Mutemo, State uye mutemo
Juvenile kururamisira: chii? Dambudziko yokupara kururamisirwa Russian Federation
Section mutemo, inotaura nezvinetso mutemo iri yevana, ndicho yokupara kururamisira hurongwa. Chii zvino kukwanisa kuudza chero dzendege kana gweta. Kudivi rimwe, chikamu inotaura matare yokupara mhosva, uye kuno rumwe - kudzivirira vana ivavo chete kubva kushungurudzwa nevanhu vakuru. With mugove wokutanga zvakajeka. Nokuti zviito ake, mumwe nomumwe anofanira kusangana. Asi yokupara kururamisira wemuTesitamende Russian Federation pamusoro kudzivirira yevana ine zvakawanda nuances.
nhoroondo zvinhu
The rinokosha mamiriro juveniles vakanga mumazuva Russian Empire. Kana tikafunga mujeri Code uye Criminal Corrections kubva 1845, basa mabasa rakatanga makore manomwe. Nekuti kudarika vabereki vaduku vana akagamuchira chirango. Muna December 1866 Alexander II mvumo mutemo pamusoro zviri yokupara mhosva munzvimbo chaiyo munowanikwa nezvishoma zvinhu nderemagariro. Vakomana pano aigona kudzidza uye basa. Kunyange ipapo, vakomana nevasikana dzichengeterwe nomumwe.
The tsotsi bumbiro iri 1903 makore mhosva basa rakachinjwa. Juvenile vatadzi vaigona kurangwa kare kunosvika makore 10. Mukuwedzera, vakomana vaigona kuramba novices kumonasitiri pachinzvimbo kurangwa ari nyuchi. Kunyatsogona yokupara ruramisiro ano shanduro vachishingaira yakatanga kumavambo XX remakore. dare vana vokutanga vakauya muna 1910 uye kwakatora kusvikira October Revolution. Zvisinei, panguva World War First, chidimbu ichi mutemo ambomiswa kukura kwayo.
Muna 1922, kuri zviyero mhosva basa dzakasimbiswa. Maererano mitemo nguva mutadzi aine makore 16 akatakura zvakafanana marangirwo sezvo vakura. Juvenile akutadzira aigona kuiswa mune zvakafanana muchitokisi nyika. Handisi basa vatadzi pasi makore 18, chete-soro nechiyero kuzvidzora - kuurayiwa.
Sezvo zvinhu nhasi?
Modern yokupara kururamisira maitiro ari Russian Federation itange legislated chete muna 1995. Zvadaro Presidential ndizvo 14.09.1995 gore, izvo vakabvumira zvokuita kuti yevana. A rinokosha hurongwa yambokurukurwa kuitira kusimbisa wepamutemo kudzivirira vana, iyo vakagamuchira zita kushandiswa "juvenile kururamisira". Chii chikamu ichi? Izvo mabhora upenyu here kufukidza? Izvi uye nemimwe mibvunzo yakawanda pakutanga vasina mhinduro kubva nyanzvi. Pashure pezvose, pfungwa hanya kwete chete basa yevana pamberi mutemo, asi kuchengetedza kodzero dzavana.
Muna 1998, mutemo wakadzikwa pamusoro chinokosha chinoratidza kodzero dzevana vari Russian Federation. Nokuti nguva yokutanga pfungwa "vana munguva dzakaoma." Pano akatakura underage vakomana nevasikana vane matambudziko zvounhu, vanogara mari shoma mhuri kana kutambura nechisimba kubva kuhama vakura. The kupfuura achishingaira ichi ruremekedzo kwakasimbiswa yokupara kururamisira muMoscow. Vashandi Social chengeta zvinyorwa mhuri dzinoparadzana, akatarisa vana vane vabereki vane matambudziko mutemo.
The kuchinja mune yokupara kururamisira Russia akava Supreme Court pamubvunzo 14 February 2000. By ayo mashoko, yokupara agumbura aigona kubudiswa mhosva kuita, kana vasingakwanisi kuuya usakurirwe akuvara kana hama dzake.
