Ivan Turgenev: Biography, upenyu hwake uye mabasa. Enganonyorwa uye Stories

Turgenev, Ivan Sergeyevich, pfupi nyaya, novellas enganonyorwa ayo anozivikanwa uye kudiwa nevakawanda nhasi, akaberekwa October 28, 1818 muguta Orel, mumhuri chekare vanokudzwa. Ivan Turgenev aiva mwanakomana Varvara Petrovna (akaberekwa Lutovinovo) uye Turgeneva Sergeya Nikolaevicha rechipiri.

vabereki Turgenev

baba vake yaiva mubasa vamabhiza hondo Elisavetgrad. Pashure muchato wake akanga pachinzvimbo chevatatu konoro pamudyandigere. Sergey vaiva mhuri chekare vanokudzwa. Madzitateguru ake inofungidzirwa zvave Tartars. Amai Ivan Sergeyevich haana chete vanokudzwa baba, asi iye akanga mukuru upfumi hwake. nyika Kukuru Orel mudunhu, vaiva Varvara Petrovna. Sergey akasiyanisa runako tsika uye rokunyika kunatsiridzwa. Aiva mweya wakanaka, waiva wakanaka. Amai muzvarirwo aisadaro. Mukadzi uyu akarasikirwa baba vake mangwanani. Vanotyisa kuvhunduka akanga noruzivo kuyaruka, kana iye akaedza kunyengedza vokurera. Varvara pamba. mai Ivan vake, akatambudzika kunyadziswa uye kudzvinyirirwa, akaedza kushandisa simba rakapiwa kwariri nomurayiro uye hunhu navanakomana vake. Mukadzi uyu akanga akasiyana kwedu. Aida vana vake pamadiro, uye serfs akanga utsinye, kazhinji kuti achinyengedza infractions kurangwa Kurohwa navo.

Case muBern

Muna 1822 Turgenev akaenda mhiri kwemakungwa kufamba. MuBern, guta Swiss, Ivan Sergeyevich akatosvika akaurayiwa. Chokwadi kuti baba mukomana pamusoro fenzi fenzi kuti vakakomba guta guru buri runotsigira kuvaraidza vateereri. Ivan akasvetuka kubva fenzi. Sergei Nikolaevich panguva yokupedzisira wacho mwanakomana wake gumbo.

Kujairirana belles lettres

Turgenevs vakadzoka kubva rwendo kwose Spasskoe- Lutovinovo, mubereki pfuma, ndiko mamaira gumi kubva Mtsenska (Orlovskaya dunhu). Pano Ivan yakawanikwa mabhuku: mai imwe serf serf mukomana wacho akaverenga ndezvechinyakare, raspevno uye rhythmically, asi nhetembo "Rossiada" Kheraskov. KHERASKOV mu yakatarwa mundima akaimba hondo nokuda Kazan Tatars uye Russian paitonga Ivan IV. Makore akawanda gare gare, Turgenev mu yokufungidzira yake 1874 "Punin uye Baburin" akapa mumwe vacho mabasa rudo "Rossiade".

rudo rokutanga

mhuri Ivan Sergeyevich kubva mukupera 1820s uye wokutanga hafu 1830s yakanga muMoscow. Mumakore 15, Turgenev kokutanga kudanana. Panguva ino, mhuri yakanga iri koteji Engel. Vavakidzani vaiva Shahovskaya vamoyo nomwanasikana wake, Princess Catherine, uyo aiva mukuru kupfuura Ivan Turgenev 3 years. First Love Turgenev airatidzika zvinonakidza, akanaka. Akanga vachishamiswa musikana, vachitya kubvuma inonaka uye vaneta kunzwa tikurirwe naye. Zvisinei, mugumo mufaro uye kutambura, tariro uye kutya pakarepo: Ivan S. netsaona akaziva kuti Catherine - Mudiwa baba vake. Turgenev refu vakatevera marwadzo. Rudo rwavo nyaya musikana, iye acharipa gamba iri itsva muna 1860 , "Rudo First". In basa iri, Catherine akava kumumvuri pakati muchindakadzi Zinaida Zasyekin.

