Mhando Historical ehurumende. Mhando State uye Mutemo

Munyika mune vanenge 200 akazvimirira anoti. Pane dzidziso kuti vazhinji vavo vanobvumirwa chokubatanidza ari muboka hwokuratidza generality uye kufanana kiyi chokuita kukura. Ikoko, Naizvozvo, marudzi akawanda munyika. Scientific Nzira kuti kusarudza mugove wavo. Ndeapi kupfuura zvakakurumbira sayenzi Russian?

nuances typology

Ngatimbotaura kutanga pfungwa norudzi wehurumende pamusoro. Maererano vanhuwo kududzirwa ichi izwi inoratidza nhengo enyika repamutemo kune imwe kirasi (kana boka), dzinoratidzwa iine zvimwe zvinodiwa. State uye mutemo, vaongorori vanodavira, kunge wakashanduka-shanduka zvishoma nezvishoma. Naizvozvo, vanopinda imwe kana imwe mhando zvinoita kuronda zvose maererano kuwirirana ne imwe nhoroondo kumwedzi, uye kuburikidza nokudzidza zvivako zvavo, pasina nguva, asi ari kuenzaniswa chechinyorwa. Mune dzimwe vatsvakurudzi pfungwa chiono mhando wehurumende chokuita zvinhu kushanda mariri gwara utariri hurongwa, navadzidzisi masangano uye zvichingodaro. D. In iyi, hanya anogona kushandiswa senzvimbo rokuti nerokuti zvirevo "chimiro pepuranga" kana kuti muenzaniso "enyika rudzi".

Mazuva Russian enyika sayenzi mhando ehurumende uye mutemo kunowanzonzwisiswa sezvo makirasi, hunhu izvo vakwanise kutakura mumwe kana mumwe enyika changamire masangano ari akapoteredza zvavo formational uye civilizational ani. Muchiitiko chino, mazwi akafanana "chehurumende" kana "Utongi enyika" chingarangarirwa sechinoitika chaiwo. Panyaya iyi, vaongorori mudzimba kudoma mhando kare wehurumende, panowanikwa zvinogona kuonekwa toreva dzimwe idzodzo kana pemarudzi. Wokutanga nowechipiri chokuratidza, Zvichakadai, akatsunga maviri yokungotaura yakasiyana nzira kuti kupatsanura enyika masangano. Funga zviviri pfungwa idzi - paumbwe uye budiriro.

formational kusvika

Rinonyanya, saka zvakajairika sayenzi Russian anouya - formational. mhando wehurumende yakafanana rimwe zvinotevera zvidzidzo: chinyakare (kana nzanga), muranda, feudal, capitalist (kana Bourgeois), muKomonisiti. Basic zvinodiwa nomumwe rinorondedzerwa dzidziso Karla Marksa uye Fridriha Engelsa, izvo vaiona zvinhu dzidziso mumagariro kukura. Key zvinhu kuMudzidzisi pfungwa - inotungamirwa iri pakutsvaga upfumi (izvo anoumba hwaro), uyewo ukama munharaunda, mutemo, dzematongerwe (izvo kuona kuwedzera-mu).

The mhando dzataurwa pamusoro apa chenhau mamiriro maererano nedzidziso yokuti Marx uye Shona dzinoiswa pachishandiswa inotevera huru zvinoriumba: nzira inoshandiswa, yemamiriro pfuma nezvimiro pamusoro pavo, ukuru weboka kwenzanga mukirasi uye munhu maitiro ayo evanhu mapoka. Ngationei kudzidza zvimwe zvinhu zvavo.

The Mhando chikuru idzodzo

Muranda inoti maererano dzidziso iri mubvunzo akanga dzinoratidzwa hwaro muchimiro zvokurima upfumi, vanhu predominance wehurumende varidzi nzira inoshandiswa, pamwero wakakwirira mukirasi weboka vanhu, apo vakawanda vemo hwaibva, nevaranda - vashoma. Mienzaniso yakadaro zvinogona kuwanikwa nokudzidza nhoroondo yekare East, Rome yekare uye Greece.

Changamire Songaniro political feudal mhando inozivikanwa, uyewo nemhaka zvokurima, Artisan uye mukugadzira upfumi uye predominance ose feudal pfuma. Ichitaura zvidzidzo munzanga - unorema vanhu vari States Aimiririrwa murimi mudiki kirasi, novimba feudal madzishe, pamusoro iyo huwandu munzanga suzerains. Mhando Historical ehurumende muchikwata - Russian serfs makore, dzimwe nyika dzokuEurope, Germany, Italy, France.

