Ngozi kupatsanura varwere Zvirwere: pasi. kupatsanura varwere matanho

KuMiddle Ages zvakadai anotyisa zvirwere sezvo denda, kana dema, chibhokisi munguva pfupi yakaparadzwa maguta ose - kunyange hondo asingadi kubvisa upenyu zhinji kudaro. Zvakafanana zvirwere anotyisa fivha uye chirwere chekorera kure izvo vakatakura mamiriyoni hwevanhu. Chete mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19, paiva mushonga wekutanga dzakabudirira Vladimirom Havkinym, mudzidzi Mechnikov.

zvirwere ngozi

Kune zvirwere dzinoratidzwa aakatipa mukuru mukana chinotapukira uye chinouraya - kupatsanura varwere zvirwere zvikuru ngozi. General unhu kupatsanura varwere zvirwere rinorondedzera kwavari somunhu basa nekuita pamwe kwevanhu utachiona anokwanisa kukonzera noutachiona zvokurwara. Kuvapo iri muviri pazvirwere mumiririri hazvireve kutungamirira kukudziri- ane chirwere chichingoitwa. It rivepo kwenguva refu vasina zviratidzo pamberi, kusvikira vamwe chinhu hakurevi kutsamwisa kutanga ane chirwere chichingoitwa.

Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, yakanga kutanga kuzivikanwa zvikuru ngozi kupatsanura varwere zvirwere. Dzavo mazita zvaisanganisira panguva zvirwere mana.

1. Cholera - zvirwere mumwe mukuru, mamiriro ezvinhu anoramba izvo zvichiri zvashata. Kusvikira mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, korera kwainzi yo Bengal maruwa, apo parinowanika vagara vandifungira zvinhu dzakadai inopisa, mukuru hwevanhu arambe achirema, pasi nemararamiro. Zvisinei, pakuwedzerwa upfumi ukama South East Asia wakaitwa zvichibvira kupararira chirwere pasi pose. Sezvo pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19 kwemakore zana paiva matanhatu korera matenda, uye ivo vose vakasimuka, kunyanya India, kupararira vachibva ipapo Southeast Asia, kuMiddle East uye ipapo Europe uye Russia. matenda aya vanoti mamiriyoni evanhu. Pakati pezana remakore rechi20 paiva anyatsoona kuderera hwevanhu vanorwara, asi ari 60s, mutsva mhando pamusoro Vibrio cholerae - El Tor. Achiri neapo kuitika nenzira dzakasiyana kumatunhu ari korera yatanga, izvo akacherekedza kuwedzera pakureba hwevanhu vanorwara kumwedzi.

2. Dambudziko - tsanangudzo matenda ichi chirwere inotyisa unogona kuwanikwa nhoroondo yaMakoronike, uye kunyange muBhaibheri. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kukurumidza kupararira denda iri Muchiuru chemakore chokutanga zvaiita chete muhondo, sezvo zvakanga isati dzakabudirira dzaishandiswa ukama. Muzana remakore rechi14 kupararira "Black Death", sezvo zvakanga iyoyo denda akatora chetatu chevanhu muEurope. Vanoverevedza kubva Asia, akakurumidza pakanyenga pamusoro nechekare-chinosimbiswa dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana. Makore aya akanga nhamo Europe. Mumwe denda, zita remadunhurirwa ari Dambudziko Great yakavapo Europe pakati pezana remakore rechi17. Ndosaka vanhu kutya nedenda, kufunga nayo hasha dzake. Zvino denda iri chirwere ngozi. Hafu zviitiko vanhu vanofa gore negore, kazhinji nokuda misdiagnosis uye kusagona kurapwa.

3. Chibhokisi - chirwere ane ngozi, iyo inoreva kupatsanura varwere zvirwere zvinozivikanwa kuti vanhu kubva kare. MuEurope, kutanga akazviratidza muzana remakore rechitanhatu, uye kubva ipapo denda chirwere haana kurega. Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi16, chirwere chaitwa kuna America nokuda vokuSpain. Wevarwere anofa kusvika makumi mana kubva muzana. Chete mukupera rechi18 paiva chibhokisi mushonga, zvisinei, chibhokisi foci akagara dzimwe nzvimbo uye ngozi dzakawanda. Saka kwakasarudzwa nokuda vadyi kuitwa masangano dzakawanda kubvisa chibhokisi somunhu chirwere. Muna 1980, kukunda yakanga akunda, nemhaka vakawanda kubaya kwezvizvarwa akawanda evanhu.

