Ndechipi kutungamirira, zvivako zvayo uye unhu

Kutungamirira - resimbi kuti yave kuzivikanwa kubva munguva dzekare. Murume anorishandisa 2-3 zviuru. BC, uye pakutanga yakawanikwa Mesopotamia. Pane kutungamirira akaita zvidhinha diki, zvivezwa, zvakasiyana-siyana zvemumba. Kunyange ipapo, vanhu vakagadzirirwa vachishandisa ichi chinhu yendarira, uyewo akaita uyu ndiro simbi kunyora midziyo inopinza.

Chii ruvara ndiyo simbi?

Ndiye nhengo boka IV periodic table 6 nguva, apo ine Serial nhamba 82. Chii kutungamirira mamiriro? Zvinonzi kazhinji kuwanikwa galena, ane nzira - PbS. Zvikasadaro nayo inonzi galena galena. chaikosha wakachena zvinyoronyoro uye nyore kufurirwa simbi tsvina pfumbu ruvara. Mudenga nayo akagurwa akakurumidza yakafukidzwa nhete paiva oxide. Oxides yakavimbika zvinodzivirira simbi kubva mamwe oxidation zvose nyoro uye akaoma runyararo. Kana simbi pamusoro oxide unhani, kuchenesa, ichava kwakajeka mumvuri mutema tint. yokunatswa kwakadaro kunogona kuitwa, kana mutobvu vakadirana vacuüm it uye solder nayo kupinda Vacuum chinu.

Kudyidzana pamwe acids

Sulfuric uye hydrochloric acids simba chaizvo kutungamirira, asi simbi iri nyore soluble mune nitric acid. All makemikari simbi yeimwe izvo zvinogona soluble, muri muchetura. Anogadzirwa ainyanya kubva ores: wokutanga galena calcined asati kutamira kutungamira oxide, uye ipapo fuma iyi ipfupi pachishandiswa marasha kuti yakaisvonaka simbi.

Mukuru ehupfumi ari chinhu

Lead arambe achirema ndiyo 11.34 g / ^cm3. Izvi 1.5 nguva pane arambe achirema resimbi mukuru uye mana nguva mukuru kupfuura lightweight aruminiyamu. Pasina mumutauro wokuRussia shoko "kutungamirira" kwakafanana ne "rakaoma". Lead utsotso kunoitika panguva tembiricha ^anenge 327,5 C. Flying anova simbi kunyange ambient tembiricha kuti 700 C °. mashoko Izvi zvakakosha kwazvo avo vanoshanda mumunda yokuwana simbi iyi. nyore Its chaizvo kuti muvare kunyange nzara, zviri nyore kumonera kupinda matetetete. Uyu chaizvo nyoro simbi.

Kudyidzana nedzimwe nesimbi, kudziyisa pamusoro

The dzakananga Kupisa kugona mutobvu iri 140 J / makirogiramu. Maererano zvavo makemikari ehupfumi ndiyo akaneta simbi. Pakati nokunetsa riri pamberi hydrogen. Of munyu kwayaienda nyore ne dzimwe simbi. Somuenzaniso, chiitiko chinogona kuitwa: kudzikisa rutanda zingi acetate mhinduro kuti maatomu akafanana izvi. Ipapo iwire netsvimbo kuti zingi ari muchimiro fluffy crystals kuti maKemisiti unodana "Saturn kuti muti." Sei zvakananga kupisa vanokwanisa mutobvu? Zvinorevei izvi? Nhamba iyi - 140 J / makirogiramu. Zvino ndiwo zvinotevera: kuti vakuchidzire chicherwa pa 1 kilogram ^C kunoda 140 Joules nokupisa.

Distribution zvakasikwa

simbi Izvi kwete zvikuru goko paNyika - chete 0,0016% uremu. Zvisinei, kunyange mufananidzo uyu zvinoratidza kuti zviri anonyanya pane mekuri, bismuth uye nendarama. Masayendisiti vanoti ichi chokuti siyana kutungamirira isotopes vari kuora zvibereko thorium uye uranium exchange, saka kutungamirira kugutsikana panyika nechepasi yakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma pamusoro mamiriyoni emakore. Panguva iyoyo, tinoziva zvakawanda mutobvu ores - zvinonzi galena, uye migumisiro yacho namakemikari transformations.

Mukati zvakasikwa: chikamu esimbi

Kare zvinosanganisira vatungamirire sulfate, cerussite (rimwe zita - chena kutungamirira mhangura) mimetit Stolz. The ores dzinewo nedzimwe simbi - cadmium, mhangura, zingi, sirivha, bismuth. Where nhema pesimbi mutobvu, simbi iyi yakazara kwete chete ivhu asiwo mumadziva, zvinomera. Chii kutungamirira mamiriro? Nguva dzose ake kunyanya kubatana. Uyewo, iyo simbi iri ores pamusoro radioactive nesimbi - uranium exchange uye thorium.

Heavy simbi indasitiri

Zvikuru wakashandiswa indasitiri ari remubatanidzwa mutobvu uye gaba. Average solder yaiti "tretnik" rinoshandiswa chaizvo muridzo unoridzirwa kubatana uye magetsi waya. remubatanidzwa ichi rine mumwe kutungamirira uye zvidimbu zviviri gaba. Dzematehwe runhare netambo ari bhatiri anogona dzinewo kutungamirira. Utsotso pfungwa zvimwe zvayo yeimwe yakaderera chaizvo - somuenzaniso, cadmium kana gaba alloys akanyauka pa 70 ° ^C. The midziyo firefighting iri kugadzirwa kubva yeimwe yakadaro. Metal alloys vari zvinowanzoshandiswa shipbuilding. Dzinowanzotanga kupendwa mune chiedza pfumbu ruvara. Court kazhinji zvemapuranga ane chiwanikwa kuti gaba uye kutungamirira kuti ngura kudzivirirwa.

