Legal Disclaimer: mienzaniso. Zvinoumba yepamutemo dzemunharaunda

Vazhinji kwemasayendisiti kuitika ukama vanhu veruzhinji, mubhizimisi, mune zvematongerwo enyika, runodzorwa mitemo mutemo. budiriro yavo - nzira, nzira uye zviri izvo anoenderana ezvinhu akawanda - kubva zvikurukuru zvenhau netsika kwemashoko ehurumende uye ayo zvematongerwo enyika. Zvinokoshawo uye international chinhu.

Kuburikidza chii zvigadziriswe pakusikwa yepamutemo zviridzwa anoratidza kuMudzidzisi mitemo, anogona kuitika uchidzidzira? Mitemo reConstitutional vari vangasimudzira akasiyana pamwero kubva dzose? Ndezvipi mirayiro pamutemo panyaya kupatsanura yavo? Zvinorevei tichitarisa kukura kwavo ndiwo musimboti wenyika kupatsanurwa kwemasimba?

Chii kwemitemo?

Tinotsanangura vamwe mazwi. Chii pfungwa kwemitemo? Maererano nomumwe ndicho kududzira, zvinoreva mutemo, kubatanidzwa boka masangano pasi pemurairo. Izvozvo hwatenderwa nezviremera, uyewo raitarisirwa naye zvinoumba zvichibvira kutyorwa. Ona kuti mashoko okuti "kwemitemo" uye "kwemitemo" ano magweta Russian vanotenda anofanana. Kunyange bvumidzwa, uye zvakasiyana dudziro. Somuenzaniso, pasi kwemitemo hazvigoni kunzwisiswa utongi zvakatangwa mamiriro, senguva dzose, sevamwe tichitarisa omumwe boka kana vamwe nomunhu boka maitiro muenzaniso yayo hazvirevi waitaura zvaifanira kuitwa munzvimbo mitemo.

Ndezvipi nevamwe zvinhu kwemitemo? Kutanga, zvinokosha kuziva chokwadi kuti vari inozivikanwa nevanhu vavanorarama nemunhu. kuzvidzora chinhu iri kana nzanga yose zvayo kana wayo mumwe mapoka, muzviitiko - job. Personal wezwi hakusi yo kwemitemo, nemhaka kugutsikana kwavo, Chokwadi, kwete kushanda.

Inokosha umo nokutonga murayiro Russian Federation uye dzimwe nyika kuita - imwe zvavo pakati zvivako, semumiririri sezvinobvira zvinoratidza mamiriro kukura ukama pakati midziyo mutemo. Izvozvo imwe tsime mutemo zvichiitirwa zvakaenzana zvinobudirira kushandisa zvinodiwa neboka revanhu, kana, sezvatakagamuchira akati, wose vanhu.

Legal urongwa zvainanga yokudzora mabasa avo zvinhu kuti vane maitiro akafanana, pana Somuenzaniso, basa racho, magariro chikamu, zera, etc. Kana tiri kutaura pamusoro nzanga yose, pane zvaiwanzoreva rupi vanhu kana ndima yavanofanira vanogara.

Dambudziko ukama pakati dzidziso uye tsika

Mukuru kuoma kuti muparamende, izvo rinobudisa pamutemo dzemunharaunda, - tinofanira kuitira zvaidiwa zvokudya zviri zvinyorwa, zviri muvanhu. Kana kuti chikamu chacho chiri kuhupenyu musimboti murayiro. Mugore zvemitemo mugadziriro chero nyika munyika ane mutemo kukwana. Mienzaniso iyi inowanikwa Russia. Pakati magweta (zvose avo chokuita netsika uye avo vari mubasa tsvakurudzo mumunda mutemo) yakazarura nhaurirano panyaya kusarudza chikuru maitiro kunzwisisa mutemo.

Kune avo vanotenda kuti yaifanira (kana zvichibvira) kuverenga mutemo. Kureva, vanofanira kuomerera zvinoreva mutauro aripo mashoko omurayiro, ari kwakajairika mupfungwa. Asi pane magweta vari pedyo dudziro pamutemo dzemunharaunda. Vanodavira kuti munhu arege kuverenga zvakanyorwa mumutemo sezvaari. More chaizvo, zvinogona kuitwa, asi chete kana hapana chikonzero chinokosha nechokwadi chakakoshera huri mumatare mabasa kusvika mamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo.

