Muviri - chii ichi? muviri panyama: mienzaniso, ehupfumi

Mazuva ano nyaya isu zvokufungidzira kuti ichi nomuviri. Pasina mubvunzo, izvi izwi haisi aichimbosanganamo nokuda makore dzidzo. With Dzidziso "muviri", "fuma", "Fani" isu tanga nawo yepanyama munhoroondo zvidzidzo. Ndivo nyaya zhinji zvikamu sayenzi chairo - wefizikisi.

By tsanangudzo, shoko rokuti "muviri" rinoreva yakananga chinooneka kuva chimiro uye akazivisa yokunze muganhu, izvo wakapatsanura kubva zvakatipoteredza uye mimwe miviri. Mukuwedzera, muviri yokusafa maitiro akadai uremu uye vhoriyamu. parameters ava zvinokosha. Asi pane vamwe kunze navo. Tiri kutaura pachena, arambe achirema, elasticity, noukukutu uye zvichingodaro. N.

muviri Physical: mienzaniso

Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, chero yakapoteredza zvinhu, tinogona kudana muviri. Mienzaniso yakawanda vanoshamwaridzana vavo - bhuku, tafura, motokari, bhora, mukombe. Simple muviri Physics unoritumidza, ane chimiro geometric iri nyore. Rinoumba miviri - avo kuti zviri muchimiro anofambidzana chokuita nedzimwe miviri nyore nomumwe. Somuenzaniso, zviri conventionally wenguva kwevanhu inogona achimiririrwa chine sepombi uye mabhora.

Mashoko ose randinogara kana muviri kunotaurwa pomutumwa. Zvisinei, vanogona dzine ayo anoumba sezvo rimwe, uye vanoverengeka zvinhu. Heino mimwe mienzaniso. Muviri - Forogo, Banga Nechipunu (zvenyama, nezvirongo). Ivo kunyanya hwendarira. Banga muviri dzingava muenzaniso kuti ine mhando mbiri akasiyana zvinhu - the simbi chipande uye yemapuranga mubato. Uye kunzwisisa chigadzirwa zvakadai serura, kubva yakakura vanoverengeka "zvinhu".

Ndezvipi zvinhu

Vangave dzinongoitika kana kusikwa artificially. Munguva dzekare, vanhu vose zvinhu zvakafanira zvakaitwa dzinongoitika nezvinhu (arrowheads - kubva pamabwe, inodziya mbatya - kubva kwematehwe). With kukura unyanzvi mberi yamarudzi zvakasikwa murume. Zvino avo - ruzhinji. A klassiske Muenzaniso wenyama chakagadzirwa muviri kungava epurasitiki. Mumwe nomumwe mhando yayo wakasika munhu kuti nechokwadi unhu hunodiwa kuti chinhu. Somuenzaniso, läpinäkyvä mapurasitiki - Eyeglass lenses, non-hunokachidza chikafu - nokuti vazviziva, hunogara - nokuti motokari bhamba.

Chero chinhu (kubva dombo demo kuti yepamusorosoro mano) ine zvakawanda chaizvo unhu. Mumwe zvivako muviri miviri - ndiko yavo kukwanisa kuti vakwezvane somugumisiro rinokweva kwokukurukurirana. Zvinonzi akayera vachishandisa mumuviri kwazvo rinonzi vakawanda. By tsanangudzo, ivo yefizikisi, mukanyiwa kwemiviri - mwero regiravhiti yavo. Zvinonzi runotaurwa chiratidzo m.

vakawanda chipimo

Izvi zvinooneka uwandu, somumwe, kuyerwa. Kuti uzive zvinhu uremu chero chinhu, unofanira kuenzanisa pamwe mureza. Ndizvo muviri ane gobvu uneshongedzo yokuva kubatana. International System vezvikwata (SI) riri kuonekwa kuva churu. Kwakadaro "yakanaka" uremu chikwata chiri muchimiro humburumbira, anomirira ane chiwanikwa kuti iridium uye Platinum. Izvi mharidzo remarudzi kunochengetwa muFrance, uye makopi nawo anowanikwa munyika dzinenge dzose.

Kuwedzera pakushandisa pfungwa churu tani, giremu kana milligram. Kuyerwa pakupima mukanyiwa muviri. Uyu chaiwo nzira Masvomhu zvezuva nezuva. Asi Physics ano, kune dzimwe nzira yakayerwa, mumwe zvikuru ano uye mukuru-zvakarurama. Uchibatsirwa ravo kuona mukanyiwa pamusoro microparticles, uye hofori zvinhu.

Other ehupfumi muviri miviri

The chimiro, uremu uye vhoriyamu - chezvinhu zvinokosha unhu. Asi pane dzimwe nzvimbo mumuviri miviri, mumwe nomumwe iri anokosha imwe ezvinhu. Somuenzaniso, imwe vhoriyamu zvakayenzana zvinhu kungasiyana zvikuru kurema, i.e. akasiyana arambe achirema. Mumamiriro ezvinhu mazhinji, maitiro anokosha akadai brittleness, zvakaoma, elasticity uye rinobva unhu. Hatifaniri kukanganwa chafariz conductivity, pachena, kufanana nemagetsi conductivity nezvimwe zvivako zviri vakawanda uye zvinhu zvokunyama.