Mugore capitalist kana Bourgeois nyika pane zvakasiyana siyana pfuma, asi ari hunodzorwa private, upfumi hwaro hwakavakirwa fekitari kugadzirwa uye musika hunhu ukama, makwikwi. makirasi vanhu vari rakakamurwa rokumusoro, pakati, yakaderera, chinoonekwa zvikuru munzanga basa vashandi uye bourgeoisie.

Maererano Dzidziso Marx uye Shona, mune inoti mukomiyunisiti-mhando zvinoreva okuwana runonyanya vanofanira ndorwangu ehurumende uye upfumi mutemo kuitika mune vakaronga nenzira. Huru munzanga - vashandi, vanhuwo zvavo uye vakadzidza.

Mhando Historical wehurumende, maererano nokuumbwa nzira, tinofanira kuchinja sezvo Implementation munhu evanhu chimurenga kuti unovapo somugumisiro dambudziko, hukama mukati yechinangwa socio-zvoupfumi kwendangariro. Kazhinji, izvi zvinoratidzwa pakuti omurume maclass havachanzwi kugutsikana mune ziendamberi utariri uye kugadzira mutemo vaitungamirira evanhu mapoka, "pamusoro".

Parizvino inotungamirwa?

The Mhando inokosha mamiriro sechikamu inotungamirwa nzira isu rinonzi. Zvisinei, kune vamwe vavo tinogona patsanura ano changamire masangano ezvematongerwo enyika? Uye maererano zvinodiwa? Maererano pfungwa Marx uye Shona, pashure paumbwe Bourgeois vanofanira kuonekwa utongi. Experience pakurigadzira raiva Russia, uye iye zvino ari womuenzaniso, zvichida panguva pokuita tiri zviratidzo kuti China iri kukura, uye zvimwe North Korea. Asi zvakadini dzimwe nyika? Maererano dzidziso Marx uye Shona, asi capitalist inotungamirwa wamuka kwenguva refu: anenge 300 apfuura. States kuti akatanga kuva kuumbwa ane muenzaniso wakakodzera, akatanga kushanda pahwaro, sezvatakagamuchira akati, muna chinoumba pachake nzira inoshandiswa. Pakati vamwe, vatsvakurudzi cherechedza hunhu inotungamirwa ichi - wepamutemo rusununguko rwekuita kirasi kubva bourgeoisie. Achitaura unhu maviri aya akawanda dzakabudirira, sezvo vamwe vaongorori vanodavira, nzira imwe kana mumwe anogona kunzi kune mhando Bourgeois kupatsanura pakati Marx uye Shona.

Panewo nyanzvi funga chepamutemo kusiyanisa vanonzi Transitional muenzaniso capitalism kune vangasimudzira yakasiyana inotungamirwa, dzakashandisa zvinodiwa vanhu, muri vasingagutsikane ano hurongwa. Pakati vanotsvakurudza hapana kunzwisisa chakajairika ari pachena nzira chavanopinda chero nyika vakagadzirira ichi. pakawanda Its munguva ukama okuwana, mune zvimwe zviitiko - kuvapo zvimwe feudal zvinhu. The zvigadziriswe chaiwo uhwo runoenzanirana dzaifanoiswa kubva inotungamirwa anogona kuitwa kune dzimwe, inofungidzirwa nedzimwe vatsvakurudzi kuti kwakavakirwa kusangana pezvakaitwa. Kureva kuti, mubatanidzwa hupfumi mugadziriro kunyika dzakasiyana, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko - enyika pamwe zvarisina akadaro ezvinhu, irege kuva kusarudza chikonzero. Pakati vangangodaro pre-mifananidzo izvi anokwana zviyero enyika, dzimwe nyanzvi inonzi EU. Sezvatinoziva, pakati vakawanda dzeEU hapana pasipoti kuzvidzora, anoshanda ari chete mari, misimboti vemamwe mutemo pakati vokuEurope vari zvakare zvakawanda kana zvishoma yabatanidza.

Kunyange zvazvo paine maonero kuti European Union - iri pamwero kudzokera chii vaimbova mu Europe. Nhoroondo VaRoma rizivikanwe States yose. Kare kwaiva rezvitendero rakakura zvikuru, izvo inoona nezvenjodzi unosanganisira guru chikamu EU ano. Uye nekuti ano nenzvimbo vokuEurope, vatsvakurudzi vanodavira - zvimwe kwete zvikuru paumbwe imwe inotungamirwa vangasimudzira itsva sezvo kubereka zvaiitikawo kare, sangano iri Continental muenzaniso enyika changamire.