4. Yellow fivha. Zvinofungirwa kuti yeyero fivha dzakatangira Africa uye zvadaro kupararira Asia uye America. MuEurope, denda yellow nefivhiri achiperekedzwa refu mwero wokufa kwevanhu. Kudzidza akabvumira chirwere kuwana kuti mutakuri chirwere ndiyo mosquito. Mune ramangwana, hazvina rakazivikanwa uye basa tsoko iri kupararira chirwere. Natural foci yellow fever, sezvinoita mutemo, muri dzinopisa masango ane inopisa uye yakakwirira chaizvo mwando - the Equatorial kumatunhu Africa, South America.

Russia chiri vaiona ngozi zvikuru hwechigwadara, tularemia. Yokutanga wavo nechakare kare - rainzi "moto chitsvene", asi muRussia izvozvo akagashira rimwe zita nokuda zvikuru kupararira mudunhu. Tularemia vakanyorwa kokutanga muna 20-ies wekupedzisira remakore, kunyange zvazvo zvichiita kuti asati.

quarantinable chirwere

All zvirwere izvi inonzi "kupatsanura varwere zvirwere" nokuti kuitika zvose utachiona vanhu uyewo vanhu vane akashanyira vaaisangana navo, vari voga uye vari kuongororwa sokuvapo mamiriro kuchijeka. Kokutanga kupatsanura varwere zvirwere makatanga kudzorera muzana remakore rechi14, apo ngarava Italian wavharirwa ari bvuta kuona kuvapo chikwata zvirwere chero ngozi. Gare gare, muzana remakore rechi15 riri dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana zvakagoverwa kusachengeta Zvivako - zvipatara, izvo vakaiswa varwere kusvika nehosha foci, uye akapisa nguvo dzavo. Zvisinei, kubudirira chirwere kuzvidzora akatanga chete pashure kuitwa munyika dzakawanda dzakanga dzakabatana. Kokutanga Joint gwaro - International Convention kuti kudzvinyirira kutapukirwa ngozi, rakazoshandiswa chete mukutanga remakore rechi20. Zvirwere chakazozivikanwa sezvo iri Convention. zviyero uye mitemo nomufambiro vanachiremba kunge yakatanga panguva yaizotangira matenda, izvo nguva nenguva achinja maererano itsva chaizvo.

Pashure kukunda chibhokisi, akanga kunze kubva pamazita nezvirwere ngozi, asi pakutanga 21 fung remakore rakanga zvakare mune ndandanda inozivikanwa maererano nokufungidzira kuti kuvapo chibhokisi utachiona sechinhu chombo utachiona iri mumarabhoritari chero nyika. Uyewo akawedzera pakarongwa kupatsanura varwere zvirwere, vakagamuchira vamwe yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita nhungamiro. Vakatorwa zvaisakwanisa kumhanya kugadzira yebudiriro ano, kuwedzera munyika dzakawanda neshamwari, kuwedzera kumhanya kutaurirana maturusi - zvose kuti anofarira kufambira akaipetenura pose.

The ano tsananguro kupatsanura varwere zvirwere

Pari, World Health Organization se munhu kupatsanura varwere zvirwere hurwere kuti anogona kusika mauto atonge munzvimbo utano pasi pose. List kuti kuwedzerwa uye ine mapoka maviri zvirwere:

• zvirwere zviri ngozi dzoutano hwevanhu, izvo zvinosanganisira poriyo, chibhokisi, itsva siyana yokuSpain nezvimwe;
• chirwere chinogona kukanganisa nengozi kwete chete kune utano hwevanhu, asiwo nokukurumidza kupararira pamusoro munzvimbo huru - izvi zvinosanganisira zvirwere zvikuru, uyewo itsva siyana fivha, kunge yakabuda mumakore achangopfuura.

Zvimwe zvirwere zviri yemunyika, remunharaunda kutyisidzira, sezvo vaine imwe chimiro foci chokuita kuvapo mutakuri kana okunze yacho. Izvi zvinosanganisira-siyana fivha, kunyanya nedengue fever, kwese kunoitika dzinopisa nharaunda. MuRussia, hwechigwadara uye tularemia - kupatsanura varwere zvirwere. The Pamazita rine kuvarwisa utachiona hwedenda chimiro hosha chokuita yakakwirira mwero nokuparadzirwa.

Mushure kukunda chibhokisi nyika ndaigutsikana kuti pakupedzisira kubvisa Zvirwere zvose ngozi munyika. Zvisinei, nguva kwakaratidza kuti, zvinosuwisa, nhamba yavo kuwedzera. Tusingaoneki - causative vaishandira nezvirwere mutate, achichinja kuita mishonga mitsva uye mamiriro matsva zvakatipoteredza, izvo zvishoma kuipa uye anova nechimwezve chinhu ngozi masoja womunhu gadziriro. Saka, mitemo itsva dzakawanda havana kusiyira mazita yakatarwa nedzimwe hosha, kubvumira zvinoita kwaita itsva, sezvo asi USINGAZIKAMWI.