Kudzidza ari kuyunivhesiti of Moscow uye St. Petersburg, rufu rwake yababa

Background Ivan Turgeneva mberi nguva yokudzidza. Turgenev, muna September 1834 paakapinda University of Moscow, pamusoro kutaura fakaroti. Zvisinei, akanga asina kufara zvidzidzo ake payunivhesiti. Akafarira CBM, mumwe masvomhu mudzidzisi, uye Dubno, uyo akatungamirira mutauro wokuRussia. Ruzhinji vadzidzisi uye vachiravana zvachose hanya mudzidzi Turgenev. Vamwe vadzidzisi kunyange kunzi yakajeka antipathy. Izvi zvinoshandawo zvikurukuru Pobedonostsev ndiro richikunetesa uye refu vakataura pamusoro mabhuku uye vasingagoni kufamba mberi Lomonosov mu allegiances dzavo. Pashure 5 years, Turgenev akaramba zvidzidzo ake muGermany. Oh, iye anoti University of Moscow: "Iye izere mapenzi."

Ivan Sergeyevich chete vakapedza gore muMoscow. Muzhizha 1834 akatamira St. Petersburg. Pano, mauto kwaisanganisira mukoma wake Nicholas. Ivan Turgenev akaramba kudzidza panguva St. Petersburg University. baba vake vakafa muna October wegore iroro kubvira itsvo mabwe, chaipo pamaoko Ivan. Nomudzimai wake, akanga vaitogara nepakati. Baba Ivan Turgenev akanga Amorous uye vakakurumidza kukanganwa kufarira wake. Varvara Petrovna akanga asina amukanganwira kuti kubiridzira uye kuwedzeredza kutambudzika kwavo uye chirwere, akaisa pachake sezvo nedambudziko callousness ake uye irresponsibility.

A ronda rakadzika mu mweya Turgenev akasiya rufu yababa vake. Akatanga kufunga upenyu uye rufu uye zvinoreva kuvapo. Turgenev panguva ino akakwezva nekuchiva simba, dzakajeka vatambi, kukanda nokutamburira kwomweya, akaratidza kujairika, mutauro kutobaya. Iye reveled ndima VG Benediktova uye NV Puppeteer, dzechembere AA Bestuzhev-vazoedemz. Ivan Turgenev akanyora tichitevedzera Byron (munyori "Manfred") detembo inoshamisa rinonzi "The Wall". Pashure pemakore anopfuura 30, anoti kuti ndiye "zvachose musoro basa."

Achinyora nhetembo, Republican pfungwa

Turgenev chando 1834-1835 gg. kurwara. Aiva utera mumuviri, aisakwanisa kudya kana kurara. Zvaakanga akapora, Ivan Sergeyevich achinja chaizvo mupfungwa uye mumuviri. Akatambanudza zvakasimba uye kufinhwa masvomhu akakwezva kwaari, uye akawedzera kuziva belles lettres. Turgenev akatanga kunyora zvakawanda nhetembo, asiwo chemufananidzo uye utera. Panguva iyoyowo akava kufarira Republican pfungwa. serfdom zvaiitikawo munyika, akanzwa ari kunyadziswa uye mukuru nokusaruramisira. In Turgenev kusimbisa pfungwa mhosva pamberi zvose vanhuwo zvavo, nekuti mai vake rakanga utsinye kwavari. Iye Akapika kuita zvose nechokwadi kuti hapana kirasi muRussia "varanda."

Kujairirana Pletnev uye Pushkin, racho rokutanga nhetembo

Turgenev mudzidzi wake mugore rechitatu akasangana naye P. A. Pletnevym, purofesa mabhuku Russian. A mabhuku mutsoropodzi, mudetembi, shamwari A. S. Pushkina, riri kuna yokufungidzira "Eugene Onegin". Mukutanga 1837, pane mabhuku manheru naye, Ivan Sergeyevich atarisana kubudikidza Pushkin pachake.

Muna 1838, munyika inonzi "Contemporary" (wokutanga uye wechina dzimba) Turgenev nhetembo mbiri dzakabudiswa: "Pakazosvika Medici Venus" uye "manheru." Ivan S. uye yakabudiswa nhetembo. Yokutanga kuedza panguva kunyora kuti akadhindwa, haana kumuisa mbiri.

Vakaramba kudzidza muGermany

Muna 1837 iye kudzidza St. Petersburg University Turgenev (nemashoko chikamu). Kuwana dzidzo, akanga asiri kufara, kunzwa pakakoromorwa zivo yavo. Mureza nguva kwainzi mumayunivhesiti German. Uye muchirimo 1838, Ivan Sergeyevich akaenda kunyika iri. Akasarudza kuti agumise University of Berlin, achidzidzisa muuzivi Hegel.

