Overview Baikonur Cosmodrome: tsananguro, nhoroondo uye zvinonakidza zvinhu

Baikonur Cosmodrome, apo mumakore hafu remakore raiva kutanga vezviuru rimwe nehafu chitundumusere-musere, achiri kunotungamirira kwenhamba chinonyengera. Pamusana kwaari, Soviet Union akakwanisa kutora aitungamirira chinzvimbo kukura nzvimbo bhizimisi nesayenzi, achisiya United States. Kyzylkum gwenga rakava nhoroondo nzvimbo nendege nzvimbo yokutanga cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, tichigadzira nzira muchadenga Pasi kupfuura zana muchadenga kunoongorora, iyo vanhu 62 - vatorwa.

Kutanga Baikonur

50-ies pamusoro XX remakore vakanga aionekwa kuramba tsere pakati USSR uye United States muchiuto bhora, kunyanya pakasikwa intercontinental ballistic zvombo. Kuvakwa Baikonur cosmodrome aiva mumwe nzendo makwikwi, umo yokutanga Soviet intercontinental ballistic chombo aifanira kuongororwa.

Sezvo magadzirirwo siyana ayo ndege yaiva anopfuura zviuru zvisere makiromita, akasimuka kudiwa itsva nzira kuburikidza Asian chikamu USSR uye panguva iyoyowo aine munzvimbo murenje, yakakodzera kuchaitwa chiutsi chitundumuseremusere ayo mumatanho uye kuvakwa kuyera zvechitima.

A komisheni chaiyo akaongorora dzakawanda kuita: Dagestan, Mari ASSR, Astrakhan uye Kyzylorda kumatunhu. Zvapedzisira nzira inopfuura akasangana vamwe zvaidiwa R-7 chitundumuseremusere vagadziri nokuti akabvumira optimum Positioning pamusoro zvinoshandiswa ballistic zvombo uye redhiyo kushandisa pakutanga kutenderera Wepasi.

Muna February 1955, Council of Vashumiri kushandisa chirevo № 292-181, achirayiridza kutanga kuvakwa chivako. Saka muna Kazakhstan murenje akazviratidza "Polygon nhamba 5" - yemberi cosmodrome Baikonur.

Isa Baikonur

Vapedza ushori nokuda aronga kuvaka Spaceport kumatunhu ari USSR hurumende basa akasarudza yakanyarara chikamu Kazakhstan, riri kuruboshwe kweGungwa Aral, pedyo nomusha Baikonur. Yasarudzwa nzvimbo iri pakati Kazalinsk uye Dzhusaly - Regional nzvimbo Kyzylorda Oblast.

Nzvimbo kunoratidzwa sandara nomunzvimbo dzine uye duku kukura vemo. Pamusoro kuti kwakaitika pedyo gwenya mugwagwa uye njanji mutsetse Moscow - Tashkent (patrol Tyr-Tam), uye akaita Central Asian rwizi Ishe. Zvinhu izvi vakaita pakugoverwa nezvinhu, uye mune ramangwana - the zvombo uye zvokushandisa.

Asi chinonyanya kukosha chokufunga yaiva pamberi chinhu pedyo neequator, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuti nokuparura zvombo, sezvo iri nyaya anowedzera kushandisa rotational nokukurumidza paNyika.

Kubva pakutanga kusvika mumabharaki wokutanga kutanga

Pakutanga 1955 munzvimbo yemberi cosmodrome "Baikonur" mapiyona asvika - uto kuvakwa, iine battalions masere.

Basa pakati vanachiremba vasvika wekutanga waiva kuvakwa kwedzimba. yemauto emapuranga First dzakavakwa.

Dzimwe vavaki zvechiuto uye zvavo vaiva paumbwe kugadzirwa nechigadziko, hwaisanganisira kongiri kugadzirwa miriwo, nokuti mhinduro zvinoriumba, dzokuchengetera nokuda zvokuvakisa, pamwe sokuveza uye pezimba raichekerwa mapuranga.

Pakazosvika 1956, chikuru vanovengwa cosmodrome yakavakwa. Yakatanga regadziriro basa zvombo nemiedzo.

Patsime 1957 tambo hurongwa yakavhurwa panyika yose Baikonur. May 5, 1957 hurumende zvive rokutanga kutanga-up dzakaoma paakatumwa. Baikonur akanga akagadzirira kanda intercontinental zvombo.

The dambudziko iri pfupi yakadaro yave chokuita nezvinetso zvakakomba.

Matambudziko munzira muchadenga

Chekutanga kuvakwa vashandi vose vakasangana ane hasha ekunze muKazakhstan uye upenyu kugadzikana. Chokutanga chaiva tende, Saka, pakaberekwa kwematsutso - the dugout. Yemauto emapuranga yokutanga akazviratidza chete muna May.

Pakapera July 1955 zvakatanga kuvakwa kanda ikanyanya nhamba 1. Construction akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze siku nesikati, sezvo chinhu deadlines vakanga zvakasimba.