Okudzivirira kupatsanura varwere matanho

Kana muine tsime chirwere vanofanira chakatanga kuitwa kuhupedza. A chinoratidza kutapukirwa harisi chete kuwanda kwavo, asiwo pamberi incubation nguva, complicating pakurwisa navo. Inonzi incubation nguva, umo hosha asingadi kuratidza zviratidzo zvavo, nguva ino zvingave mazuva mashoma, uye mavhiki, zvino chirwere chinogona kuonekwa chete kuburikidza mumarabhoritari nemiedzo. Zviito akatorwa kubvisa utachiona, zvinosanganisira zvose matanho zvokurapa uye utsanana kubvisa maperembudzi, uye okutarisira - kudzivisa kumwe ayo kupararira. The kunzwisisa nezviito anonzi kumuisa kwake oga. Kupatsanura varwere matanho inogona rakakamurwa mapoka makuru maviri.

1. Boka rokutanga rinosanganisira kupatsanura varwere matanho vakaedza kudzivisa panowanikwa foci chirwere.

2. Boka rechipiri kunosanganisira okunyanyisa zviyero kuti kuparadzwa huripo nzvimbo chirwere.

Zviitwa All dzinotungamirirwa zvakaita kupatsanura varwere mitemo utsanana kudzivirirwa munharaunda yacho, akambochera kusangana zvinodiwa World Health Organization. In sangano iri remarudzi rinosanganisira munyika 194 kuti vhiki mushumo pamusoro mamiriro ari epidemiological ezvinhu munyika dzavo uye kuitiswa mabasa utano. WHO monitors zvaidiwa mitemo pokuita nyika, nokupfupikisa nemishumo vakagamuchira. Zvisinei, muna 2005 raita kuchinja samt, maererano zvinogona kuita vafunga pamusoro utsanana-epidemiological mamiriro ezvinhu munyika, kwete chete pamusoro nemishumo, asiwo venhau, idzo dzimwe nguva zvikuru chinangwa.

Kupatsanura varwere matanho vakatakudzwa kubva panguva njanji pazviteshi, panhandare dzendege, pamuganhu kuongorora. Zvinosanganisira Kuedzwa pakufamba, nenhumbi, mubhazi, dzakawanda utsanana zvinyorwa vanhu vanobva dzinoparadzana ari utsanana uye epidemiological munzvimbo. Vari pasi incubation, kureva chipatara kugara munguva incubation nguva chirwere, nokuti icho pane fungidziro.

Kupatsanura varwere matanho ari nzvimbo chirwere

Kana uri kusangana zvikuru ngozi uye kupatsanura varwere noutachiona dambudziko ita sangano uye kuitisa kupatsanura varwere matanho zvinobatanidzwa anoshamisa Anti-dambudziko Commission - FTC, zvisarudzo dzinoshanda vanhu vose uye masangano iri mundima. Kupatsanura varwere matanho ari nzvimbo chirwere zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:

• kurambidza pamusoro kwevanhu uye kutakura nhumbi kuburikidza nzvimbo chirwere, uyewo mberi nayo;
• kukurumidza muchipatara kuti TB Varwere uye vanhu vakafumura kwavari;
• kuongorora uye kuvigwa wevakafa;
• uremu kubaya vokuparidzira;
• decontamination nzvimbo;
• epidemiological kudzidza chirwere chikuru;
• utano dzidzo;
• kurambidza pachena zviitiko;
• kutangwa achibvumira marongedzero mukova uye mbudo.

Nechomumugwagwa mukomberedzo pamusoro panobva chirwere akaratidza Cordon, iyo inopiwa rezvemukati kana Bazi Defence mauto. Ivo vari kunze yakasviba nzvimbo, uye munyika kuchengeteka ndivo vamiririri kwemitemo miviri. Kusarudza kugumisa kupatsanura varwere anofanira kuitwa chete pashure expiry pamusoro incubation munguva dzokupedzisira varwere chirwere. Kupatsanura varwere matanho ari nzvimbo chirwere dzingasiyana zvishoma zvichienderana Chirwere. Dzingasiyana Somuenzaniso, nguva ichaitika voga kana siyana simba pamusoro zvinokonzera chirwere.