Chero nzira, hunhu nhoroondo mhando ehurumende kubva nemaonero pamusoro inotungamirwa nzira inosanganisira zvokudya kubvumira mumwe nzira patsanura nyika ano. Ungangove, zvino nyika kurarama kunyanya capitalist ino. Asi ichi, sezvataona apa hazvina chete yokuona nayo pamusoro kupatsanura pakati States. Funga nevakawanda mhando.

civilizational kusvika

Mhando Historical ehurumende ari gadziriro iyi dzinoiswa pahwaro kwete chete socio-zvoupfumi nzira, asiwo nemhaka akapararira munyika shamwari enyika zvokunamata, mutsika, pamutemo misimboti dzemunharaunda, izvo pamwe chete kuumba boka hwounhu yebudiriro. Funga mienzaniso mhando iyi.

nyika dzomunyika

Mhando Historical uye siyana hurumende iri gadziriro yakabudirira yokutaura dzataurwa nokuda vanotsvakurudza mune vakawanda yokungotaura pfungwa. Somuenzaniso, Oswald Spengler aidavira kuti munhoroondo vanhu kwakasimbiswa mukati 8 tsika civilizational, Karl Jaspers akasarudza 9 kwenzanga Arnold Toynbee dzidziso dzavo nhamba yakanga 21. Chimwe chiitiko pfungwa yesayenzi Somuenzaniso, 7 mararamiro ekare: Mesopotamian, muEgipita, yeGirisi Roman, Cretan, Byzantine, Central America uye Andean, uye vanenge 8 nhasi: wokumavirira, Chinese, Japanese, kwechiIslam, chiHindu, Russian Orthodox, African, Latin America.

Vamwe vaongorori kusiyanisa nesekondari budiriro. The chikuru chokuratidza kuti demarcation - basa hurumende munzanga ukama. Somuenzaniso, mukuru nebudiriro dzinosanganisira zvizere Kupinda kukura anotonga nokuwadzana enyika. Economy, vanhu, mamiriro uye mutemo muenzaniso uyu vari zvinodyidzana. Uyewo, mumwe nebudiriro iri yechipiri basa rehurumende iri zvishoma kupfuura rakamanikana. It mamota pasi superstructure - zvemweya, pamutemo tsika zvinoriumba, evanhu kukura. Mienzaniso kwenzanga dzakadaro - Latin America, Western European.

typology kodzero

Nokuumbwa ehurumende zvikoro zvine chokuita urongwa, tichiratidza chidzoke uye kukura mutemo. Chii dzidziso nenhungamiro ichi vanogona kunzi rakajairika?

Pakati avo kuti akakurumbira munyika kare sayenzi - pfungwa kuti kodzero kuti Classified kupinda mhando mbiri - dzinongoitika uye zvakanaka. Wokutanga zvinoratidza zvikurukuru sanyorwa, nzwisisa kuti munharaunda dzevanhu dzemunharaunda uye nenheyo. Second - ichi, uyewo mitemo nezvechiratidzo mitemo yavo uye zvokuridzira, achichinja navo chaizvo pamutemo kwezvakatipoteredza.

Natural murairo pashure akanaka. Asi pakati masayendisiti inoramba debatable chinhu: pane imwe nguva correlative pamwe, muti, panowanikwa inotungamirwa kana budiriro akazviratidza mutemo akanaka? Pane shanduro kuti aiva vanhu kubva pakutanga kwayo, chokwadi, vakatanga kuva mune gadziriro iri formational uye civilizational nzira.

