo muIslam. Vateveri vake vaifunga kuti zvinogoneka kuti munhu ave nekunamata mumoyo wose naMwari, akabudirira kuburikidza nekuita kwenguva refu. Ivo ruzivo rwezvakakosha zvehuMwari ndiyo chete chinangwa icho Sufis aitsvaga muupenyu hwavo hwose. Iyi "nzira" isinganzwisisiki yakaratidzwa mukucheneswa kwetsika uye kuzvigadzirisa kwevanhu.

"Nzira" yeSufi yaive yekuedza nguva dzose kuna Mwari, anonzi Makamat. Nekushingaira kwakakwana, mukamat aigona kuteverwa nekuratidzwa kwenguva pfupi kwakange kwakaita kufara kwenguva pfupi. Asi zvakakosha kuziva kuti mazwi akadai akadaro akanga asiri ezvo Sufis kuguma mukati mavo, kuti ndiani aifanira kuedza, asi akashanda senzira yekuziva zvakadzama pamusoro penzira yehuMwari.

Multifaceted Sufism

Pakutanga, Sufism yaiva imwe yenzira dzechiIslam inoshushikana, uye muzana remakore remazana nemakore gumi nematanhatu dzidziso iyi yakagadzika zvizere sechinhu chakazvimirira. Ipapo veSufis vaiva nezvikoro zvavo zvechitendero. Asi kunyange nemamiriro ezvinhu aya, Kushushikana hakuna kuve nzira yakajeka uye yakabatana yemafungiro.

Ichokwadi ndechokuti panguva dzose dzekuvapo kwayo Kushushikana nemakaro kunobata mafungiro akawanda emhemberero dzekare, Zoroastrianism, Gnosticism, Christian theosophy uye zvinyengeri, zvichibva zvava nyore kuvabatanidza nekutenda kweko uye tsika dzechitendero.

Kushushikana - chii ichocho? Iyi tsanangudzo inogona kushanda sezvinotsanangurwa zvinotevera : ndiro zita rinowanzobatanidza mazamu akawanda, zvikoro nemapazi ane maonero akasiyana e "nzira yakangwara", iyo inongova nechinangwa chakakosha-chinokurukura naMwari.

Nzira dzekuzadzisa chinangwa ichi dzaive dzakasiyana-siyana - maitiro edziviriro, psychotechnics chaiyo, kudzidzira mahara. Zvose zvavo zvakavakwa mune dzimwe tsika dzeSufi, dzakagoverwa kuburikidza nehama. Kunzwisisa kwemitambo iyi yakawanda kwakagadzira mutsva mutsva wemhando dzakasiyana dzenhema.

Kutanga Kwekusuwa

Pakutanga, vaSufis vainzi vaMuslim ascetics, avo, sevamwe, vaipfeka nguo yebwe ye "Suf". Nokudaro shoko rokuti "tasawwuf". Izwi iri rakaonekwa makore 200 chete mushure mekuitika kwemuporofita Muhammad uye zvaireva "kusaziva." Kubva pane izvi zvinotevera kuti Sufism yakaonekwa yakareba pashure pemazana emvura mumuslam, uye gare gare yakava mutsigiri womutsivi kune vamwe vavo.

VaSufisi ivo pachavo vaidavira kuti Muhammad, munzira yake yeupenzi, akaratidza kuvateveri nzira chete yechokwadi yekukura mumweya. Pamberi pake, vaporofita vakawanda muIslam vakanga vagutsikana nezvinhu zviduku, izvo zvakavapa ruremekedzo rukuru kubva kuvanhu.

Basa rakakosha mukuumbwa kweMuslim kunotambudzwa kwakaitwa ne "ahl as-suffa" - izvo zvinonzi "benchi vanhu". Iyi iboka duku revarombo vakaungana mumusangano weMedina uye vakapedza nguva mukutsanya nekunyengetera. Muporofita Muhammad pachake akavatora nekuremekedza kukuru uye akatumira vamwe kuparidza Islam pakati pemadzinza maduku eArabhu akafirwa murenje. Sezvo vakanyatsogadzirisa mararamiro avo mumakwikwi akadaro, avo vekare vainyanya kukanganisa vaiwanyoresa nzira itsva, yakanyanya kufadza, iyo yakaita kuti vakwanise kusiya zvavanotenda.

