Ndeapi mavara mumabhuku, maitiro uye mazano mumabasa evanyori veRussia nevanyori?

Maitiro makuru emabhuku mabhuku emabasa anowirirana zvakafanana uye mumutauro wemuenzaniso. Kunyange munguva yaAristotle, pakanga pane kupatsanurwa kwemabhuku mumhando, uchapupu hweizvi - "Poetics" wemuzivi wechiGiriki, mutauro wezvinyorwa zvekunyora, zvakanyorwa mazana matatu emakore pamberi paKristu.

Ndezvipi zvinyorwa mumabhuku?

Zvinyorwa zvinobva panguva dzebhaibheri, vanhu vakanyora nekuverenga nguva dzose. Birch bark tsamba dzine zvinyorwa zvinyorwa ndezvinyorwa, nokuti zvakanyorwa ndezve pfungwa dzemunhu, chiratidzo chezvaanoda uye zvido zvake. Yakataurwa, yakumbirwa, magwaro echechi akanyorwa mune zvakasiyana-siyana, uye saka yekutanga nyanzvi yemitauro yakabuda - birch bark. Nekuvandudzwa kwekunyora, mhando yezvinyorwa yakatanga. Kazhinji pane zvisiri izvo, zvakanyorwa zvakatova nezvimwe zvinyorwa zvinyorwa, kutaura kwakanaka, zvirevo zvekufananidzira.

Mhando yakatevera yemabhuku yaiva epikisi, nhepfenyuro yakawanda pamusoro pevarwi uye mamwe ma heroes ezvidzidzo zvezvakaitika. Imwe yerudzi rwemhando yakasiyana inogona kuonekwa semabhuku echitendero, tsanangudzo yezviitiko zvebhaibheri, hupenyu hwevafundisi vakakwirira.

Kuuya kwekudhindwa muzana remakore rechi16 kwakatanga kutanga kwekukurumidza kukura mabhuku. Munyika yose yezana remakore rechi17, maitiro ezvinyorwa, maitiro nemhando dzakagadzirwa.

Zvinyorwa zvezana remakore rechi18

Pamubvunzo wemhando dzei mumabhuku ezana remakore rechi18, munhu anogona kupindura asingatauri kuti mabhuku ezuva iroro anogoverwa muzvikamu zvitatu zvinotevera: mutambo, nhoroondo uye nhetembo. Mabasa anoshamisa aigara achitora maitiro edambudziko, apo ma heroes echirongwa akaparara, uye kurwisana pakati pezvakanaka nevakaipa zvakanyanya kuuraya. Aiwa, kuwirirana kwemashamba emabhuku kunotsanangura mazwi ayo ikozvino. Rudzi rwemashoko anodzikama akawanawo muverengi wayo. Nhoroondo, zvinyorwa uye nhau dzaifungidzirwa se "pakati pekubatanidza", apo nhamo, nhetembo uye mazoro zvaive zve "nzvimbo yakakwirira" yezvinyorwa, uye satirical mabasa, fables nemakwenzi - kusvika "pasi".

Ndima iyi ndiyo nzira yepakutanga yemanyolo, iyo yakanga iri kushandiswa pamabhora, mumagariro evanhu pamwe nezvimwe zviitiko zvepamusoro-soro hwepamusoro. Ndima dziri mundima yemutauro dzaiva nezviratidzo zve syllogistics, ndima yacho yakakamurwa kuva zvikamu zvemashoko. Iyo syllable yemagetsi, kuuraya nhetembo dzechokwadi, kwenguva yakareba inotaura nezvefashoni.

Literature 19-20 mazana emakore

Zvinyorwa zvezana remakore rechi19 uye hafu yekutanga yema20 inoratidzwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana, dzakawanda mukutsvaga mu Golden Golden Pushkin-Gogol, uye munguva yechirivha yeAlexander Blok naSergei Yesenin. Dhiyabhorosi, epic uye mazwi - ndizvo zvinyorwa zviri mumabhuku ekare uye zana remakore asati apera.