The mashandiro kuti inotungamirwa mamiriro sechinhu chokuratidza typology

Typology anogona kuitwa maererano imwe mashandiro kuburikidza iyo akapfuura dzidzo hurumende. Mune imwe tsvakurudzo ezvinhu, vakawanda pfungwa mirayiridzo iyi. Kune rinoti ingamuka sezvo agamuchira uchangamire mundima kare vaiva nechimwe enyika akazvimirira dzakabatana. Somuenzaniso, izvi vazhinji dzaichimbova of USSR. vashoma pamberi kuparara Soviet Union yakanga nhoroondo chiitiko akazvimirira statehood. dzidzo State zvinogona chokuita kusangana pezvakaitwa pakati pamarudzi, inozivikanwa nevakawanda tsika, mutauro, dzidziso. Saka zvakanzi aumba vazhinji ano inoti European. Somuenzaniso, ndiko Germany uye Italy - refu riri munharaunda idzi paiva yakazvimirira masangano ezvematongerwo enyika. Kusvika pamwero reUnited States rakasiyana nemamwe ruzivo. Ivo vanoonekwa nevamwe vatsvakurudzi sezvo muenzaniso mamiriro, vakabatana kwete nemhaka yetsika uye nyika noushamwari, uye pamusoro hwaro hwoutongi pfungwa rusununguko uye constitutionalism, mberi chaizvo nguva, apo vokuAmerica vakasarudza kuzvimirira kubva kuEngland mukupera rechi18.

Russia

How kuziva mhando wokuRussia ezvinhu? Zvimwe pakutanga kuti kusarudza chii dzakaitika munguva kufungwa nezvazvo. Chokwadi kuti nyika yedu anopfuura makore chiuru. Kana Russia uye kuti Nenyaya Iyi mhando ano inoti, kunobva pfungwa Marx uye Shona, tingangozviisa ndezvomunhu capitalist hurongwa. With pakuvaka rechiKomonisiti, sezvo tichiziva, hazvina kuitika. Sezvataona pamusoro apa, tsime uye feudal inotungamirwa munhau yeRussia. Mune imwe Kuongorora nzira anganzi hurumende yeRussia, kuva yeRussia Orthodox budiriro.

With Panyaya chokuratidza kuratidza zvikonzero dzidzo munyika sezvo anotonga isangano enyika kuti, kufungisisa emakore chiitiko statehood, isu, Ungangove, zvakakodzera anonzi dzakagamuchirwa vavapo somugumisiro of kusangana kwacho - pachiyero tsika, mutauro, chitendero.

Nhoroondo Russian wehurumende - ndiwo mubatanidzwa wenyika necheSalvic, Finno-Ugric, Turkic nemamwe marudzi, asi chinokosha icho vakatenda nokuda nevatsvakurudzi vakawanda, aiva Imperial mamiriro Russia. Mugadziriro kuMudzidzisi nhoroondo nguva munyika yedu, kana tikatora sepokutangira dzidziso Marx uye Shona, ari feudal hurongwa, gare gare ne capitalism.

Russia - nyika idzodzo akawanda?

Pashure pokuchinja kwezvinhu 1917, The Imperial chinhu asisiri kuita basa, uye ipapo munyika, apo kare kwakanga kusina yeUnited kana zvimwe mhando dzinozvitonga masangano, kunze aiva kumbonyanya guru kuzvionera kuPoland uye Finland, yakaumbwa vanoverengeka akazvimirira changamire enyika dzakabatana pamusoro National hwaro. Zvisinei, maererano neimwe vatsvakurudzi, achangobva yakazvimirira nyika, kunze chete Poland uye Finland, vaiva kure zviri Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri socio-ezvoupfumi mamiriro ezvinhu kuitira kuti vakudziridze vakazvimiririra. Somugumisiro, Moscow akakwanisa kusimbisa zvavo nokururamisira mangoti chikamu USSR uye dzematongerwe itsva - communism. Runoenzanirana hurumende inotungamirwa kuti yakabuda munyika yedu, kufungisisa Conceptual kuwedzererwa kubva dzidziso Lenin, Stalin nevamwe vatungamiriri Soviet, zvarwo, zvakanga zvakakwana pedyo yokungotaura yemashoko Marx uye Shona.

Apo, mumakore perestroika kubatanidza rechiKomonisiti chakaita Haasisina kukonzera, enyika nzvimbo yaimbova Russian Empire akava sezvo isu here nhasi. Sezvo pashure pokuchinja kwezvinhu 1917, nyika yakakamurwa kupinda anoverengeka changamire inoti. Yeshamwari, muna 1922, haana kuitika. Sei? Kune shanduro dzakawanda izvi. On mumwe wavo, pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 kubva kunyika itsva haana zvoupfumi pfuma nokuda kweDzimba akazvimirira zveupfumi uye zvematongerwo enyika. Pashure perestroika, uyewo, voruzhinji raiva simba Soviet nhaka kwezvivako uye zvakawanda kana zvishoma kushingaira utariri masangano. Nokuda kushaya chido mberi kukura misimboti idzva rechiKomonisiti ezvinhu chaizvoizvo kudzokera capitalism uye vakaramba kuvaka mukati nokuumbwa.