Muna 2008, kuchinja vakaitwa Wemhuri Code. Paiva chitsauko 22, iyo inorondedzera mukana kubviswa vana vemhuri muupenyu akaoma ezvinhu. Kana mukati imwe nguva mamiriro ezvinhu asina kuchinja, vana akatsunga chaiyo pakuchengetedzwa mudziyo mumhuri itsva. Paivawo nyaya weCriminal Code, izvo anopa basa vabereki kuti kukundikana yokupara kurera. Ndizvo zvakadzama uchibatanidza mukana mwana kudzivirira yokupara kururamisira. Zvinorevei? Kutaura zvazviri, tsika zvezvipfuwo chirango hakubvumidzwi semhuri, uye mujeri romutemo.
To musi, pane mitemo uhwo yokupara kururamisira womuenzaniso hakufaniri dzakapfigirwa pakusika mhosva hwanana matare. Nyanzvi dzinoti pane inofanira kusimbiswa rinokosha hurongwa aurayiwe kwechirango mune rusarura vasina kuwana makore 18. Uyezve, mimwe mibvunzo yepamusoro zvinofanira kugadziriswa toreva vana kunyimwa hanya nevabereki. Vakuru vanogona kurambwa kodzero dzidzo yevana vavo chete asina mhosva.
zvirongwa akazvimirira inoitirwa kufukidza zvakare nyaya utano chokuita yekuronga mhuri uye zvepabonde dzidzo yevana. Kutanga chaiyo nyaya muzvikoro kuchabatsira zvikuru kuderedza mhosva uye kuberekwa mwero vana chakaoma muupenyu ezvinhu mhuri.
Ndinofanira kuva matare uye zviri pamutemo kuchinja?
Ånd gadziriro muzvidzivirire kwokudarika yevana nhasi haasi kushanda panguva simba zvizere. Not kuchengetedzwa zvakazara, uye kodzero nevana vaduku mumhuri vari muupenyu akaoma ezvinhu. Mumakore achangopfuura, yekudyidzana vakashaisa nheyo mhuri. Maererano evanhu kuongorora, vana ruchigona kupedza nguva neshamwari pane hama. Inokanganisa vakuru riri nemarererwo uye network. Also yadzikira uye mabasa dzidzo nemasangano edzidzo.
Juvenile Justice muMoscow uye mamwe maguta munyika hunonyatsobatana achiati zvose zvoupenyu. Mumakore achangopfuura, yekudyidzana zvakawedzera uwandu vabereki vane vana vanoshungurudzwa. Not yokupedzisira basa reDare zvoupfumi pano. Vakawanda vanosiyiwa pasina basa, havakwanisi zvokudya dzavo. Zvinoguma mwoyo kwenguva refu. Mupfungwa vaneta vakuru vanotanga kutanha hasha dzavo vana. Zvakaratidza kuti kuderedza mhirizhonga mhuri zvichakubatsira ndinosika mabasa matsva. Economic Kugadzikana - kiyi hunofadza wezvizvarwa.
Pakutonga uye zviri pamutemo kuchinja nofanira vana uyewo kudzora kuwaniswa network. PaIndaneti, kune rakavhurika kukwanisa zvakawanda, izvo zvinogona kukuvadza pfungwa varombo wemwana. Kana iwe kutirambidza kuwana yevana kuti zvimwe Websites, achakwanisa kuderedza mwana yaiparadza. Somugumisiro, kuderera uwandu mhosva zvakaitwa vagari pasi pemakore 18 okuberekwa.
Commission on Vana
The chikuru dambudziko yokupara kururamisira Russia iri Kusakwana wechipfuwo mutemo. Projects kuti kubata vana zvinoda vainyatsotarisirwa kubva nyanzvi. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti huru che yokupara kururamisira kunofanira basa raikosha pamusoro yokupara zvenyika. The Russian Hurongwa zviri rakasiyana Western mumwe. In dzakawanda chamakamisa anokosha matare kuti hwanana. Zviri miviri izvi kusarudza njodzi yokupara mhosva, uye vane basa dzidzo yevana vakasiya pasina kutarisirwa nevabereki. Zvisinei, muna Russia, nyaya dzakadaro akatemwa nokuda chete muviri kuti anoshanda vagari vakuru.