Mutemo Tsika

Achitaura chechipiri chinoumba, kana pane dudziro pamutemo dzemunharaunda, basa rinokosha runoonekwa magweta akawanda, wakakurira chikamu akadai netsika. Munhu anokonzera kushandiswa zvimwe mitemo avata pasi mitemo, kutungamirirwa kupfuura pachavo maonero ari kuitika mumunda nokufukidzwa murau. Uye nokuti mutemo inobata, kutangira pakutanga, nokuti munhu zvaanotenda, kwete nekuda kwavo kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro kugutsikana.

Kune dzimwe nzvimbo umo netsika kungasava akakodzera chaizvo chezvinonhuwira kushandiswa chaikwo mutemo. Somuenzaniso, zvemari uye dzepamutemo mitemo mabasa mabhanga, zvinofanira kuva zvishoma asingatani kududzira. specificity vachireva vaitofanira kuverenga, kushanda pamwe nhamba.

Mhando yepamutemo dzemunharaunda

Lawyers pamutemo dzemunharaunda rakakamurwa mhando huru nhatu - ndichisunga, inorambidza uye authorizes. Muganhu pakati pavo inogona kunyatsonanga zvemasanga. Somuenzaniso, vamwe dzemunharaunda zvemari uye zviri pamutemo, kana tikaramba kutaura nezvazvo, anogona mune dzimwe nzvimbo yapakati pamahombekombe kupa kodzero kuongorora wezvokutengeserana chikwereti uye zvemari masangano, pane dzimwe - kuti hake kuti Central Bank kudaro yakakodzera nguva. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, nomutemo mabasa mamiriro zvinoratidza mumwe kutevedzana mamiriro ezvinhu pasi iyo authorizes zvokudya anogona kuiswa iri chokutanga hwaro, uye chete kana imwe akagadzirwa ezvinhu - tichisunga. The neizvi mamiriro ezvinhu.

Pane zvimwe zvikonzero kupatsanura yokupira dzemunharaunda. Ivo, panzira, unogona zvakanaka mukwanisi vaya zvatichangobva kutaurwa. Tiri kutaura weboka mutemo pamusoro adaro, mutemo unoti uye hako. Avo vari vokutanga kubvumira mumwe rusununguko nyaya anokonzera kushandiswa mutemo. Iye anogona kuzvibvunza kana kushandisa zvimwe mutemo kana havatenderwi kushandisa mukana uyu? Opsioneel mitemo zvinoratidza zvimwe nzira Muchiitiko, asi kwete asiri kushandisa chinzvimbo. Inotodiwa, akavapindurawo, harirevi kunze kweaya ushandiswe nomurayiro mumwe kusarudza. How vose classifications Nenyaya Iyi pamwe nemumwe? Ndicho nyore chaizvo. Kazhinji, kufadza uye inorambidza dzemunharaunda ane zvinokosha kana uchida hako. Authorizes kazhinji dispositive.

Kwemitemo zvinotora Society

In zvegutsaruzhinji hwoudzvinyiriri, pane kuti apo zvinhu pamutemo mitemo zvinosanganisira parameter dzakadai evanhu hunhu mavambo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kuitwa mutemo zvakananga kana kuti zvisina kunanga akatanga vanhu. It anobvuma kuti mabasa ayo achaitwa nokudzorwa mutemo. Mienzaniso kana vanhu rinobatanidzwa pakagadzwa dzavo - referendum, Assembly nevanhu. Kana tiri kutaura pamusoro kunanga vanhu Kupinda kukura kuMudzidzisi mitemo, chinowanzoonekwa vakapiwa masimba zvemitemo neparamende.

Enderana pamutemo dzemunharaunda

A seti yokupira mitemo vakagamuchirwa pachiyero paruzhinji masangano, pamwe kutora chikamu munzanga, chinoumba zvakakodzera hurongwa. Zvingasanganisira manyuko, kudzora pezvakaitwa pachiyero evanhu akasiyana, hazvina hakunei dzimwe nguva. Zvisinei, mugadziriro pamutemo mabasa, mitemo uye matanho kuti kuitwa mitemo, nzira dzekuziva kuti kunyatsoshanda yavo iyi achava systemic hunhu. Zvapedzisira zvakajairika kudzora manyuko nedzimwe sectoral nemagariro nemunhu.