Asi tsika yekusarura muIslam haina kufa, yakanga ine vatsigiri pakati pevaparidzi vakatsauka, vatengesi ve hadith (mazwi emuporofita Muhammad), uye pakati pevaimbova vaKristu vakatendeukira kuchitendero cheMuslim.

Mhuri yekutanga yeSufi yakaonekwa muSiria neIraq muzana ramakore rechisere uye yakakurumidza kupararira muArabic East. Pakutanga, vaSufis vaishungurudzika chete kuti vabhadhara zvakanyanya pane zvemweya zvekudzidzisa kweMuporofita Muhammad. Nokufamba kwenguva, kudzidzisa kwavo kwakagadziridza mamwe maitiro ezvitendero, uye bhizimisi raiwanzoita yakava zvinhu zvinokuvaraidza semimhanzi, kutamba, uye dzimwe nguva kushandiswa kwehashishi.

Kurwisana neIslam

Kushamwaridzana kwehukama nevamiriri vehutsika hwechiIslam hwakagara huri hwakaoma zvikuru. Uye iyo pfungwa apa haisi kungosiyana kwakakosha mune dzidziso, kunyange zvazvo yaiva yakakosha. Zvisungo zvinowanikwa pamwoyo wezvakaitika zveunhu oga uye zvakazarurwa zvevatendi vose, kusiyana nematauriro, avo avo tsamba yeMutemo yaiva iyo huru, uye murume wacho aifanira kungomuteerera chete.

Mumazana emakore ekutanga ekuumbwa kwechiShufi dzidziso, kufamba kwepamutemo muIslam kwakarwa naye kuti ave nesimba pamwoyo yevatendi. Zvisinei, nekukura kwekuzivikanwa kwayo, maSteni orthodox akamanikidzwa kubvuma izvi. Izvo zvaiwanzoitika kuti mumadzinza akare echihedheni, Islam inogona kungopinda nepanobatsirana nevaShufi vaparidzi, nokuti dzidziso dzavo dzainyatsonzwisiswa nevanhuwo zvavo.

Kunyange zvakadaro huzhinji hweIslam hwakanga hwakananga, Sufism yakagadzirisa yakasimba yakawedzera mune zvemweya. Akaita kuti vanhu vayeuke mweya wake, vakaparidza mutsa, ruramisiro uye hukama. Uyezve, Sufism yaiva ipurasitiki, uye saka yakagamuchira dzidziso dzose dzomunharaunda sechipanje, ichidzorera kune vanhu vakawanda vanobatsirwa kubva pakunamata kwemaonero.

Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi11, pfungwa dzeSusfism dzakanga dzapararira munyika yose yeMuslim. Yaiva panguva ino kuti kushushikana kubva kuhutano hwemagariro kwakashandurwa kuva yakakurumbira chaizvo. Dzidziso yeShufi ye "munhu akakwana", uko kukwana kunogadziriswa kuburikidza nekuchengetedza uye kuzvidzora, kwaiva pedyo uye kunonzwisisika kuvanhu varombo. Yakapa vanhu tariro yehupenyu hwekudenga mune ramangwana uye yakati nyasha dzaMwari hadzingapfuuri.

Zvinoshamisa kuti, akazvarwa mumvura yakadzika yeIslami, Sufism haina kudzidza zvakawanda kubva muchitendero ichi, asi nemufaro yakagamuchira mishonga yakawanda yezvinyorwa zveGnosticism uye chiKristu chekuziva. Basa rinokosha pakuumbwa kwekudzidzisa kwakaitwa neEuropean philosophy, zvinenge zvisingabviri kutsanangura muchidimbu zvese zvakasiyana zve pfungwa. Zvisinei, vaSufisi ivo pachavo vaigara vachifunga kuti dzidziso yavo ndeyekati, dzidziso yakavanzika, chakavanzika, pasi peKorani nemamwe mashoko ayo vaporofita vazhinji vakasiya muIslam musati Muhammad auya.