Kazhinji, maitiro aya kuvimba avo zvinhu kana zvinhu umo nyaya dzinoitwa. Somuenzaniso, rabha, girazi uye simbi balls achava akasiyana zvachose iine utano hwakanaka. Izvi kukosha mumamiriro ezvinhu aiita pakati pezvitunha Somuenzaniso kudzidza mwero deformation panguva pitting.

About toredzerwa approximations

Vamwe zvikamu wefizikisi nomuviri anoonekwa somunhu abstraction rine yakanaka maitiro. Somuenzaniso, mune hurongwa muviri anomiririrwa sezvo vakawanda pfungwa pasina vakawanda uye zvimwe zvivako. Chikamu ichi inotaura kufamba wefizikisi kwakadaro zvimiso pfungwa, uye nokuda kugadzirisa matambudziko akafanana pfungwa tsika dziri hazvishandi.

In Masvomhu dzesayenzi rinowanzoshandiswa pfungwa yakaoma muviri. Vaya conventionally kuonekwa kwete pasi chero deformation, kuti kushaya vakawanda misha yacho pakati muviri. Uyu wokuenzanisira Yokudzidza ambotirega hunonzi kuridza zvinoverengeka chaiwo kwendangariro.

Wethermodynamics Section nokuda kwezvinangwa zvavo anoshandisa pfungwa imwe blackbody. Uye chii ichi? muviri wenyama (husingaoneki chinhu) inokwanisa rokutora chero mwaranzi wakawira pamusoro wayo pechiso. Panyaya iyi, kana basa kunoda izvozvo, vanogona emit remagetsi mafungu. Kana mashoko ari yokungotaura Masvomhu chimiro miviri haisi akaoma, default ndechokuti idenderedzwa.

Nei ehupfumi inokosha miviri

Physics pacharo, sezvo vakadaro, pakanga kudiwa kunzwisisa mitemo iri kuzvibata muviri, uyewo zvigadziriswe kuvapo siyana nechitarisiko zviitiko. Natural zvinhu zvinosanganisira chero kuchinja zvakatipoteredza, hauna chokuita nemabasa evanhu. Vazhinji vevanhu ava vanoshandisa kuti zvakavanakira, asi vamwe vanogona kuva nengozi uye kunyange nemafashamo.

Kudzidza maitiro uye zvivako dzakasiyana-siyana miviri yenyama kunodikanwa vanhu kuti kufungidzira kukanganiswa zvinhu uye kudzivirira kana kuderedza kukuvadza kunokonzerwa nazvo. Somuenzaniso, kuvakwa breakwaters vanhu zvinoshandiswa kundorwa akaipa zvinoratidza zvomumvura maatomu akafanana. Kukurira kudengenyeka vanhu akadzidza kuva rinokosha kwenyika nemishonga chivakwa zvivako. KUBEREKA zvikamu motokari zvakaitwa anokosha, nokungwarira calibrated chimiro kuitira kuderedza kukuvadza kana tsaona.

Sechivako mitumbi

Maererano neimwe tsanangudzo, shoko rokuti "muviri" rinoreva chinhu inogona kunzi sezvo aivapo chaizvo. Chero navo achatora chikamu nzvimbo, uye zvinhu kubva yavari aita, muri dzakaunganidzwa mamorekuru imwe maumbirwo. Other, inoramba zviduku nayo - maatomu, asi mumwe nomumwe wavo ndihwo chinhu nyore uye indivisible. Sechivako ane atomu zvakaoma. In ayo mamiriro vangazivikanwa zvakanaka nezvakaipa mhosva zvokutanga nezvimedu - ions.

Structure maererano iyo inoramba akadaro akaronga mune imwe marongedzero nezvishoma anonzi sekristaro. Mumwe sekristaro ane vamwe zvachose wakaiswa chimiro, izvo zvinoreva yakarongeka kufamba uye kudyidzana pakati mamorekuru ayo uye maatomu. Kana kuchinja sekristaro mamiriro pane kutyora zvivako muviri mumuviri. The dhigirii kufamba pamusoro pedzidziso vomumatunhu zvinoenderana nokuda panyama sezvayakanga, izvo zvinogona yakasimba, mvura kana gaseous.

Kuti munguva dzakaoma mananara date compression rinoshandiswa pfungwa bhuku elasticity kana coefficient, idzo wezvikamu Ivan Kuchin tsika.

Kufamba mamorekuru

A mamiriro yokuzorora kana maatomu kana mamorekuru miviri chikukutu ndechevakura hwokuzvarwa nahwo. Vari kugara inofamba, hunhu izvo kunobva chafariz mamiriro kwomuviri, uye kunokanganisa kuti pari pachena. Part zvokutanga nezvimedu - isakarurama mhosva ions (anotaurwa maerekitironi) kutamira pane imwe yepamusoro kumhanya kupfuura zvakanaka mutariri.