Kwemitemo uye ehurumende

Sei State rinobatanidzwa pakuvaka uye kutsigirwa nokushanda ezvinhu yepamutemo dzemunharaunda, kwete kusanganisira nzira kuitira kwavo sevanakomana? Pindura mubvunzo uyu nokuongorora nheyo kupatsanurwa kwemasimba. Kukura pamutemo dzemunharaunda chete hanya nomumwe matavi matatu - kwemitemo. Asi panewo varikutonga uye matare. Saka, basa ehurumende - kwete chete bhuku yokupira dzemunharaunda, asiwo nechokwadi kuurayiwa yavo, uyewo chisarudzo paruvazhe zvichibvira negakava kududzirwa zvimwe mirayiro.

Mumwe kiyi zvigadziriswe iri gadziriro iyo pamwe pakati pamatavi ose ehurumende (uye zvikurukuru avo kuti vanopa mashandiro nevarikutonga bazi), - kodzero nokumanikidzwa. Hurumende inoda kuzadzisa zvinodiwa nemitemo vose ravakanga vari akakodzera. Munyika ine dzakabudirira repamutemo gadziriro havatenderwi kuisa mamwe mitemo mutemo kuti vane kwakatangira kunze masangano ehurumende (kunze zviitiko kana akabvumira kuti kwemitemo pacharo). Mienzaniso anogona kuwanikwa kunyange Russian tsika. Zvikurukuru pamusoro Civil Code rine urongwa, maererano izvo kusaina dzevagari zvibvumirano nokuda akasimbisa nezvimiro uye mitemo inogona kutsiviwa netsika mubhizimisi, musimboti usingagoni zvakajeka chinyatsotsanangurwa pose - inobva tsika imwe nharaunda Russia. Asi vakawanda mutemo wehurumende - chikuru tsime mitemo yokuzvibata nokuda kambani kana munhu constituent mapoka.

Mune dzimwe rinoti, basa guru iri pamutemo utariri dzokusimukira pezvakaitwa kuridza nevarikutonga uye Paramende, uye matare. With chii chinogona kwakabatana? Chokutanga, pamwe pamutemo hurongwa unhu, kushanda imwe nyika, musimboti iyo, akavapindurawo, akatsunga zvikurukuru tsika uye nhoroondo zviri munyika kukura. Chii ino? Ngationgororei navo.

mutemo weRoma uye-Saxon

Mitemo munyika dzakasiyana vanogona kushanda mukati yechinangwa zvakasiyana gadziriro. Zvisinei, munyika yanhasi, mumwe nomumwe anoita zvinodiwa yenyika kuti kuona hunhu uye zvinokonzerwa kwemitemo, imwe nzira kana imwe inoratidza imwe yose systemic pfungwa lawmaking. Kana isu nezvazvo dzakabudirira, avo dzakakurumbira mbiri dzakada kufanana gadziriro - the Roman-weGermany uye-Saxon. Ndezvipi zvinhu neimwe?

Senzira Romano-weGermany hurongwa kushanda National nomutemo hurongwa vari waitaura zvaifanira kuitwa zvinyorwa. Ndiko, mitemo mune zvakakwana, uye Zvakanakisa - mune misoro fomu kuti taurira ichi kana kuti chinhu kudzora kuita mukati zvimwe mitemo. Zvingava rwevanhu vehurumende mutemo, akanyorwa ari oga remitemo. Kana, somuenzaniso, urongwa Dare iri ukama zvakananga sectors hwenyika. Waitaura zvaifanira kuitwa muna Romano-weGermany hurongwa uyewo chero mutemo mhosva.

The mashandiro umo mitemo dzinoitwa pano achipfeka aitungamirira basa yeparamende uye Executive masangano. Mabasa repamutemo rakapa chete pamusoro ndima nevamwe mitemo kutenderera dzekutora approvals.

Ndezvipi zvainyanya kuitwa-Saxon muenzaniso? Chokwadi kuti kwainyanya kwomutemo mairi - mutongo muenzaniso. Chokwadi ndechokuti mutemo, sezvatakagamuchira akati apa, vabvuma vanhu kana referendamu, uye nzira akafanana naye kana kuti nzanga nokumupa mamwe masimba aro zvivako dzeparamende. Zvisinei, zviri pamutemo muenzaniso ane zvadzinoda zvachose kupinda simba. The yose zvemitemo kwacho ndiko kuita kunzwa. Kamwe chisarudzo rakakodzera ngachiitwe, inova bhuku ine azere, enforceable pamutemo mitemo. Mienzaniso munyika umo kushanda-Saxon muenzaniso - the United States, England, Canada.

