Nemagariro wehurumende - chii?

Humanity ari kuedza kuvandudza. Nokuti nguva yokutanga chinhu chakadai pasocial mamiriro (hurumende kugarika), kwainzi Lorenz of Stein pakati pezana remakore rechi19. Zvadaro zvaifungwa kuti pfungwa imwe nyika yakadaro inofanira kudzorerwa vakaenzana uye rusununguko. Uyezve, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti kurera rezasi uye mumapepanhau makirasi kwenzanga kusvikira pachiyero mupfumi uye simba. It akaziva kungava neHurumende, izvo zvichaita nechokwadi nokunoitwa zveupfumi mberi zvose vayo.

Design Concept

Dzidziso zvakanaka wehurumende anopa Implementation vakadai zviri sezvo kutora mukana vanhu, dzakanangana nekugadzirisa nezvinetso zvamagariro, zvakavhenganiswa zvoupfumi uye zvichingodaro, izvo zvinogona kuonekwa ruzhinji munyika zviri zvemari yakatanga. Saka zvino vakapa siyana dzomutauro yawo musimboti, rinoshanda unhu uye zvakanyatsorongwa aongororwe. Unogona kuverenga kwavo munzanga dzidziso. Uyezve, dzidziso ine uwandu zvekungofungira sei unogona kuvandudza Nezvagara Zviripo.

Kana ukaronga mhando wehurumende evanhu mutemo rinoumbwa nheyo kunofambidzana zvakabatana. Ava svinga evanhu mapoka, hunhu wehurumende kupindira uye kushomeka inonzi yakapedza musika pakugoverwa vari muboka revatungamiriri.

Kuuya maruva

Pfungwa wakadini ehurumende policies uye kugarika vakava kwakapararira pashure peHondo Yenyika II. A pachena chinoratidza nguva ino pamberi simba basa sangano, akavhotera bato kuruboshwe-kwokuvimba, saka kakawanda akakunda Social Democrats. Panguva iyoyo zvaibvira kuita mutemo, pasi izvo akasika zvinhu nokuda zvishoma nezvishoma ikure upfumi uye kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka kwayo, uye huri kururama kuparadzira kubudirira zvabuda, saka, zvakanaka mamiriro uye mava sevanhu tiri kuona nhasi. Pashure yakanaka chaizvo vanhu kunyika uye nhamba yomunyika zvinhu, Kudzikamiswa iro kwakakonzera achida mugumisiro.

pfungwa

dzidziso Keynesian upfumi mutemo kufunga zvakanakira mamiriro somunhu pakuvara stabilizer munyika. Nemhaka multifunctional hunhu, ari mawa kugutsikana vazhinji dzinopesana nyaya uye nenzira, sangano zvinhu anokwezva kune zvakawanda nemauto siyana.

The kufarira iyi ndiyo pfungwa zvakanaka wehurumende, akataura K. Offe. Chii chinoratidza? Aidavira kuti musimboti zvakanaka wehurumende yakaumbwa sezvo mubatanidzwa migumisiro-siyana zvinoita, maumbirwo izvo zvinosiyana munyika dzakasiyana. Kwakadaro vaiva socio-wevanotungamirira reformism, gutsaruzhinji wechiKristu, huru maindasitiri mibatanidzwa, uyewo kuvapo enyika uye zvoupfumi vakambovhenekerwa elites. Zvose izvi sei kuti vave kuzivikanwa uye rakatangwa misoro Zano inishuwarenzi rokumanikidzirwa, kuisa shoma mubayiro zvazvingava, adopts mutemo pamusoro basa dziviriro, kwakasimbiswa kwegadziriro dzidzo uye utano. Uyezve, vanhu vanogona kuvimba hurumende panyaya kuwana pokugara (pano hunongotaura Kuwanikwa rubatsiro, pane akasununguka mufurati). Uyewo, mibatanidzwa aigamuchirwa pamutemo enyika uye zvoupfumi vamiririri vashandi.

Pakutanga dambudziko

Pfungwa wehurumende wakadini vamiririri nharo kuti pakupedzisira zvinogona kugadzirisa matambudziko akawanda mune ramangwana, muenzaniso uyu kuchaita kudzivisa matambudziko mukati nyika. Asi zvose zvakanga zvisiri nyore kudaro. Mukupera 70-ies pa- evanhu inopikira, urovha uye kuchembera vemo vakatanga vomanikidza hurumende bhajeti. Asi ichi kwaingova kutanga. P. Rosanvallon (nyanzvi French) nharo kuti muenzaniso uyu akamborara nematambudziko matatu chete remakore rechimakumi maviri:

1. Economic.
2. Pfungwa.
3. Youzivi.

Ngationgororei navo zvizere.