Kuti zvakanaka uye zvinobudirira kupatsanura varwere matanho rakaitwa, kudiwa zvakakwana Kuwanikwa pfuma uye yakakwirira pamwero professionalism kuti vanachiremba.

Vana zvirwere

Kune vana zvirwere kuti kuitika kunyanya vaduku uye vane yakakwirira mwero infectiousness. Somugumisiro, mune nemasangano vanovakonzera matenda. zvirwere izvi zvinosanganisira diphtheria, whooping chikosoro, gwirikwiti, nezvitsvuku fivha, huku pox, uye vamwe. Dzinonzi vana, nekuti vana kuti kupora kubva masoja emuviri uye mune ramangwana zvirwere izvi regai kurwara. Karantinno- kuputira matanho muuduku zvirwere zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:

• murwere voga kudzivirira kupararira chirwere;
• Kurambidza basa vana vari masangano kupatsanura varwere;
• dissociation - kurambidza shanduro vana kubva rimwe boka kune rimwe kusvikira pakuguma kupatsanura varwere;
• majekiseni anodzivirira vana.

Matanho nokuti uduku zvirwere zviri yakakodzera kubaya, uyewo matanho kusimbisa muviri wemwana. Kumuisa kwake oga uye voga nezviyero muuduku zvirwere kurehwa discontinuity chirwere ngetani kuti vanofanira rikurumidze kupera nechirwere.

kuenda neherikoputa chirwere

Zvirwere Most zvinokonzerwa nemavhairasi kana utachiona kuti ane hunhu kuenda neherikoputa kupararira. Kana sneezing kana vangakosora murwere ukasunungurwa mumhepo tudonhwe utachiona madzihwa, iyo inova kunobva vakawanda noutachiona. Izvi zvinosanganisira anenge zvose uduku utachiona uye chorurindi, yokuSpain, salmonella uye nevamwe. Muzviitiko izvi, kunokosha basa reDare voga wevarwere uye kumira vokukurukura vose pakati vanhu. Kupatsanura varwere matanho ari kuenda neherikoputa noutachiona ine pakuita matanho akadai:

• kuonekwa uye muchipatara dzevarwere;
• kuchenesa yakaoma, kufefetedza, disinfection pamusoro kwakavakirwa ane mhinduro mishonga hafu-pfungwa mhinduro inogona muno;
• disinfection kuti midziyo, mbatya uye zvemumba;
• zvakaoma muganhu contactsGoogle;
• mwana hanya nokungwarira zvokurapa kutarisira kuti boka iro murwere rakazivikanwa.

intestinal noutachiona

Pakati zvakawanda zvinotapukira nenzvimbo inokosha nzvimbo kupatsanura varwere intestinal utachiona huchiri nechinetso chakakomba. Kuti munhu airwara kwake oga intestinal Zvirwere hurwere kuti rinobatanidza utachiona hwakakura localization mashandiro ari dumbu. Pathogenic tusingaoneki inogona kuchengetwa kwenguva refu muna zvakatipoteredza, zvakare vasawira muviri nezvokudya kana mvura. An chinokosha chiratidzo chirwere ndiye manyoka, nekuda ichi, dzimwe nguva anonzi chemanyoka zvirwere. Vanogona kuitika chero zera boka, asi vakawanda vavo pasi vana vaduku vachiri kusagadzikana muviri. On kwakabva intestinal zvirwere zviri rakakamurwa mhando ina.

1. Utachiona, izvo zvinosanganisira poriyo, rotavirus noutachiona, dzimwe mhando nehepatitis. Pashure bowel utachiona, ari nemavhairasi mu faeces kupinda kwezvakatipoteredza. Kazhinji, vana vanorwara makore mapfumbamwe. Asi pane nemavhairasi anokonzera gastroenderity nezvishoma zvakakomba manyoka. Muenzaniso ndiyo rotavirus, vakawanda izvi, uye kazhinji muvana vaduku.

2. zvirwere Chirwere zvinosanganisira intestinal zvirwere zvakadai sekorera, nemanyoka, sefivha, uye vamwe vakawanda. Mushure kuonana utachiona vari nhengo, chete kubereka yavo rinotanga nokubudiswa muchetura izvo kuvimba mashandiro ari kukura intestinal chirwere:

• Sefivha - kusachengeteka kukuru zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nemabhakitiriya ari genus Salmonella, uye tsime - murume airwara. Mumakore achangopfuura, nyika chikamu kuitika ipfupi, maperembudzi zvakanaka kubatwa nemishonga.
• Korera - chirwere ngozi rurefu chaizvo mwero infectiousness, pomutumwa izvo zvinogona refu kuramba chinhanho yaro zvakatipoteredza, vari kune zvokudya kana mvura. Vibrio cholerae zvakare kuchengetwa kwenguva refu mugungwa uye mvura yakachena. Chirwere chinogona kuitika kunyange kana unoparadza mbishi zvomugungwa.
• The boka kupatsanura varwere zvirwere zvinosanganisira manyoka - ndicho causative mutumwa manyoka bacillus, izvo kwenguva refu kurarama mu dheri zvigadzirwa. Kuburikidza nokuzvidzora nemanyoka anogona kwaramba.