The rokutonga muenzaniso zvinoratidzwa, uyewo mutemo, chinhu mutemo. Kazhinji, ndizvo pasocial boka zvakafanana zvinhu zvokufungidzira zviri rumhan'aro mapato - the mukwiriri, yomupomerwi kana mhosva. Funga muenzaniso.

Murume akanga achifamba mumugwagwa usiku uye netsaona yakawira mundima matunhu neminisiparati zvikoro muguta Jacksonville. Wavarindi akadana mapurisa, uye mugari akasungwa ari nokufungirana nechinangwa kuisa chikoro vamwe kukuvara. The Kutongwa akatora nzvimbo iyo pokutanga chinangwa haana nekusimba, asi munhu akawanikwa nemhosva kutyora mitemo iripo unorambidza kuvhiringidza pamusoro matunhu neminisiparati pfuma. Mugumisiro ndiye muenzaniso inotevera hunhu - Jacksonville nezvisingabvumwi kupinda munharaunda matunhu neminisiparati zvikoro manheru. Pane tichisunga mutemo mhosva. Zvino vagari US guta kunge kunyanya kungwarira panguva manheru rinofamba munzvimbo nhengo masangano edzidzo. Chokwadi, pane pamutemo neizvi ari muRoma-weGermany pamutemo hurongwa. Zvisinei, havana simba mutemo, uye naizvozvo haangagoni kushandiswa kunze dzamavanze. Havaiti kazhinji tichisunga, sezvo munyika umo simba-Saxon pamutemo tsika.

Magweta Vazhinji vanoti: muganhu pakati hurongwa maviri mutemo, raireva vanowanzotevedzera zvishoma nezvishoma blurring. Mune US Somuenzaniso, kuva uye kukosha sezvo nguva mitemo - avo vabvuma parliaments yacho inoti, kana, kana tinotaura pamusoro yeUnited vanochiva Congress. Munyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope, zvaakatonga neizvi, pasinei kwayo kuduku kukosha kana tichienzanisa mitemo, vari kutanga kuita kuramba basa rinokosha kugarwa munyaya iri zvatinoita vatevedzere mutemo, uye of facto kazhinji vanoshumira mitemo sezvo pamutemo.

Kwemitemo uye ukama dzakawanda

Senzira chii hurongwa vari kushanda dzakawanda mumatare dzemunharaunda ndokunge iri senyika anogona kushanda zvikuru zvakafanana chinokosha lawmaking womuenzaniso dzemitemo? Chaizvoizvo, pfungwa pano riri harmonization maitirwo. Mumwe kiyi misimboti mutemo dzakawanda - the zvinokosha dzemunharaunda zvakafanana zvakakwana kuratidza nzira kukura nzanga yenyika yose kana munhu kumatunhu nyika, pakati iyo ukama Makavakwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo.

Mumwe iine mabasa dzakawanda - kuvimbika vatevedzere mashandiro. Iye zvinobudirira rinopedzisa mashoko zvinokosha mubvunzo. Rokumanikidzwa nokuti nyika dzinoverengeka kunogona chete mabasa avo, rinova ndiro pfungwa vaipara dzose nguva, kuti kunzwisisa.

Mumwe mukuru zvinyorwa yokudzora international mutemo - the Vienna Convention pakati 1969. Mariri, zvikurukuru, yakati kuti hukama pakati penyika mbiri dzinofanira kuvakwa panheyo chikuru kukosha kwemitemo hwakagadzwa panguva yose chechetere. mitemo National vanofanira kana kutevedza zvatinopiwa reInternational muzvinhu apo unoshanda, kana kuti pfungwa yokutanga wechipiri panguva rawo. Kana mamiriro, kuvaka zvemitemo mutemo, nheyo iyi haisi kuchengetwa, anogona kunze kubva kuMudzidzisi kwezvakatipoteredza pamwe pakati penyika iri pamutemo mumunda.