Philosophy ye Sufism

Nekukura kwenhamba yevateveri muSusfism, rutivi rwepfungwa rwekudzidzisa rwakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma kutanga. Dzidziso dzakadzika uye dzidziso dzisina kufanira uye dzefilosofi hazvigone kunzwisiswa nevanhuwo zvavo, asi dzakagutsa zvido zvevaMuslim vakadzidziswa, pakati pavo kwaivawo nevakawanda vaifarira muSusfism. Philosophy nguva dzose yaifungidzirwa kuva mujenya wevasanangurwa, asi pasina kunyatsodzidza dzidziso dzayo, hakukwanise kuvapo sangano rechitendero.

Izvo zvinowanzoitika muSusfism zvinosanganiswa nezita re "Great Shaykh" - iyo nyanzvi Ibn Arabi. Peni yake ndeyemabasa maviri anozivikanwa: "Zvakazarurirwa kuMeccan", izvo zvinofungidzirwa zvakakodzera encyclopedia yeSufi pfungwa, uye "Gemma weUchenjeri".

Mwari muhurumende yeArabhi ine masangano maviri: rimwe rakasvibiswa uye risingazivikanwi (batin), uye imwe iri chimiro chakajeka (zahir), chinoratidzwa mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvisikwa zviri kurarama panyika, zvakasikwa mufananidzo waMwari uye zvakafanana. Mune mamwe mazwi, vapenyu vose vari munyika ndeye mirati inoratidzira mufananidzo weA Absolute, chechokwadi cheicho chinoramba chiri chakavanzika uye chisingazivikanwi.

Imwe dzidziso inowanikwa yehutano hwekushushikana yaiva vahdat ash-shuhud - dzidziso yekubatana kweuchapupu. Yakave yakagadzirwa muzana remakore reXIV nePezhiya mystic Ala ad-Daula al-Simnani. Iyi dzidziso yakataura kuti chinangwa chezvakavanzika hachisi kuedza kushamwaridzana naMwari, sezvo zvisingakwanisi, asi kungotsvaka chete nzira yechokwadi, kuti zvakanyatsodiwa sei kuti achinamate. Iyi zivo yechokwadi inouya chete kana munhu akanyatsoteerera mitemo yose yeMutemo Mutsvene uyo vanhu vakagamuchira kuburikidza nezaruriro rwemuporofita Muhammad.

Nokudaro, Sufism, iyo mafilosofi akange akaparidzirwa nekutaura mazwi, angave achiwana nzira dzekuyananisa neAstrodox Islam. Zvinokwanisika kuti dzidziso dzeAs-Simnani nevateveri vake vazhinji vakabvumira Sufism kuti irambe iri hupenyu huri nerunyararo mukati mepasi reMuslim.

Sufi literature

Zvakaoma kutarisisa zvose zvakasiyana-siyana pfungwa dzokuti Sufism inounzwa kunyika yeMuslim. Mabhuku eVadzidzi veSufi vakapinda muchivigiro chepfuma yemabhuku epasi.

Mune nguva yekusimudzirwa uye kukura kweSusfism sekudzidzisa, bhuku reSufi rakaonekwa zvakare. Yakanga yakasiyana chaizvo neyo yakanga iri mune dzimwe mhirizhonga dzeIslam. Pfungwa huru yemabasa akawanda yaiva kuedza kuratidzira ukama hweSusfism neHorthodox Islam. Chinangwa chavo chaiva kuratidza kuti pfungwa dzeSufis dzakakwana dzinoenderana nemitemo yeKoran, uye maitiro haaipesani nenzira yehupenyu hweMuslimodhox.

Vadzidzi veSufi vakaedza kududzira Qur'an nenzira yavo pachavo, nekutarisa pamusoro peayatam-nzvimbo dzaive dzisingambofungidziki kusinganzwisisiki mupfungwa yevanhuwo zvavo. Izvi zvakakonzera kukanganisa kwakanyanya pakati pevatanthauki vemitauro inonzi orthodox avo vainyatsopesana nemafungiro ose ekufungidzira uye zvinyorwa pakurondedzera pamusoro peKorani.

Zvinyararire, maererano nevadzidzisi vechiIslam, vaSufis vairevawo mahedheni (nheyo pamusoro pemabasa uye mazwi emuporofita Muhammad). Vakanga vasina kunyanya kunetseka pamusoro pehuchokwadi hweizvi kana uchapupu uhwu, ivo vaibhadhara zvakanyanya pane zvekunamata kwavo.