Nhasi, nyika kushanda ari yokupara basa, akasikwa nguva Soviet. basa ravo kwakavakirwa mitemo yaivapo batana. The chikuru basa wemuviri kudzivirira pokugara uye zvisiri pamutemo mabasa yevana vari pasina vakuru kutarisirwa. Mukuwedzera, komisheni mudonzvo anofanira kuita zvose kuitira kudzivirira kodzero uye zvinofarirwa nevana. Nokuti varume vakanga vanozviwana vari mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, vakabata zvemagariro pedagogical vapore.
Basa Commission musi Juvenile dzova nemigumisiro yakanaka. By vachiongorora mari shoma mhuri havagoni kuziva vabereki vasingakwanisi kukurira mabasa avo. Zvisinei, basa iri rinofanira kuitwa nokushingaira. pamwe zvikoro uye nemamwe masangano dzidzo nesungano pakati evanhu mabasa kuchaderedza padanho yevaduku, kuderedza uwandu juveniles munguva dzakaoma.
Key zvinzvimbo paumbwe yokupara kururamisira
Nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti hurongwa, iyo inoshanda nhasi, anofanira kuparadzwa chose. The idzva racho pamusoro yokupara kururamisira gadziriro dzinofanira rakatangwa muna nenzira yakadaro, munyika dzokuMadokero. In zvinhu izvi zvinofanira zvishoma nezvishoma, sezvakatenderanwa Russian chokwadi. International yokupara ruramisiro kunobatanidza kubata dzakasiyana mabhora zvoupenyu. Protection yevana vachava zvinogoneka kana basa kuchasanganisira kwete chete mabasa evanhu asi masangano dzidzo, kutengeserana mibatanidzwa.
Panewo zvinopikisana nzvimbo. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti yokupara kururamisira miviri hadzibudisi zvakunotibatsira nzanga. Courts, kuitarisira nedzimwe nhengo kuti vakaita kubvira nguva Soviet, zviri zvikuru kukurira mabasa avo. Pane pfungwa kuti Implementation ari yokupara kururamisira wemuTesitamende Russia - chiyero zvakawandisa. All unofanira kuita - ndiko kuedza kuvandudza kuitika hurongwa. A yaitsiva sechivako kwakakwana zvinoda chaizvo zvemari uye mumuviri mari.
Hazvina kubvisa yevaduku yokupara kururamisira. Kureva, panguva paro? Zviri kwegadziriro chirango yokupara mutemo, uyewo kudzivirira kodzero vana vabereki vasingakwanisi kukurira mabasa avo. Asi unofanira kutanga kuitwa basa rokudzidzisa riri panzira uye nzira dzidzo. Kana vana kukura murudo hanya, yokupara mhosva uchaderedzwa yekudyidzana. Zvakaratidza kuti zvakakosha kuvandudza kwete chirango hurongwa. Huru basa anofanira kupiwa chokudzidzisa vabereki vaduku. Uye basa iri aigona zvakanaka kushandisa munzanga mabasa.
The kuramba yokupara kururamisira vemunharaunda
Kutanga nenhungamiro yokupara kururamisira muRussia wokutanga akaita dutu guru nepfungwa uye mashoko. Maererano vavengi utsanzi, dzemunharaunda Western zvachose dzinopesana National mafungiro pakunamata uye patsika yakatanga kwemakore. In Russian vanhu, zvinofungidzirwa kuti mwana anofanira kuremekedza vabereki. Vanababa uye vana havafaniri kuva pamusoro akamira zvakaenzana. Asi maererano Western nezvinodiwa, vana vane kodzero sezvo vabereki. Nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti izvi pakupedzisira kutungamirira kuti destabilization kwemhuri, zvikoro uye vamwevo. mwana akadzidza isiri ndiyo tichikurumidza mhosva zviito.
Pamusoro yokupara kururamisira hurongwa muenzaniso Western vakadaro anozivikanwa nhamba akadai wenhau Mikhail Leontyev, mutambi Ekaterina Vasilieva, political mazano Anatoly Wasserman. Maererano nedzimwe enyika, yokupara ruzivo vanowanzotevedzera rakatsemuka Russian vanhu kuva mapoka maviri.