3. Zvirwere Fungal intestinal candidiasis dzinoturwa, ayo causative mumiririri - mbiriso notumwe kuti vanogara vakawanda mumuviri womunhu. With yakakwirira kutapata kuti notumwe mumuviri regai kukura, saka kukura chirwere pakutanga, inoratidza dilution kana kukanganisa pamusoro zvirwere.

4. Protozoal Zvirwere - avo akasiyana kuti kuchinja kwete ura, asi dzimwe nhengo.

Kupatsanura varwere matanho intestinal noutachiona dzinosanganisira:

• Kudzora kunobva chirwere, i.e. voga murwere ari oga muimba kana chipatara;
• matanho chenesa nzvimbo chirwere;
• majekiseni anodzivirira vanhu vari kunobva chirwere.

Operation mudiki mudonzvo

The yakaoma kupatsanura varwere matanho zvakakodzera kupa zvazviri kupararira kwakaita inodzora kwete chete pasi huripo zviyero, asi mari uye nguva ichaitika Implementation dzavo, mitoro yakasiyana services - zvokurapa, wemhuka uye nevamwe. Murongi uye murongi mudare ose mabasa chiremba-Anodzidza. Omurume naye vari vamwe vanachiremba, rabhoritari wevanamakanika, zvokurapa vabatsiri. The kuita vagara vandifungira mudiki zvokurapa mudonzvo kudzora matanho panguva kupatsanura varwere utachiona, uye ndeinotevera:

• ano disinfection buditsa varwere;
• disinfection of kwakavakirwa, yaiva murwere;
• disinfection zvokurapa dzimba;
• disinfection basa mbatya uye zvishandiso zvaishandiswa munguva mabiko uye kuongorora varwere;
• disinfection kwezvirongwa dzezvimwe.

Nyaya idzi kunze vachitungamirirwa uye pasi kunyatsoomerera pokudzora mukoti mukuru uye kuva nechokwadi unodzivirira zvipfeko, zvinosanganisira:

• inokosha haringakupembedzi shangu, izvo kupfeka rabha majombo;
• antiplague gown, wakakwana oilcloth epuroni;
• zvokurapa unomubatsira kufema;
• rabha Magorovhosi Chipfeko;
• matauro, iyo dzinoshandurwa daily.

unodzivirira zvipfeko zvose pashure basa kuti decontaminated. Hafu-pfungwa maoko disinfected pamwe chlorhexidine mhinduro kana chloramine.

zvokurapa kupatsanura varwere chiito kana anoona chirwere

Kana akawanikwa kupatsanura varwere zvirwere, chiremba vakatsunga mazano ose Anti-dambudziko matanho kumusoro:

• sanepidemstantsii pakarepo ziviso pamusoro kunge panowanikwa zvirwere ngozi;
• voga varwere kupatsanura varwere noutachiona uye urongwa zvashata;
• mashoko uye mirayiridzo fenzi iri bacteriological murabhoritari kumwezve kuongorora chirwere;
• disinfection pamusoro kwakavakirwa, apo murwere;
• vaigadzirira ndandanda vaiva neVadzidzi murwere;
• Insulation kuonana munhu pamberi yapfuura pamusoro incubation nguva uye kugadzwa zvokurapa cherechedzo pamusoro pavo;
• kuitisa zvinhu matanho, pakatangwa pakuongorora mbiru, kumbomira zvinoyerera dzevarwere;
• By pakudzidzisa kuonana vanhu;
• nechokwadi kupatsanura varwere Brigade zvakakodzera zvinhu uye mishonga.

Chirwere kupatsanura varwere Zvirwere zvinoda zvikuru rokukurumidzira matanho kurwisana nekuda ngozi dzavo upenyu uye yakakwirira mwero chirwere, uyewo rapidity yokupararira pamusoro munharaunda yakakura, izvo hwakazara kwezvakatipoteredza njodzi. Pari, nemhaka vagari zvinoitwa munyika dzakawanda, zvirwere izvi zviri vemunyika uye kupera nokukurumidza, uye kubvumira matanho kudzivirira yevagari kubva pakaita foci dzakawanda.