Pakutanga, paiva kuperevedza michina. Pamashoko chivakwa bato Baikonur pamudyandigere konoro Sergei Alekseenko, panguva kurasa vavaki akanga scrapers 5 chete, 2 zvikatapira, maviri Vacheri uye 5 nemarori. Achishandisa izvi, zvakanga zvakakodzera mune pfupi kuti gomba 50 mamita yakadzika. Zviri zvinopfuura mamiriyoni 1 cubic metres padombo!

Ndakasangana uye dray ivhu kuti zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti Excavator. Zvinhu akaponeswa matani maviri zvinoputika. The ngozi yakanga yakawanda, sezvo nenyunje mabasa zvakarambidzwa. Asi zvose zvakaitwa wokutanga chitundumuseremusere kanda.

The kukatanga

The kanda wokutanga kubva Baikonur Cosmodrome yakaitwa pashure pemazuva chete 10 mushure kusaina kwokubvuma Baikonur mamiriro basa.

Dai 15, 1957 akanga vakabudirira yakatanga intercontinental ballistic chombo 8K71 nhamba 5L, izvo akazova kumumvuri pamusoro chitundumuseremusere R-7 "Union". Zvisinei, gore rino 4 October chete, kwakatangwa muchadenga yokutanga kubata Pasi Satellite.

Uyezve, zvakanga zvichiri yakawanda rokutanga ayo kunotangira ehove

• September 14, 1959 - kutanga zvaitika "Luna 2" chiteshi, enda pasi paNyika pemvura Satellite;
• October 4, 1959 - kushanda ari "Luna-3" mufananidzo seri Moon;
• August 19, 1960 - Launch kuti "Vostok", iyo yavakanga vakadzoka mumwe Kamudzira pamwe nembwa;
• April 12, 1961 - Launch kuti "Vostok" yokutanga cosmonaut Yuriem Gagarinym.

Okuti "Baikonur", "The kanda", "aigarira ndege" Zvishoma nezvishoma zvaizivikanwa vagari venyika yedu.

Kukura cosmodrome

Mumwe kutanga kunzwisisa haringorevi pakuvaka Baikonur cosmodrome. Mune ramangwana, iyo mugove ndima pasi payo dzakavakwa zvivako, rakagadzirirwa zvombo mumakirasi siyana pamusoro kutakura, "Dutu-M" chiedza, "Union", "pamusoro-soro", "Mheni" unosvikirwa, "Purotoni" inorema uye "simba" super-rinorema kirasi.

4 Makore pashure pakatanga rokutanga pokutangira zvakaoma pamusoro "Union" zvakanzi akavaka mumwe, rakafanana wokutanga.

Muna 1965 akaiswa rokutanga launcher kuti "Purotoni", uye gare gare gore - wechipiri. Muna 1967, zvakanga akarayira zvivako zviviri mutakuri chitundumuseremusere "Dutu". Zvadaro, kuvakwa uye nokutumwa zvivako zvitsva anomiswa kusvikira 1979. Muna 1979 iri Kyzylorda nharaunda, apo Baikonur Cosmodrome, kutanga vakavhura vaviri dzimwe kugadzwa "Purotoni".

kufanana kwezvivako kuramba kuva Spaceport.

Overview Baikonur

Overview of Baikonur nzvimbo centre ne mhepo chaizvo uye anobvumira kufungidzira zvikuru ayo. Chokutanga, nharaunda yayo zvinoorora - 6717 mativi makiromita. It pakugadzwa kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba pa75 km kubva kumabvazuva kusvikira kumavirira - 90? Km.

Muchiitiko chino, kwakarurama kutaura "Baikonur" kunzwisisa, chine spaceport uye guta.

Ground kwezvivako ine gumi kanda zvivako. Zvisinei, ichishanda kune matanhatu chete nokuti zvitundumuseremusere "Soyuz", "pamusoro-soro", "Purotoni", "Energy", "Energy-Buran".

Akavaka gumi neimwe chivakwa gungano, apo kudzidzisa kanda motokari (lv), boosters kuti kanda. Pane pedengu hurongwa zvakare uye Exhibition Center, yakachena-senitrogen chirimwa kuti pagadzirwe cryogenic zvigadzirwa.

Kuyera pfungwa munzvimbo dzokuzororera dzaiva pamwe kuRussia uye Kazakh ndima maererano vatize migwagwa uye zvokukura zvitundumuseremusere anowira munzvimbo.

anonakidza

Chiizve unogona kutaura zvakadaro nzvimbo sezvo Baikonur kanda yacho? History spaceport akaramba dzakawanda dzinonakidza zvinhu panguva iyoyo.

Interesting chikuru kwakabva zita rayo. Munzvimbo nechokuchamhembe Spurs of Vangararai aiva Kazakh muduku musha Boykonyr (mu Russian rinonzwika saizvozvo Baikonur).