Chimwe gwaro rinokosha - the Declaration pamisimboti International Law, vakagamuchirwa muna 1970. Hazvina kunyanya, inonyatsoratidza kuti murau, umo mune kuvimbika dzemitemo. The Kuzivisa rinoti kuti vechikamu dzakawanda ukama vanofanira dyidzana kana totaura kukura mirayiro iri gadziriro rakabatana vomureza mharidzo. Gwaro rine mazano States hakufaniri kutungamirirwa. Ngationgororei navo.

1. nheyo kungorega pakushandisa simba nomumwe mamiriro mumwe.

The miganhu Kuvimbika nyika, uyewo avo uchangamire enyika, inofanira nebumbiro mutemo dzakawanda. Possible Kupindira muzvinhu zvavo nemauto zvinofanira kubvumirana pane UN chechetere.

2. Resolution munyaya nenzira usakanganisa dzakawanda.

Military chiito sezvo nzira nharo chisarudzo ngaarege kuva magumo pachayo. The State anofanira kukoshesa kugadzirisa kusawirirana murunyararo.

3. Murayiro vasiri kupindira mumwe mamiriro munyaya dzevamwe, kugona kugadzirisa matambudziko mukati yayo kugona.

Kana nyika anokwanisa kutsungirira matambudziko chete, mutemo dzakawanda yokuti vamwe kusangomanikidzira kwavo rubatsiro.

4. States inofanira kwazvo nokuda yakawiriranwa pamwe.

Pfungwa iyi zvinoreva zvinotevera akakodzera zvokudya UN Charter.

5. Vanhu vane kodzero yokuzvitonga, uyewo pamusoro akamira zvakaenzana.

Pfungwa iyi vanoverengeka magweta zvinonzwisiswa sezvo achiita kwemadzinza mwe zvokushandisa nokuumbwa itsva akazvimirira anoti.

6. Changamire nyika kuvaka ukama nevamwe mazano wakanyatsojeka.

Zvinofungirwa kuti hurumende haina vanogona isiyo pakutanga pakugadzirisa chero kusawirirana. Kwakadaro chete anogona akazviisa munyika dare.

7. States vanofanira kuzadzisa dzavo wazvipira kwakaitwa yechinangwa pamwe nevamwe United Nations nemitemo mukutenda zvakanaka.

An chinokosha caveat: ose pamusoro zvinofanira munyaya iyoyo chechinyorwa. Uye nokuti mamiriro, iyo inoshanda pose zvinoenderana Charter of United Nations nemamwe manyuko mutemo, vakagamuchirwa musangano, havagoni kusarudza sei kushandisa mazano uye chii - kwete.

Constitutional uye zviri pamutemo zvinhu

Funga sei sangano paumbwe kunobva mutemo panguva soro, Dare pamwero muenzaniso zvigadziriswe anoshandira Russia. Ndezvipi zvinhu mitemo uye Implementation kwemitemo vari pamusoro dhigiri vakuru vakuru pakati normative mabasa Russian Federation?

Zvinofanira kuzivikanwa, pakutanga kwezvose, kuti Dare uye dzepamutemo zvokudya zvayo anokosha zvinhu zviri Yakafanana kune zvimwe (avo inodzora nomumwe maindasitiri kana magariro mapoka). Kureva, zvisinei chaizvo kupatsanura pakati mubumbiro uye dzepamutemo dzemunharaunda, vachafanira zvinhu zvakadai yezvisikwa ukoshi, kuchechi uye abstractness. Kuzadzika hwakagadzwa mitemo iyi inosimbiswa mamiriro.

Zvadaro, Dare nomutemo mitemo vanoitwa dzinoratidzwa zvakawanda nevamwe zvinhu. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

- the specificity mutauro;

- pamusoro chinzvimbo vakuru vakuru anopa mutemo;

- obscheregulyativnyh vakawanda mitemo nenheyo;

- the constituent hunhu mitemo (kuzvitutumadza Kuziviswa avo dzimwe mitemo);

- chaizvo mutemo rawo tsika;

- hunhu pamutemo miviri;

- chikamu chiduku basa zvirango mundima mamiriro.

Kupatsanura pakati kweBumbiro uye mutemo, vakagamuchirwa kuRussia, inopa siyana zvikuru nezvemirau akakodzera. Zvisinei, mune rusarura neimwe rinoshanda chero apa ndima.