Kunze, Ivan Sergeyevich vakava shamwari pamwe anofunga uye nyanduri N. V. Stankevichem, aishamwaridzana uye M. A. Bakuninym, akazova rinozivikanwa echimurenga. Kukurukura pamusoro enhoroondo nouzivi nyaya aine T. N. Granovskim, munhu mbiri dzakaitika munguva yemberi. Ivan Sergeyevich akagutsikana woKumadokero. Russia, yake pfungwa, tinofanira kutevera muenzaniso Europe, ndichiva kubvisa kusaziva kwenyu, usimbe, kusaziva.

rinoitirwa

Turgenev, akadzokera Russia muna 1841, aida kudzidzisa uzivi. Zvisinei, urongwa haana zvinofanira kuzadziswa: rwecheya aida kuita pairi, haina yakadzorerwa. Ivan Sergeyevich akanga muChikoro Bazi Internal Affairs basa iri June 1843. Panguva iyoyo, ndakanga ndadzidza mubvunzo kuti kusunungurwa vanhuwo zvavo, saka Turgenev akatora basa nechido. Zvisinei, Ivan Sergeyevich muchidimbu akashumira muushumiri: inoshanda basa rake, iye akakurumidza mwoyo. Zvazova mutoro kudiwa kuzadzisa zvose mirairo nezviremera. Muna April 1845, Ivan Sergeyevich pamudyandigere uye haasisiri ari hurumende basa nokusingaperi.

Turgenev akazivikanwa

Turgenev muna 1840 vakatanga kuridza basa mumagariro shumba munharaunda, nguva dzose zvakanaka achidzidziswa, akashambidzika, pamwe yamarudzi ane aristocrat. Aida kubudirira uye kutarisirwa.

Muna 1843, muna April, rakabudiswa nhetembo "Paracha" Turgeneva I. S. Nyaya yake - pamwoyo worudo mwanasikana muridzi womunda muvakidzani wemunda. The chigadzirwa rudzi ane chibhende ungira kuti "Evgeniya Onegina". Zvisinei, kusiyana kuna Pushkin, nhetembo Turgenev yose rinoguma vachifara muchato magamba. Zvisinei, mufaro zvinonyengera, zviri chokwadi - zviri chete zuva nezuva zvakanaka kuva.

Basa zvikuru akaonga V. G. Belinsky, kupfuura simba uye inonyatsozivikanwa achitsoropodza nguva. Turgenev zvakazivikanwa kuziva Druzhinin, Panayev, Nekrasov. Vachitevera "Parasha" Ivan S. akanyora zvinotevera nhetembo: muna 1844 - "Kukurukura" muna 1845-M - "Andrew" uye "muridzi". Uyewo akasika Turgenev Ivan Sergeyevich nyaya enganonyorwa (mu 1844 - "Andrei Kolosov," muna 1846 - "Three Portraits" uye "anokudheerera" muna 1847 - "Cockerel"). Uyezve, Turgenev akanyora 1846 mutambo "Kushaya mari ', uye muna 1843 - mutambo waiti" kuregeredza ". Akatevera nezvinodzidziswa "rwokuzvarwa chikoro" wevanyori, kuti raiva Grigorovich, Nekrasov, sydäntä, Goncharov. Writers, anoreva mirayiridzo iyi, vanoratidzwa vanotongwa "unromantic": upenyu vanhu zuva nezuva, upenyu, ari kunyanya kufunga zvinoitwa ezvinhu uye zvakatipoteredza pamusoro kutapwa uye hunhu munhu.

"Anocherechedza ane Hunter"

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev muna 1847 yakabudisa rondedzero "Polecat uye Kalinych" akasika pasi pfungwa wokuvhima nzendo muna 1846 paminda uye mumasango ari Tula, Kaluga uye Oryol neyenyika. Two vatambi mairi - Polecat uye Kalinych - akapa kwete sezvinoita vanhuwo zvavo Russian. munhu uyu ake nyika yomukati zvakaoma. On mumapeji basa iri, uyewo mamwe essays Ivan Sergeyevich rakabudiswa bhuku "Notes imwe Hunter" muna 1852, varimi vane inzwi ravo, vakasiyana tsika narrator. akaita Munyori anosikwa upenyu uye tsika muridzi uye murimi mudiki Russia. bhuku rake rave yavose sezvavakatarirwa somunhu kutsutsumwa pamusoro serfdom. The Company yave kushandisa izvozvo nechido.