Sezvo chombo nzvimbo yaiva chinhu pakavanda, kwakasarudzwa kutanga kuvaka imwe spaceport kwenhema pedyo nomusha ichi uye kumutumidza Baikonur kuvhiringidza yeAmerica. Soviet vezvenhau nzvimbo dzairamba chinonyengera ose satellites akaratidza musha Baikonur, kunyange zvazvo chaizvoizvo chakaitwa polygon nhamba 5, izvo kwechinguva vaipfeka bumbiro zita "Taiga".

Sezvineiwo, "Baikonur" kunodzivirirwa kusvikira pakuguma 60s.

Kana anochera gomba kuti kanda ikanyanya yawanikwa bonfire vekare vanhu (zera zvakabudiswa ranged kubva 10 kusvika 30 makore zviuru). Kana ichi vakadzidza vakawanda mugadziri Korolyov, akaritumidza nzvimbo inofadza munguva yemberi chombo chinonyengera.

Vaiva chokwadi chokuita "anecdotes kubva upenyu." Kamwe asunungurwa basa mugadziriro 12 (gumi!) Matani doro. Chaizvoizvo, yokushambidza hurongwa zvaitora matani 7 chete. Kuti varege kucheka marongerwo ramangwana wedzerai, akasarudza ubvise yasara kuverevedza doro mugomba uye kukotsira.

Zvisinei, chakavanzika wakanga wachinjwa pachena kuvaka mudonzvo, uye "pakaoma" mutemo kuti nezvaiva panguva site pakarepo flouted. Zvisinei, dambudziko iri rakanga nokukurumidza rwakapedza Baikonur Cosmodrome kutungamirirwa: doro chakatsva mugomba.

Baikonur pashure pokuwa USSR

Pashure pokuwa kweSoviet Union kuti kanda nzvimbo yaiva kunze miganhu yacho mutsivi Soviet Russia uye akava enzvimbo Kazakhstan. Chokwadi, paiva nematambudziko huchishanda. Kurarama uye kushanda zvemupiro vavaki nemauto zvikuru kunetse. Izvi zvakakonzera kumukira kwakavafadza. Vakawanda vavo, ndagamuchira ngavabude, vakadzokera shure hatichamuzivi.

Zvakafanana zvakaitika muna 1993 pamwe nemasoja, akagadzirira "Purotoni". Chikonzero kutsamwa kwavo vakava rutivi understaffed. Rocketeer aifanira kushandira matatu.

Muna 2003, zvakare vakapanduka mainjiniya zvechiuto. Panguva ino mhaka bope rakanga guhwa kuti pashure pakuvaka cosmodrome "East" Cosmodrome - Baikonur, ane nhandare richiri kushandiswa anoreva wokuRussia chitundumuseremusere, achaiswa kuvharwa, uye achatuma mauto kuSiberia.

Somugumisiro pakati inondimukira water drainage yevashandi shoma vanhu muguta Baikonur. Vakawanda Apartments vaiva chinhu. Residents akatamira pasi, pasina kunyange achitora midziyo. Vagari vemisha pedyo vakawanda chinhu Apartments kuzvidzora kubatwa kana zvakabiwa.

Chibvumirano pakati Russia uye Kazakhstan pamusoro risi yacho landfill, akagumisa muna 1994, akaponesa yacho. mari hombe vave dzinounzwa kuna kugadzirira nayo.

Baikonur nhasi

Nhasi, guta kurarama vagari venyika mbiri: Russia uye Kazakhstan. Gone ndivo nezvinetso "zvaiita". Animated Baikonur kanda mabasa Provider ph.

Kubva January 2016 kusvika ikozvino vaurayiwa zvinobudirira raparurwa kubva cosmodrome "Baikonur" zvitundumuseremusere masere. Zvinonzi aronga kuita zvakawanda Zara matanhatu.

Zvisinei, kwete zvirongwa zvose Russian kusangana nokunzwisisa Kazakh divi.

Chokwadi ndechokuti ne "Baikonur" akaramba paanounza kuti "Purotoni" chitundumuseremusere kuti Anomhanyira zvikuru muchetura mafuta.

Panyaya iyi, kanda rimwe kubva cosmodrome "Baikonur" kukonzera Kusagutsikana pakati Kazakh zviremera, kunyanya kanda kukundikana. Uye kubva ichi kukuvadza mhoteredzo, izvozvo anoisa Russia Kazakhstan nyaya huru.

Humor Baikonur

Pasuo reguta unogona kuona shongwe ine mufananidzo panzvimbo dzapasi chikamu miners ichibuda pasi uye pamusoro - wokutanga Satellite. "Kubva mubako - muchadenga" - zita rakapiwa kuti shongwe vagari Baikonur.

Pane muguta uye "Japanese Islands" uye "Small Nyika", uye "Sino-Soviet" - iri kwayo nharaunda. Hazvina kuoma kuti zvokufungidzira kuti chikonzero chimiro mazita aya. Chokwadi, mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma iwayo kuburikidza kwandaiva kuenda vagari Baikonur - vavaki Baikonur cosmodrome.