nematambudziko

Panoperera pakati 70s zvaiita kuti nokukurumidza muupenyu paruzhinji achatonga pakuva. Users vacharaswa anodzivirirwa guru upenyu ngozi uye zvinodiwa. Asi kubva pakutanga 90s vakatanga zvinokosha (hama) kuwedzera urovha uye zvitsva siyana urombo. Vakaratidza kuti vaitaura akaita ambotaurwa vakanga illusory. Sezvo nemagariro wehurumende akasangana ayo zvoupfumi wokutanga. mapopoma pfungwa chete pamusoro 80th. Takabva muchivigiro mubvunzo kubudirira dzakashandiswa nehurumende kupindira mune zvoupfumi nemauto upenyu paruzhinji (apo izvi zvakaitwa kuti kugadzirisa zvinetso zvomunzanga). Kunyanya vakatsoropodza bureaucratization cheHurumende midziyo, uyewo namahwindo hunhu zvisarudzo yatorwa. Izvi zvakaguma kuvhiringidzika zvinokosha. Izvi zvinozoita kwakatungamirira dambudziko Mvumo. Zvose zvakaramba zvisingagadziriswi. Mukupera 90s paiva dambudziko kwouzivi. Kunze dzose apa, mubvunzo wacho akaisa pasi pfungwa zvemagariro kodzero uye mirawu mumagariro yokubatana. Asi havana Conceptual uye ukoshi hwaro muenzaniso kushandiswa.

dzokera shure

Ngativerengei otoydom kubva musoro nyaya uye kuti vape pfungwa dzavo kuti munhau dzakadai wokudenga zvakanaka mamiriro. Pfungwa pasi kukurukurwa akambopiwa hwakasimbiswa ma1920. Kunyange zvazvo "denga" rine yakatangira muzana remakore rechi19.

Panguva "chinodhaka" muhondo Chinese vaida kurarama maererano nheyo dzevanhu kuparadzirwa uye haisi pasi pokudzora vavengi (mukuru mumwe ari British Empire). Pakutanga havana vakavhura zvikuru zvinobudirira. Asi, nhamo, sangano yatyoka, uye chii chakava pakupedzisira, tinogona chete mutongi.

directionality

Kunyanya pamuviri zviri kukurira nemagakava evanhu, kana achibatsirwa ehurumende ndiwo emavambo zvinotonzi magariro kuti zvikamu zvose munzanga. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, magariro rubatsiro purogiramu avo yakaderera mari uye murombo, nezviyero zvainanga mukuderedza urovha uye zvichingodaro. Kureva kugadzirisa matambudziko kuti mumusika oga haagoni kuita kunze. Kusvika pamwero wakati, kupfeka chirongwa vachimhanya vari USSR.

Nokuda kwaizvozvo paivawo nokushingaira akashandisa shoko rokuti "zvakanaka nehurumende". Pasi payo, mupfungwa rikawira mukati chero nyika, nokuti kune vanhu kwose kwose, asi pano anoreva siyanei negwara. Saka akadana mumagariro mamiriro ayo anotora kwerunyararo vose vagere mumwe mari evanhu zvakanakira: kodzero dzidzo, munhu mupenyu mubayiro, utano uye zvichingodaro.

A nyika tichibatsirwa mutero anoda kuumba mumwe nepakati pakati pevapfumi nevarombo. It anoedza nechokwadi shoma pamwero yakabudirira kuvapo. Mukuru chinogumbura kuti vatsigiri pfungwa iyi nezvinetso zvemari. Asi zvinonzi vaidavira kuti pamusoro iyoyo zvichanzi kwakasarudzwa. Vanhu vari ramangwana havazofaniri kunotadzisawo kubasa, sezvo vachange zvakazara yakasimbiswa. Kuda mari ichakurukurwa sezvo uye anofanira kuva - chinorwadza ezvinhu.

hunoshanda sumo

Yokutanga Matanho nenzira zvakanaka wehurumende, iyo yakatora nguva refu (uye kwete sezvinoita Chinese - makore mashoma), vakasikwa 80s remakore rechi19 muGermany. Sezvo initiator kuchinja kwakadaro kwakaitwa hurumende Otto von Bismarck. Chakasimudzira chinozoiswa kwegadziriro evanhu inopikira, yaisanganisira urovha makomborero, inishuwarenzi utano kana tsaona uye akare-zera mudyandigere. Asi wakatangwa kwete zvakawanda kuchengetedza zvavo vomunyika kuti attenuate matambudziko ari kuwedzera Socialist Party muGermany. muenzaniso uyu dzaitapuriranwa, uye vaunganidza ruzivo vakatanga kushandisa uye dzimwe hurumende dzakawanda.

Kunyanya pachena mune iyi ndiyo nyaya Sweden. The nyika yave zvachose kunyatsodzurwa urombo, pasinei nokuti pane pakati soro mitero. Kunoramba zviito vakagamuchira zita "mumagariro vaifarira mitemo." Kuwedzera kukura uye kumhanya Implementation zvirongwa izvi akava rebei simba kuvapo Soviet Union. Kuti kukwanisa kukwikwidzana uye akabvumirwa dzidzo akasununguka chesekondari uye yakakwirira, utano uye zvichingodaro.

mhedziso

Nemagariro wehurumende rudzi nerokuti mugovanisi dzematongerwe kudivi akarurama-capitalist mumusasa. Pasinei dzinoverengeka kubudirira, vaongorori vakawanda havana kumugamuchira zvakakomba nemhaka aripo matambudziko. Sezvo pfungwa bhuku rinowanzoshandiswa akataura chokwadi kuti vakadaro nemaonero rinobatanidza kutendeuka njodzi nzanga norukosoro, iro rine nhamba migumisiro yakaipa.