Ndiani ari chikamu chevashandi vendege? Mweja wengoro inofamba: kuumbwa, mufananidzo

Vashandi vendiza iyi ndiyo pfungwa yakazara. Sekutonga, hazvirevi chete boka rinokwira kudenga, asiwo vanhu vane basa rekuchengetedza bhodhi pasi. Vatasvi havaoni iyo yekupedzisira uye kazhinji havatombofungi kuti vangani vashandi vanoshanda kuti vaone kuti bhodhi iri rinovadzikinura kune yavo.

Ndege ndege

Nhoroondo yendege yepagari yakatanga muna 1913 muRussia. Mugore iroro, ndege yekutanga yekugadzira vanhu Ilya Muromets, yakagadzirwa naIgor Ivanovich Sikorsky, yakabudirira kuedzwa. Ndege yacho yaigona kutakura vatengesi bedzi, asiwo mutoro, uyewo waiva bhomba.

Kubvira ipapo, zvakawanda zvakachinja munzvimbo ino. Ndege inotakura vatengesi yakazoshanda, dzimwe mhando dzinokwanisa kuvhara kure nemakiromita anopfuura 6 000. Nokufamba kwenguva, kuumbwa uye nhamba yevashandi vanosiyana.

Vashandi vari kushandira vanofamba

Vose vashandi vanoshumira munhandare vanogona kugoverwa mumapoka maviri makuru:

1. Vashandi "mushure mezviitiko", izvo zvinosanganisira nyanzvi dzezvenyanzvi pasi, vatungamiri vanobhururuka kunhandare yendege, vapatchers nevamwe vashandi.
2. Vashandi vendege. Kurongwa kwaro kunobva pane rudzi rwe ndege. Vanosanganisira mukuru, co-pilot, injini uye vashandi vanoenda.

Vashandi vanobvuma kuendesa ndege vanofanira kunge vakanyatsokwanisa. Kubva pane unyanzvi hwevanhu ava uye nekwaniso yekuzadzisa zvakajeka zvinoda kuchengetedzwa zvinoenderana nemararamiro evatasviki, kunyarara kwebhodhi uye hupamhi hwehutano mubasa.

Kuchengetedzwa kwebhururuka zvakakwana kunoenderana nebasa reumwe neumwe mushandi, hazvina kunyanya kukosha kana akwira mumhepo kana kushanda pasi.

Zvinoda vashandi vendiza

Takafunga nevaya vari chikamu chevashandi vendege, tichafunga nezvebasa racho zvakadzama.

Munguva yeSoviet nguva, vatatu kana vatatu vashandi vakapindura zvakananga kumhanya. Nhasi, vaviri kana vatatu vedzimba vanobata basa iri. Pamusana pekugadzirwa kwevashandi vekugadzira, basa remufambisi wengarava kubva kune vashandi vengarava rakadzingwa zvachose. Uyewo mumakamuri evanhu vemazuva ano vanodhaira motokari pasina kazhinji nzvimbo kune unyanzvi wengarava. Sezvo mutemo, kuumbwa kwevashandi vendege kunosanganisira chete mutungamiri wechikepe uye mubatsiri, kwete kuverenga vashumiri vanoenda.

Sezvinodiwa zvinokosha kune vatyairi vemotokari, izvo zvinonzi "kuparadza" zvinowanikwa. Iri izwi rinoratidza huwandu hwemaawa aakapedza mumhepo. Iyo yakakwirira "kubata", iyo inowedzera ruzivo. Kana mutungamiriri wendiza yacho, yega yega yekubhadhara mushandi ichave maawa 4000 ekubhururuka nguva. Panguva imwecheteyo anofanira kuva nechikwereti chechifambisi chakanaka pamaoko ake. Mutungamiriri wendiza yacho ndiye oga ane mhosva yekuchengetedzwa kwemauto ehurumende uye anotora chero zvisarudzo zvine musoro.

Zvinotarisirwa kubhururuka muhurumende dzemakwikwi zvinoshanda kune wechipiri mutyairi. Basa rake rinonziwo mubatsiri mukuru wevarwi. Muchiitiko chekudzidziswa mubhodhi, haagoni kutumidzwa se-pi-pilot. Muchikwereti, kazhinji mutungamiri wechikwata anoiswa muchigaro chokurudyi, uye mutungamiri ari kuruboshwe. Zvose zvinoshanda pakati pevadzidzi vaviri zvakajeka zvakagoverwa. Mumwe nomumwe anoita chete chikamu chayo chebasa racho.