Noukama Polinoy Viardo, rufu waamai

In St. Petersburg muna October 1843, akasvika kutenderera wechidiki dhanzi muimbi kubva France Polina Viardo. Rakanga akasangana nechido. Ivan Turgenev akanga vanoororwa tarenda rake. Akanga Ugare nomukadzi uyu nokuda kwoupenyu hwake. Ivan Sergeyevich akatevera kuFrance kwake nemhuri yake (Viardot akanga akaroora), achiperekedzwa Pauline kushanyira Europe. Upenyu hwake hwakanga zvino kugoverwa pakati France uye Russia. Love Ivan Turgenev akapfuura pakuongororwa nguva - Ivan Sergeyevich makore maviri takamirira wokutanga nokusveta. Yakanga chete June 1849 Pauline akava mudiwa wake.

Amai Turgenev akanga zvakasimba pamusoro chechinyorwa chino. Iye akaramba kumupa mari kubva mari kubva Estates. Kuyananiswa rufu rwavo: Mother Turgenev zvakaoma kufa, achifemereka. Akafa muna 1850, musi November 16 muMoscow. Ivan akanga kunonoka kuudzwa chirwere kwake uye akanga asina nguva kutaura bhayibhayi kwaari.

Kusungwa uye nhapwa

Muna 1852, akafa N. V. Gogol. I. S. Turgenev akanyora obituary nepatinenge. Zvakanga zvisina mhosva pfungwa. Zvisinei, anodhinda hauna kufunga pamusoro duel kwakatungamirira Pushkin afa, uyewo nezvechiitiko rufu Lermontov. April 16 chete gore, Ivan Sergeyevich mwedzi asungwa. Akabva akatumwa Spassky Lutovinovo havabvumirwi kusiya ruwa Orel. Nezveshoko choga nhapwa kwemakore 1.5 akaregwa kusiya Muponesi, asi chete muna 1856 akapa kodzero kuenda kunze.

mabasa matsva

Mumakore okutapwa akanyora mabasa matsva Ivan Turgenev. mabhuku ake kuwedzera mukukurumbira. Muna 1852, Ivan Sergeyevich akasika yokufungidzira "The Inn". Zvegore, Ivan Turgenev akanyora "Mumu", chimwe chezvinhu akakurumbira mabasa ake. Pakati kupera 1840 mid-1850, iye akasika uye dzimwe ngano: muna 1850 - "The Diary murume okushamisira" muna 1853-M - "shamwari Two", muna 1854-M - "tsamba" uye "kudzikama" , muna 1856-M - "Yakova Pasynkova". Magamba avo - kunyengedzwa uye yakakwirira vanongofungidzira vanotadza mukuedza kwavo kuunza zvinobatsira kuti vanhu kana kuwana mufaro muupenyu hwake pachake. Kutsoropodza iye akavati "vanhu okushamisira". Saka, musiki itsva mhando gamba akapa Ivan Turgenev. mabhuku ake akanga dzinonakidza wayo utsva uye kuenderana nenyaya.

"Rudin"

Fame akawana pezana 1850s, Ivanom Sergeevichem, akasimbisa yokufungidzira "Rudin". Munyori akanyora muna 1855 kwevhiki nomwe. Turgenev yake yokufungidzira wokutanga, akaedza recreate mhando ideologue uye anofunga womunhu ano. The protagonist - "murume chiya", riri kuratidzwa muutera, uye kuteterera panguva iyoyowo. Writer, kusika izvozvo, akapa ake hunhu unhu Bakunin.

"Kusaroorwa Nest" uye enganonyorwa itsva

Muna 1858 akauya wechipiri Roman Turgeneva - "Kusaroorwa Nest". dingindira raro - nyaya imwe vanokudzwa mhuri akare; rudo munhu aikudzwa, nokuda ezvinhu tariro. Poetry rudo, azere nenyasha uye nemano, zvinyoronyoro mufananidzo vevatambi manzwiro, nekunamata - Ndivo nevamwe zviri Turgenev kuti maitiro, zvichida zvakajeka zvikuru anotaurwa "The Noble Nest". Vane chairwo uye vamwe enganonyorwa ake, akadai "Faust" 1856 "Kuenda Polesie" (Makore zvakasikwa - 1853-1857), "Asya" uye "Rudo First" (zvose mabasa zvakanyorwa 1860). "Kusaroorwa Nest" vacho zvakanaka. Akanga yaakakudza vatsoropodzi vakawanda, kunyanya Annenkov, Pisarev, Grigoriev. Zvisinei, rinotevera Roman Turgeneva akamirira siyanei mugumo.

