Ontogeny: Types uye Characteristics

Ontogenesis - muitiro wacho kukura zvipenyu kubva pakutanga kwayo kuvapo kusvikira pakuguma kwoupenyu. Izwi akanga dzataurwa nokuda naErnst Haeckel, musayendisiti wokuGermany, muna 1886. Munyaya ino tichashandisa ongororei ontogeny, ayo mhando uye avo specificity zvakasiyana mhuka.

The ontogeny kuti kuroorwa uye zvipuka zvine masero akawanda

In majemusi uye utachiona nayo anenge rinobatana navo muchitokisi yatinofema. Izvi zvinenge ontogeny kunotanga kwaita chete-celled muviri kuburikidza kugovera mai sero. It akapedza muitiro rufu kunoitika semubairo nemigumisiro, kana mumwe weboka.

Ontogeny zvipuka zvine masero akawanda mhando kuti bereka asexually, inotanga yokuti wakapatsanura boka masero (yeuka Somuenzaniso, muitiro yotunga hydra) kubva mubereki muviri. Kugovana mitosis, masero aya dzinoumba munhu mutsva yose nhengo uye hurongwa. In mhando kuti bereka pabonde, ontogenesis muitiro inotanga fertilization, pashure iyo zygote aumbwa, inova sero idzva munhu wokutanga.

Ontogenesis - ndiye Kushandurwa muviri kupinda mukuru?

Tinovimba iwe zvakarurama vakapindura mubvunzo, kubva pakutanga ino tiri kufarira pfungwa amuudza. Zvino Mhando ontogeny, uye muitiro pacharo, sezvo ungayeuka, shandisa kuti upenyu yose muviri. Havagoni kuderedzwa nekukura vanhu kuchinja kuva munhu mukuru. Ontogeny - chains pezvakaitwa dzakaoma kuti kuitika zvose kwevari nhengo. Zvinoguma paumbwe zvavo anokosha, nemamiriro ose mazita evanhu zvipenyu ichi, uye kukwanisa bereka. The ontogeny pamusoro pezvakaitwa akapedza kuti dzinotungamirira kukwegura uye kufa.

Zvinotevera huru nguva maviri akatsaurwa mu ontogeny - fetus uye postembryonic. Pakutanga, mhuka embryo kuumbwa. Akaumba zvikuru zvinoitwa nenhengo dzawo. Next anouya Postnatal kumwedzi. Panguva yake okukura urongwa mugumo, ipapo anouya kuyaruka, uye ipapo - kubereka, kuchembera uye, pakupedzisira, rufu.

Kuzadziswa enhaka mashoko

New munhu anogamuchira kubva majini nevabereki mhando mirayiridzo tsanangurai chii anoshandura kuchaitika mumuviri kuti vabudirire kupera kwavo muupenyu. Saka, tiri kufarira kwacho - Kuzadziswa enhaka mashoko. Next tichakurukura muudzame ontogeny (mhando uye unhu).

Direct uye kunanga ontogeny

In rakananga mhando muviri akapinda munhu, vakawanda pepa rehurukuro rakafanana mukuru, hapana padanho metamorphosis. Ari kunanga mhando sokuti dukutu, iyo anosiyana kwayo nechinzwano zvokunze sechivako akura muviri. It anosiyana Method kufamba hunhu simba, uye ane vanoverengeka zvimwe zvinhu. Mazana kuva munhu mukuru somugumisiro metamorphosis. Rinopa nemuviri zvazvakanakira. Izvi mhando okukura unowanzonzi larval. Straight mhando kunoitika muna utero uye nelichinochnoy fomu.

Ngationgororei mune zvakawanda nomumwe wavo zvizere.

Kunanga ontogenesis: mifananidzo, nguva

It rinopembererwa zhinji mhando invertebrates uye zvimwe vertebrates (amphibians, nyoka). Mukuita okukura mazviri kana mumwe kana akawanda larval nzendo. Kuvapo Its imhaka reserves zviduku mondo huri mazai mhuka idzi. Uyezve, zviri kutsanangurwa aifanira kuchinja vapenyu ezvinhu kukura kwacho kana kugadzirisa zvipenyu zviri parasitic, basa kana ndakagara mararamiro.

The Kugadzirwa rakazara uye kukwana metamorphosis

Vakarangana mazana mhenyu muchiedza yavo. Vakanga vanoshingaira uchidzidza, kutanga uye kukura. Vane zvinoverengeka chaiwo (provisory) miviri, izvo ndisipo nedzevakuru. Larval (zvisina kunanga) mhando kukura chinhu zvachose kana kukwana metamorphosis. Kupesana uku rinoitwa pahwaro zvomutambo metamorphosis, iyo inozivikanwa nokuva imwe ontogeny. Types inoda uwane kuongororwa, saka tiudze zvakawanda pamusoro pavo.

Kana totaura kukwana kusanduka, akaberekwa dukutu pakupedzisira anorasikirwa larval nhengo uye anogamuchira constants izvo yo vakuru muviri (rangarira Somuenzaniso, mhashu). Kana pakukura rinoitwa pamwe metamorphosis zvakakwana, iyo dukutu anova wakasimba rokutanga mudhori. Zvadaro, anouya kubva akura mumwe, inova yakasiyana chaizvo kubva mazana (rangarira kuti kungozvifunga).