Kushushikana hakuna kumbobvira kwaramba mutemo wechiIslam (fiqh) uye wakaiona sechinhu chisingachinji chechitendero. Zvisinei, muSufis Mutemo unova mukuru mune zvemweya uye zvakashata. Anozviruramisa pachake kubva pakufunga kwetsika, uye naizvozvo haabvumiri kuti Islam ishanduke muitiro wakaoma, achida kubva kuvateveri vake kungozadzika zvakajeka kwezvose zvinamato zvechitendero.

Kubatsira Kushushikana

Asi kunze kwekunzwisisa kwakanyanya, izvo zvaive mumatambudziko akaoma efilosofi uye ezvidzidzo, imwe nzira yekudzidzisa yakagadzirwa, iyo inonzi "pragmatic Sufism". Zvazviri, iwe unogona kufungidzira, kana iwe uchiyeuka maitiro anozivikanwa mazuva ano, maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekumavirira uye mafungiro ane chinangwa chekuvandudza ichi kana icho chiitiko chehupenyu hwehupenyu.

Mu pragmatic Sufism, zvikoro zviviri zvikuru zvinogona kusiyaniswa. Vakaronga kuti ivo pachavo vakanyatsogadziriswa maitiro, kushandiswa kwekufanirwa kunopa munhu munhu mukana wekutaurirana zvakananga nehuMwari.

Chikoro chokutanga chakatangwa nePersia mystic Abu Yazid al-Bistami, uyo aigara muzana remakore IX. Icho chikuru chekudzidzisa kwake chaiva kufarira kufara kwazvo (galabs) uye "kudhakwa nerudo rwaMwari" (sukra). Akakakavidza kuti kuburikidza nekufungisisa kwenguva refu pamusoro pehumwe huMwari, munhu anogona kusvika zvishoma nezvishoma nyika apo munhu "Ini" pachake anonyangarika zvachose, anoparara muMwari. Pano, basa rinochinja, kana munhu akava mwari, uye huMwari hunova munhu.

Muvambi wechikoro chechipiri akazovawo nyanzvi kubva kuPersia, ainzi Abu-l-Kashima Junaida al-Baghdadi. Akaziva kubvira kwekushamwaridzana kwakanaka nemwari, asi akakurudzira vateveri vake kuti vaende mberi, kubva "kudhakwa" kune "kusazvidzora." Muchiitiko ichi, huMwari hwakashandura chimiro chaicho chemunhu, uye akadzokera kunyika kwete kungovandudzwa chete, asi akapiwawo kodzero dzaMesiya (tangi). Uyu hupenyu hutsva hunogona kudzora zvakakwana kufara kwake, zviratidzo, pfungwa uye manzwiro, uye naizvozvo zvakanyanya kushandira zvakanaka kwevanhu, zvichivhenekera.

Dzidziso muSusfism

Nzira dzeSufi dzaive dzakasiyana zvakasiyana zvekuti zvakanga zvisingakwanisi kuvaisa pasi kune imwe nzira. Zvisinei, pakati pavo mumwe anokwanisa kusiyanisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, izvo vakawanda vachiri kushandisa.

Chiito chinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeichi chinonzi Sufi Circles. Vanoita kuti zvive nyore kuti vanzwe sepakati penyika uye kuti vanzwe vari pedyo nesimba rine simba. Kubva kunze kunoratidzika sekumhanya nekukurumidza maziso ako akasvinudzwa uye maoko ako achikwira. Iko rudzi rwekufungisisa runogumira chete apo munhu aneta anowira pasi, nokudaro achibatana zvachose naro.

Mukuwedzera kumakwikwi, vaSufis vaiita nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekucherechedza huMwari. Izvi zvinogona kunge zviri nguva refu kufungisisa, mamwe maitiro ekufema, kunyarara kwemazuva mashomanana, dhikr (chimwe chinhu sekufungisisa kwemantras), nezvimwe zvakawanda.