Vanoshanyira ndege

Vatengesi vave vachigara vachikudzwa kwevanhu vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika. Nhasi, vashandi vendiza sevashandi vebasa havasi vasikana bedzi, asiwo varume. Basa revashumiri vanobhururuka rakazara:

• Kugadziriswa kwechikwata chendiza kuitira kuti zviitike panguva yakatarisa.
• Kuvimbisa kuchengetedzwa kwevatasvi.
• Sangano rekubuda kunze uye kugadzirisa panguva yakakodzera kune zvinenge zvichiitika, kusanganisira kutyisa pabhodhi nechisimba chinotyisa, utsi nevamwe.
• Kushumira kwevatakuri.

Zvichienderana nemhando yendege, umwe kusvika kune gumi nemana vanoenda kunhandare anogona kushanda pabhodhi racho. Mutariri webasa kazhinji ari nhengo yevashandi vengoro. Kugadzirwa kwayo kunotsanangurwa zvichienderana nemutemo, rudzi rwe ndege uye zvimwe zvinoda zve ndege.

Mune mazuva ano kuparadzanisa kwevanhu kune makwikwi mukirasi yevatakuri vekufambisa mabasa. Saka, hazvisi zvisinganzwisisiki kuwanika pane bharman uye mumwe mupfuri akadzidziswa. Ichowo chikamu chevashandi vendege.

Kudzidzira nekudzorera vashandi

Sezvo mutemo, kwose kwose munyika hazvidi chireisheni chevashumiri vendiza. Kugadzirira nekuchengetedzwa kwekuchengetedza kunosungirwa. Inosanganisira kukwanisa kushambira, kupindura nokukurumidza kumamiriro anoshamisa, kudzidziswa mumagariro ekuchengetedza. Kurovedza kwakadaro kunoitwa pasi kwe mwedzi yakawanda, mushure mokunge kuongorora kuri kutorwa. Ndege dzakawanda dzinotarisa kuongorora kuti vanachiremba vanoongorora hutano hwevashandi vanopinda varwi vengoro. Iyo yakagadzirwa (chithunzi inomiririrwa), iyo iyo ndege inotungamirwa inosanganisira, inosanganisira inyanzvi yekuongorora vatyairi nevatariri vanoenda. Vanachiremba vasina tsika iyi havabvumirwi pa commission.

Ndiine vatyairi, mamiriro acho akasiyana. Vanofanira gore negore vachiita sartification, iyo inosanganisira:

1. Flight test (inopa kamwechete pagore).
2. Muedzo pavanomhanya semhepo (inopiwa kaviri pagore).
3. Nzira yekudzorera pasi pano.

Uyewo zvinotenderwa kune vafambisi vengaravheti ndiyo nzira yekurapa. Izvo zvinodiwa zvinoshandiswa kune vanogadzira ndege. Kune vanhu vanopfuura makumi mana, chirongwa chezvemishonga chinoitwa kamwe chete mwedzi mitanhatu, kuvanhu vanopfuura makore makumi mana-kamwechete pagore.

Kushanda kwemaawa kwevashandi

Kushanda mumhepo nguva dzose kunobatanidzwa nekutambudzika. Ndicho chikonzero nei vanhu vose vari chikamu chevashandi vengoro, vanoratidza kusashaiwa kwehope, kuneta. Mubvunzo wekuti vatevedzeri vemazuva ano vanofanira kunge vari kupi kubasa rekushanda zvinotarisirwa zvakasiyana nedare rega rega rega, rinoenderana nemitemo yenyika.

Kunyange zvakadaro, nyaya iyi inoramba ichinetseka. Izvi hazvirevi kumakwikwi marefu-kure. Asi nedzimwe ndege dzinotora maawa 10-16, nyaya yacho inosarudzwa mumwe nomumwe. Icho hachiri nemitemo yakawanda pamusoro pechiyero cherindiro muhurumende yevheji.