Sei mazana

Zvinoreva kuvapo kwavo, zvichida, ndiko kuti havashandisi zvokudya zvakadai vakuru, nokudaro kuwedzera zvokudya mujinga kwemarudzi. Tinogona kuenzanisa, semuenzaniso, zvokudya makonye uye kungozvifunga (mashizha uye nekita ukuwo) kana tadpoles nematatya (zooplankton nezvipembenene). Uyezve, mhando dzakawanda, apo ari larval danho, zviri kushingaira kuongorora ndima itsva. The mazana pamusoro bivalves, Somuenzaniso, vanokwanisa swimming kuti hachisi chokwadi vanhu vakuru vari kushanda immobile.

Development ane metamorphosis mune amphibians uye hove

budiriro mhando (ontogeny), anobva kubva metamorphosis vari yo vertebrates zvakadai amphibians uye hove. Somuenzaniso, mazai ari datya tadpole siyana (mazana), izvo ayo mamiriro dzinogarisana uye mararamiro akasiyana zvikuru vakuru. Tadpoles vane gills, muswe, muviri divi mitsetse, zviviri-chambered mwoyo. Sehove, ane chimwe kutenderera. Kana dukutu zvasvika pamwero kukura, ayo metamorphosis kunoitika, umo mune zviratidzo yo akura muviri. Ndiwo sei pamusoro nguva tadpole ichichinja kuita datya.

Amphibians kuvapo larval Danho chinopa mukana kugara munharaunda siyana, uye kushandisa zvokudya zvakasiyana. Tadpole Somuenzaniso, kugara mumvura uye kudya miriwo chikafu. Datya anodya mhuka zvokudya uye kunyanya yenyika upenyu. In Zvipembenene zvakawanda pane zvakafanana kutanga. Changing zvakatipoteredza, uye saka nzira youpenyu munguva kuchinja kubva larval Danho kuti mukuru pachikuva, akazoita kusimba kutamburira vapone mukati rakapihwa marudzi.

Direct mhando budiriro

Anopfuurira kutsanangura mhando mikuru ontogeny uende rinotevera - twasu. It Anonziwo nelichinochnym. Ari utero uye yaytsekladnym. Muchidimbu unhu marudzi aya, zvokukura ontogenesis yakasiyana mumwe.

Yaytsekladny mhando

Zvinonzi kuchengetwa dzinoverengeka vertebrates, uyewo neshiri, nezvinokambaira, nehove dzimwe mhuka, umo mazai akapfuma mondo. Saka mudumbu mukati mazai kwenguva refu. Basic upenyu mabasa vakatakudzwa embryo membranes - inokosha provisory nhengo.

Mhuka, mazai

Kune 3 mhando mhuka, mazai asiri kwese kunoitika mukirasi iyi yose. Zvisinei, pups achayamwisa mukaka. Izvi manyorerwo mhuka zvavo. Platypus mazai (yaifananidzira pamusoro),-refu vampire.face mvumbi uye korotkonosaya. Yavanogara Australia, Tasmania uye New Guinea, uye nhengo Unorudzi monotremes.

mhuka idzi akafanana nezvinokambaira kwete chete kuisa mazai, asiwo nemamiriro excretory, okubereka, uye zvomudumbu hurongwa, uyewo dzakawanda anatomical zvinhu (nemamiriro nomuzongoza, mbabvu uye fudzi bhanhire, sechivako ziso). Monotremes Zvisinei, seva mhuka nokuti mwoyo yavo ine makamuri mana, vari kudziya-ropa rechiJudha chairo, akafukidza mbava, achayamwisa vana vadzo nomukaka. Kuwedzera mhuka kunoratidzwa anoverengeka zvaidiwa maumbirwo marangwanda yavo.

pamuviri mhando

The Musoro "ontogeny mhando vavo unhu," isu inenge kufukidzwa. Zvisinei, hatina achitaura asi pamusoro chechipiri, pamuviri kirasi. Ndiwo maitiro vanhu uye yakakwirira mhuka, oocytes izvo anenge asina puroteni. Muchiitiko ichi zvose anokosha vari zvakauya kunoguma mudumbu rwaamai muviri. Kuti izvi zvidaro, amai mudumbu uye placenta rinenge hwapedyo - muviri chaiwo provisionally.

placenta

muviri ichi chiripo chete panguva yepamuviri. The placenta kwevanhu mu muviri dumbu Kazhinji rwemberi porusvingo, kanenge - nechemberi. Zvachose aumbwa mavhiki anenge 15-16 'gestation. Panguva vhiki rechi20 pashure placental midziyo anotanga kuitika nokushingaira exchange.

The placenta munhu - rakatenderera sandara disk. uremu zvaro pakukurukura anenge 500-600 g, ukobvu - 3.2 cm, uye dhayamita - 15-18 masendimita 2 pose placenta vari :. rwaamai uye muchero.

Panoperera pamuviri pane vasiri kukwegura pamusoro placenta. Zvinonzi pamwe nechitarisiko munyu deposition nzvimbo, iyo rutapudzo ari Exchange pamusoro nzvimbo. Vana kwacho kunopfuurira ontogeny.

Types, izvo isu akaongorora, vakarondedzerwa chete zvishoma. Tinovimba muchawana munyaya ino yose inodiwa mashoko. Definition uye mhando ontogenesis anofanira zvakanaka kuziva kana uri kugadzirira nokuda bvunzo mu zvipenyu.