Izwi racho rinofanira kunge rakange rine mavara ekufunga, kuva nechinangwa uye chinangwa. Zvikamu zvaro zvakanga zvakaita ode uye ane elegy, uye ode - nekushamiswa kushingaira, kuridza nekusimudzira kusvika pachiremera chemasimba.

Elegy Lyric yakavakwa pamusoro peshoko rinosuruvarisa revhesi, kusuruvara, semugumisiro wezvakaitika zvegamba, zvisinei nokuti chii chakanga chichikonzera - mamiriro ehupenyu kana kusawirirana kwezvose.

Ndezvipi zvinyorwa muzvinyorwa zvemazuva ano?

Kune zvakawanda zvemavara mumabhuku ezuva ranhasi, pakati pavo inonyanya kuzivikanwa iyo iri mukutsvaga nekuverengerwa kwakawanda ndeiyi:

• Dambudziko - rudzi rwemhando yemitambo yemutambo, inoratidzirwa nekunetseka mupfungwa, pamwe nekufa kwema heroes.
• Kuenzanisa - rumwe rudzi rwemitambo yemhando, zvakasiyana nedambudziko, nenhau inonakidza uye kuguma kunofadza.
• Nyaya yenyaya yepano ndeyekunyora kwedzidzo yevana, kukura kwavo kwekusika. Pane zvakawanda zvinyorwa zvinyorwa mumhando.
• Epic - nyanzvi yekunyora yemuongorori wenhoroondo, inotsanangura zviitiko zvekare zvekare mumutauro weusimba, inoratidzwa nenhamba huru yevanhu.
• Nhamba yeruzivo ndeye nhoroondo huru, ine nhoroondo dzakasiyana-siyana dzinotsanangura hupenyu hwomunhu mumwe nomumwe uye pamwe chete, dzakasiyana nehuwandu hwekuongorora zviitiko zviri kuitika.
• Nhau iyi inonzi medium-form genre, yakanyorwa nenzira imwechete seyano, asi mune imwe nyaya yakajeka. Munyaya yacho, kazhinji unhu hunoonekwa semunhu mukuru, vamwe vanorondedzerwa mu "kusunga" kwairi.
• Nyaya yacho ndeyemhando yezvinyorwa zvemafomu maduku, nhoroondo pfupi yeimwe chiitiko. Chirongwa chacho hachikwanisi kuva nekuwedzera, chinomiririra quintessence yemafungiro emunyori, nguva dzose ine fomu yakapera.
• Novella - imwe yerimwe, yakafanana nenyaya yacho, musiyano ndeyekuoma kwechirongwa chacho. Novella inoratidzirwa nekuguma kusingatarisirwi, kusingatariswi. Iyi mitauro yakakodzerwa nemafaro.
• Rudzi rwemutsara ndiwo nhau imwe chete, asi nenzira isiri yechokwadi. Mutsamba yacho hapana kutaura kwakasvibirira, misoro yakawanda-inotenderera uye inotyisa.
• Satire sekunyorwa kwemavara kunonyanyisa, maitiro avo anopomera haana kukurudzira kufarirwa, kunyange zvazvo satirical inotamba mumitambo yakagadzirwa zvakanaka inogamuchirwa zvakanaka.
• Rudzi rwemuputiki ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa tsika dzezvino munguva pfupi yapfuura. Mamiriyoni ebhuku rakanyorova-rakanyorwa nevanyori vakakurumbira vakadai saAlexandra Marinina, Daria Dontsova, Polina Dashkova nevamwe vazhinji vakave patafura yevadzidzi vakawanda veRussia.

Mhedziso

Zvinyorwa zveRussia mabhuku zvakasiyana, chimwe nechimwe chine ukana hwekuwedzera kukura kwekusika, iyo inofanira kunge yakashandiswa nevanyori vemazuva ano nevanyori.