"Pausiku"

Muna 1860 akabudisa yokufungidzira "Pausiku" Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. Brief zviri zvinotevera ake. The centre zvinoshanda - Elena Stakhov. hunhu ichi - a, simba, akatendeka musikana rudo vakashinga. Akawira kudanana ane echimurenga Insarov ane Bulgarian, uyo akazvipira upenyu hwake kuti kusunungurwa Motherland pasimba vokuTurkey. Nyaya ukama hwavo anouya kupera, senguva naIvan Sergeyevich, zvinosuruvarisa. Revolutionary anofa, uye akava mudzimai wake Elena anosarudza mberi basa wake mushakabvu. Ndiyo zvarongwa yokufungidzira idzva, izvo akasika Ivan Turgenev. Pfupiso yebhuku iye, chokwadi, isu hatina vanorondedzerwa chete zvavo nemashoko.

Dzinopikisana kupima akadana yokufungidzira ichi. Dob Somuenzaniso, anorayiridza mukatanga nyaya yake, akapupura pamusoro munyori, apo akanga zvakaipa. Ivan Sergeyevich akashatirwa kwazvo. Kukuru democratic nhau zvakabudisa magwaro pamwe scandalous uye catty nemadimikira kuti mashoko eupenyu Turgenev pachake. Writer adziviswa ukama "Contemporary", izvo kwemakore akawanda yakabudiswa. Chizvarwa chevechiduku hakuchisina kuonekwa Ivane Sergeeviche chidhori.

"Vanababa uye Sons"

Munguva kubva 1860 kusvika 1861, akanyora Ivan Turgenev "Fathers uye Sons", mumwe yokufungidzira itsva yake. It yakabudiswa "Russian Gazette" muna 1862. Vazhinji vaverengi uye vatsoropodzi havana kunzwisisa.

"Zvakwana"

Muna 1862-1864 gg. akasika nyaya-maduku "Pretty" (rakabudiswa muna 1864). Zvinonzi zvakazadza nevavariro mwoyo muupenyu tsika, kusanganisira iwe uye rudo, saka anodikanwa Turgenev. In pachiso inexorable rufu vose bofu uye maturo.

"Utsi"

Zvakanyorwa 1865-1867 gg. nganonyorwa "Utsi" Anonziwo zvakazadza ane rima kumunetsawo. Basa yakabudiswa muna 1867. Mairi munyori akaedza recreate mufananidzo ano Russian muvanhu, vakatonga nayo pfungwa pfungwa.

"Mhandara Ivhu"

Wokupedzisira Roman Turgeneva akazviratidza nemakore 1870s. Muna 1877, rakadhindwa. Turgenev izvozvo akatanga echimurenga populists, vari kuedza kuratidza kuti vanhuwo zvavo pfungwa dzavo. Zviito zvavo iye yavose sezvavakatarirwa sezvo yokubaira feat. Zvisinei, Feat ichi inokundikana.

Okupedzisira makore eupenyu I. S. Turgeneva

Turgenev kubvira pakati 1860s dzinenge nguva dzose aigara kunze kwenyika, chete kusvika vachishanyira kumusha. Akavaka imba Baden-Baden, pedo neimba Viardot mhuri. Muna 1870, pashure pokunge Franco-Prussian War, Pauline uye Ivan Sergeyevich vakasiya guta uye vakagara muFrance.

Muna 1882 Turgenev vakabatwa kenza yacho nomuzongoza. Heavy vaiva okupedzisira mwedzi hwake, aiva chakakomba, uye rufu. Life Ivana Turgeneva kuputswa 22 August 1883. Akavigwa St. Petersburg muna Volkov kumakuva, pedo makuva Belinsky.

Ivan Turgenev, nyaya, enganonyorwa uye nyaya pfupi dzave dziri chikoro kwakarongwa, uye vazhinji zvinozivikanwa - mumwe mukuru nevanyori Russian remakore rechi19.