The ukoshi vanhu vekare uye kushandiswa

Romans kushandiswa mukugadzira chicherwa mutopota iri Mapaipi. Kutungamirira makarekare aishamwaridzana muvanhu pamwe puraneti Saturn, uye, naizvozvo, isati anonzi Saturn. KuMiddle Ages nokuda kwayo rinorema kurema simbi rinowanzoshandiswa alchemical kuedza. Kazhinji samba kugona kurichinja goridhe. Lead - resimbi iri kazhinji kuvhiringidzwa netini, urwo rwakatora kusvikira muzana remakore rechi17. Uye necheSalvic mitauro yekare, uye iye akapfeka zita.

Yakamera kune ano mutauro Czech, uko rinorema simbi inonzi olovo. Dzimwe nyanzvi mune zvemutauro vanodavira kuti Plumbum zita riri chokuita nezvimwe Greek mumaruwa. Russian kwakabva shoko "kutungamirira" nokuti masayendisiti kujeka. Vamwe nyanzvi dzemitauro vachiwadzana nemvura Lithuanian neshoko «scwinas».

Kushandiswa chetsika mutobvu munhau - ndiyo kugadzirwa mabara, zvombo chakapatsanurwa, uye dzimwe projectiles siyana. Raishandiswa nokuda yakaderera mutengo uye vakaderera utsotso pfungwa. Kare, kugadzirwa nesimbi maoko chakapatsanurwa mune shoma Arsenic.

Lead yaishandiswa muIjipiti yekare. Kubva yakabereka Nzira Dzinovaka, mifananidzo vanokudzwa vanhu, renguva yakagadzirwa mari. VaEgipita vaidavira kuti kutungamirira ane simba chairo. Vakanga vakaita kwaari diki mundiro, uye akavashandisa tidzivirirwe pavavengi. Asi vaRoma vakaita kwete pombi mvura. Ivo vaberekawo zvizoro vasingazivi nesimbi ichi, izvo pachavo akasaina mutongo uyu rufu. Pashure pezvose, achipinda muviri zuva nezuva, kutungamirira zvakakonzera chirwere chakakomba.

Zvakadini ano ezvinhu?

Pane zvinhu kuti kuuraya vanhu zvishoma asi zvirokwazvo. Uye ichi rinoshanda kwete chete kune kurovedzwa inokanganiswa madzitateguru kare. Sources chepfu kutungamirira nhasi - zviri mudzanga utsi, mumaguta guruva misha. Danger vanoitawo yegwara pendi. Asi mukurusa kukuvadza vari motokari chiutsi, akawanda ane kutungamirira.

Asi pangozi havasi chete kugara mumaguta, asiwo avo vanogara mumisha. Pano, kuti simbi anogona -wedzera muvhu uye ipapo kupinda muchero uye miriwo. Somugumisiro, munhu anowana zvinopfuura chetatu mutobvu kuburikidza chikafu. Muchiitiko ichi inogona kushanda mushonga chete simba antioxidants, magnesium, calcium, selenium, mavhitaminzi A uye C. Kana vachaparadzwa kugara, zvinogona yakavimbika neutralize pachavo kubva pakukuvadza kunoita simbi.

gumo

wechikoro ose anoziva kutungamirira kuti akadaro. Asi kwete vakuru vose vari kupindura mubvunzo chii kukuvadza kwayo. nezvimedu ayo kupinda muviri kuburikidza kufema hurongwa. Next anotanga kutaura neropa kuita zvakasiyana-siyana nhengo dzomuviri. Most ino kutambura zvetsandanyama nemapfupa hurongwa. Pane 95% of zvachose kudya dzevanhu mutobvu.

High kwevari nayo pamuviri kunotungamirira pfungwa retardation, uye vakuru chinoratidza pacharo muchimiro mwoyo zviratidzo. An zvakawandisa chinoratidza kuvhiringidzika, kurukutika. Kutambura uye ura - nekuti mutobvu anogona zvinowanzoitika kurwadza kwacho. Izvi weheavy metal iri nepfudzi uye dzokubereka nadzo. Vakadzi zvava zvinonetsa zvibereko, uye varume tingasangana nezvinetso dzisingaoneki unhu. Uyewo, kune ngozi chaizvo nokuti neitsvo. Maererano nezvimwe zvidzidzo, zvinogona kukonzera nyanyisa anomera. Zvisinei, mune mari isingadariki 1 MG, kutungamirira angabatsira nhengo. Masayendisiti akawana kuti simbi iyi angava bactericidal zvainoita nhengo wokuratidzwa - asi yeuka kuti imwe kutungamirira yakadaro uye chete kurishandisa mishonga isingadariki ari bvumidzwa.

In mhedziso

Sezvambotaurwa, kune vaichengetedza rekare simbi iyi kwainzi puraneti Saturn. Asi Saturn mu nyeredzi - ndiwo mufananidzo kusurukirwa, kusuruvara uye yakanyanya mugumo. Kwete saka kana kutungamirira - kwete yakanakisisa shamwari munhu? Zvichida havafaniri kutimanikidza pachake munzanga yavo sezvo intuitively vaifungidzira rekare kudanwa Lead Saturn. Mushure zvose kukuvara muviri simbi kungava irreparable.