Nziyo dzeSufi dzakagara dziri chikamu chezviito zvakadaro uye dzakaonekwa seimwe yenzira dzakasimba dzekuswedera kune munhu kune vamwari. Iyi mimhanzi inozivikanwa munguva yedu, yakanyatsotaridzirwa imwe yemabasa akaisvonaka emutauro weArabic East.

Sufi Brothershoods

Nokufamba kwenguva, muchipfuva cheSusfism, hukama hwakatanga kubuda, iyo yaive nechinangwa chokupa munhu dzimwe nzira uye unyanzvi hwokukurukurirana zvakananga naMwari. Ichi ndicho chido chekuwana humwe rusununguko rwemweya mukupikisana nemitemo yepasi yeIslam. Uye nhasi muSufism kune dzakawanda dzehama dzehama dzakasiyana, dzakasiyana chete nenzira dzekukwanisa kufanana nehuMwari.

Ihurumende idzi dzinonzi tariqats. Pakutanga, izwi iri raishandiswa kune imwe nzira yakarurama inoshanda ye "nzira" yeSufi, asi nekufamba kwemazuva, iyo chete miitiro yakaunganidzana ivo pachavo nhamba huru yevateveri vakatanga kutumidzwa saizvozvo.

Kubvira pakuonekwa kwehama, hutano hwakanaka hwehukama hunotanga kuumbwa mukati mavo. Chero ani zvake anoda kutevera nzira yeSufi, aifanira kusarudza mutungamiri wemweya - Murshid kana Shaykh. Zvinotendwa kuti hazvibviri kupfuudza tariqa chete, sezvo munhu asina mutungamiri akakanganisa kurasikirwa nehutano, chikonzero, uye zvichida hupenyu pachahwo. Ari munzira, mudzidzi anofanira kuteerera mudzidzisi wake pane zvose.

Mumazuva ezuva rekudzidzisa munyika yeMuslim, paiva nemakore gumi nemaviri ematanisi makuru, gare gare vakapa upenyu kune matavi akawanda mashoma.

Nekukurudzirwa kwekuzivikanwa kweshamwari dzakadai, kushandiswa kwavo kwehurumende kwakawedzera. "Mudzidzi-mudzidzisi" hukama hwehukama hwakatsiviwa nemumwe "mutevedzeri-mutsvene" mutsva, uye Murid akanga asiri pasi pechido chemufundisi wake, asi kumitemo yakagadzirirwa muhukama hwehama.

Chinyanya kukosha pakati pemitemo chakanga chakazara uye chisingaenderani kutumira kumusoro we tariqa - mutakuri we "nyasha." Zvakanga zvakakoshawo kunyatsocherechedza chibvumirano chehama uye kunyatsotevera kutevera maitiro epfungwa uye emuviri akanyorwa nemutemo uyu. Sezvimwe mune dzimwe mimwe mizhinji yakavanzika, tsika dzekutanga dzenhema dzakagadzirwa muTariqah.

Kune mapoka akakwanisa kurarama kusvika mazuva edu. Mukuru wavo ndeye Shaziri, Kadiri, Nakhshbandi na Tijani.

Kushushikana nhasi

Kutambudzika nhasi kunonzi vose avo vanotenda mukana wekukurukurirana zvakananga naMwari uye vakagadzirira kuita zvose zvavanogona kuti vawane mamiriro ezvinhu epfungwa iyo inova chaiye.

Parizvino, vateveri veSusfism havasi varombo bedzi, asiwo pakati peboka. Iko kune dzidziso iyi havatadzisi kuti vazadzise mabasa avo evanhu. Mazuva ano mazhinji Sufis anotungamirira hupenyu humwe hwemaguta - enda kumabasa uye uve nemhuri. Uye kuve kune imwe kana imwe yemamwe tariqa mumazuva edu inowanzotora nhaka.

Saka, Sufism - chii ichocho? Ichi chidzidzo chinoramba chiripo munyika yeIslam. Uye chinhu chinoshamisa kwazvo ndechokuti haisi chete mairi. Nziyo dzeSufi dzinokodzera kunyange veEurope, uye tsika dzakawanda dzakagadzirwa mukati mehutano hwekudzidzisa dzichiri kushandiswa zvakanyanya nhasi nezvikoro zvakasiyana-siyana zvesoteric.