Kubva pfungwa nemaonero mamiriro aggregation, muviri - Zvakaoma zvinhu, mvura kana magasi, zvichienderana hunhu samolecular inofamba. The raora nezvishoma anogona kukamurwa crystalline uye amorphous. The Vapikisi vane inoramba iri sekristaro zvaiona akarayira zvakazara. In mvura, mamorekuru kufamba nenzira yakasiyana zvachose musimboti. Vachifambira boka kune mumwe, unogona kufungidzira vakaita anotsauka imwe gadziriro mumwe comets yokudenga.

In chero gaseous mitumbi mamorekuru vane chisungo hwakaderera kupfuura mvura kana hwakasimba. Pangave kutaurwa zvacho kuti vadzivise mumwe. Elasticity miviri yenyama kunorondedzerwa mubatanidzwa variables mbiri huru - the fura mwero uye vhoriyamu elasticity coefficient.

The fluidity miviri

Kana Misiyano zvose pakati hwakasimba uye mvura mumuviri miviri pakati pachavo vari ehupfumi kuti kufanana dzavo zhinji. Vamwe vavo, rinonzi nyoro uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. Hurumende iri zvenguva pakati wokutanga uye chechipiri kuri zvose zviri zviviri, uye zvimwe zvivako chaiko. Unhu hwakadai fluidity, dzinogona kuonekwa mune yakasimba (somuenzaniso - kana chando shangu hadde). It tinoberekwa uye nesimbi, kusanganisira nesimba zvakakwana. Under kumanikidzwa vazhinji vavo vanokwanisa inoyerera sezvinoita mvura. Nokuva uye muchidziisa zviviri zvakasimba nezvidimbu zvesimbi anogona weld navo pamwe chete. Uyezve, pokunamatidza muitiro kunoitika panguva imwe tembiricha yakaderera zvikuru pane utsotso pfungwa neimwe.

Izvi zvinogoneka panguva mamiriro zvizere kuonana wemigove maviri. Zviri saizvozvi siyana simbi alloys. The runoenzanirana pfuma inonzi diffusion.

About mvura uye magasi

Maererano migumisiro dzakawanda kuedza, masayendisiti kusvika zvinotevera mhedziso: zvikukutu nomuviri - hazvisi vamwe boka risati rava ungano. Musiyano pakati pavo mvura chete huru zvemukati kukweshera. Masikati zvinhu zvakasiyana inoti kuchiitika mune imwe tembiricha.

Magasi akasiyana mvura uye zvinhu zvakaoma kuti vawedzere kwakavharwa nenyama simba kunyange yakakwirira vhoriyamu shanduko hariwaniki pavo. Kusiyana mvura uye zvinhu zvakaoma - in nezvishoma kunoitika kwakavharwa nenyama mauto ari fura, i.e. kuchinja chimiro. Fani iyi haina kuchengetwa mvura, izvo zvinogona kutora chero mhando.

Crystalline uye amorphous

Sezvambotaurwa, vaviri zvinokwanisika inoti nezvishoma - crystalline uye amorphous. Amorphous miviri kuti vane ehupfumi mumuviri zvose kumativi. Uku kunotaurwa isotropy. Somuenzaniso, ari nokuomesa nebwe, rinopenya zvigadzirwa, girazi. isotropy yavo - mugumisiro kurongwa urongwa mamorekuru uye maatomu ari Zvinoumba yacho.

Munguva crystalline mamiriro zvokutanga nezvimedu vanosarudzirwa nenzira iri nyore uye tiripo sezvo munyika marongerwo nguva akadzokorora kwakasiyana-siyana. The ehupfumi zvitunha izvi mumuviri akasiyana, asi ivo ndivo chete yakafanana mirayiridzo. pfuma kwakadaro kuri kuna crystals, inonzi anisotropy. chikonzero Her - simba dzisakarurama ari kudyidzana pakati mamorekuru uye maatomu kwakasiyana-siyana.

Mono- uye polycrystalline

In chete crystals homogeneous womukati marongerwo uye inodzokororwa yose yose vhoriyamu. Polycrystals somunhu muzvizhinji kuti randomly fused crystallites pamwe diki. constituent nezvimedu dzavo zvakarongwa pamusoro kure zvachose kunorondedzerwa kubva nemumwe uye nenhevedzano. Under yekamuri zvinoreva dzakatevedzana nodes, i.e. pfungwa somurongi nzvimbo mamorekuru kana maatomu. Metals ane crystalline mamiriro vashumire mashoko zambuko substructures, zvivako uye zvimwe zvivako chikukutu. Nekuti nzvimbo pamusoro crystalline nezvishoma vari vainyatsoongorora zvinangwa dzinobatsira.

In chaiwo simba zvatariswa kukanganisa kuti sekristaro yekamuri kuremara, zvose pemvura uye dzakawanda. Saizvozvowo ehupfumi nezvishoma kuparadzanisa Chikamu wefizikisi anonzi yakaoma muviri Vanamakanika.