The akaipa chokupika miviri kururamisira ari yokupara
Russia watopiwa raparurwa mutyairi muzvirongwa pamusoro yokupara kururamisira. Vakanga nemigumisiro yakaipa. Zvikurukuru, naikoku kutsika-tsika kodzero vabereki. mhuri dzose akashandisa nzira dzidzo yavo. Maererano Western tsika mwana kururamisira yokupara anogona kusarudza zvaanoda kuita uye sei kuita imwe ezvinhu. Panguva iyoyowo, vabereki havagoni rambidza nayo. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo inokanganisa pamusoro pokumuka saibva unhu.
Zvakakonzera kuwedzera vanenge yezve kwevabereki kodzero, yokupara kururamisira. How kuzvidzivirira mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, vakuru havasi kuziva. Muzviitiko zvizhinji, chisarudzo chinobviswa nedare haisi nyasha mumhuri. Panguva iyoyowo vanotambura vakuru nevana. Implementation pamusoro yokupara zvinodiwa nokururamisira uye kunounza nokuwedzera kwenhamba Muzviitiko yevaduku. Kunyange zvingava sokuti, zvinofanira kuva zvakasiyana. Mwana, akasiya pasina kutarisirwa nevabereki, anotanga kuita zviito zvisina kukodzera.
Masimba yokupara zviremera
Maererano nenyanzvi, akaipa zvabuda avapo nokuda kunyanyisa kuwedzera masimba inova chikamu nemamiriro hwanana (vashandi munzanga, matare). Uyezve, kururama akadudzira mwana dzevanhukadzi. Zvinosuruvarisa mumakore achangopfuura yekudyidzana zvakawedzera inondimukira okusuma yokupara zviremera pakuparwa nomumwe mhuri. Nechekare pane zviitiko apo vana zvakabviswa kubva dzavo kunyange penga nezvazvo. The mwana kutambura pakutanga.
Maererano Western nezvemaitiro, yokupara zviremera anogonawo anosarudza kuti vabereki kurera mwana. Pashure pezvose, muEurope zvinofungidzirwa kuti munhu muduku inokura uye anova ari muvanhu, uye vabereki vanoita yechipiri basa. Saka, amai uye baba ndoda nezvainoita mwana wacho pane chikoro vanachiremba, vadzidzisi, vanachiremba.
Alternative zvinhu mumunda hwanana
mutemo Western uye yokupara kururamisira hurongwa vasakanganise kukura Russian wehurumende. Kusimudza hwandaiva muvanhu, tinofanira chete natsai mutemo mhuri huripo. Basa chokuita kuchengetedzwa kwemhuri uye vana, zvinofanira zvainanga kuderedza pamuviri, kutsigira mhuri huru, batsirai vana vakanga vasara vasina vabereki. A komisheni chaiyo inofanira kumisa muchikoro chimwe nechimwe. mabasa Social vanofanira kuitisa basa rayo vachishingaira, asi kwete noutsinye.
Cherechedzai inofanira kubhadharwa kuvana correctional masangano. Zvakakosha kutsvaka chokutanga, nei mwana akaenda mhosva. Kazhinji, vana vari pamutemo yezvakaitwa pasi pokudzora vakuru. Majeri vanofanira kushanda kuti umutsidzire vana kudzidza misimboti tsika uye kururamisira.
The Sumo nheyo itsva hwanana kuita pasina zveupfumi zvinhu. Kunyatsomuteerera inofanira kubhadharwa kuti mari ine mari shoma uye mhuri huru. Zvinofanira kukurudzira creators mhuri-mhando nherera. Kana mhuri zvichagoverwa tiine unhu zvokudya, vana vakapfeka uye dzakapfeka kugadzirirwa kwemashoko, aigona chaizvo zvakanaka kupedza zhizha yezororo, hazvingaiti kuva mubvunzo yevaduku.
To muchidimbu
Zvinofanira kuva yokupara kururamisira muRussia? vana uye vabereki vose achabatsirwa kana kwavanoitwa yakawanda kubva mamiriro. Zvisinei, kufunga inofanira kuendeswa kukura mhuri yose. Hasha Misimboti yokupara kururamisira, kushandiswa mune dzimwe kumadokero nyika, kwete zvakakodzera Russian nzanga iri.
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