I akazarura Vasco da Gama? Travel Vasco da Gama

Zera Discovery - rinokosha chaizvo rinokosha munhoroondo yevanhu. Chokwadika, vanhu North neSouth America kashoma kuti vanofungawo ichi, asi kuti budiriro hwedu hwose kukosha tsvakurudzo hwakakura kwazvo. Mazita vakashinga vakuru mbiri nguva zvachose rabva munhoroondo zvinyorwa, asi nokuti ikozvino kuziva mudzidzi mumwe nomumwe.

Asi kwete vose vanogona nyora nebudiriro izvi zvikuru varume vechokwadi. Haasi munhu wose, Somuenzaniso, mhinduro mubvunzo kuti akavhura Vasco da Gama. Ndizvo tinotarisa munyaya ino.

Kufambira Key ari Biography

Vasco da Gama (1460-1524) - nyika akakurumbira Portuguese aidzidzisa, ane upenyu wakauya panguva yaitonga umambo zvinhu zvikuru. Famous nokuti yokutanga munhoroondo rwakagadzirira gungwa kuenda kuIndia. Pane imwe nguva kunyange achisimudzira chepamusoro ari viceroy yechiPutukezi India. Muchidimbu, Biography pamusoro Vasco da Gama akapfuma kunoshamisa zviitiko.

Vazhinji dzekare dzinotaura kuti piyona wakaoma pfungwa shoko akanga asiri (akasiyana Magellan). Nepo Hristoforu Kolumbu aifanira ziya kuti vabvume masimba kuva aifanira aronge rwendo kubva Vasco da Gama nenyaya dzakadaro haana kuroorana. Chikonzero ndechokuti nyore kuti mambo ave "akawana gungwa kuenda kuIndia."

Mukwasvi rombo uye rutsigiro nemasangano; uye chikwata chake ichapa yakanakisisa zvose, nokuziva kukosha kwechiitiko ichi.

Sezvatinobvuma kutanga kubva Biography pamusoro Vasco da Gama? About Mugove ramai vake hauzivikanwi, asi baba vake vaiva boka knightly yekare uye akapfuma. Aizokunda nyanza aiva hama shanu uye nehanzvadzi.

Kutonga nezvinooneka "hungu" muzita rake, mhuri yake zvechokwadi vaiva soro kwamachinda. Maererano Portuguese dzekare, mumwe madzitateguru of Vasco da Gama (Biography pamusoro mufambi inosimbisa izvi) kamwe akazvisiyanisa ari kuzorwa Moors, yaakanga mukana knighthood.

Apo akadzidza sezvo yemberi akawana gungwa kuenda India? Haiwa, panofanira kutongwa chete nemamiriro ezvinhu tsoka. More zvichidzika yakavimbika zvinozivikanwa chete kuti masvomhu uye wekushandisa wechiduku Vasco da Gama ndadzidza Evora. Yandakapiwa ruzivo chete vakaramba sayenzi izvi, tinogona kufunga, kuti izvo muchiPutukezi airemekedza vanhu vave kukwanisa kumisa gwara uye kubata sextant.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Portuguese kwamachinda hapana Kunyanya kusarudza panyaya chokuita kwavo basa. Kana munhu aiva kwamachinda, asi zvakadaro chaiva knight, nenzira - kungovimba inhau rechiuto. Sezvo zvimwe kana zvishoma chakakomba hondo panyika Portugal hapana akatungamirira asi vanoshingaira kuva nyika mhiri kwemakungwa, anenge ose avakuru kuva wengarava mapurisa.

Kwete vakapukunyuka chete nzira uye muduku Vasco da Gama: Biography (kusanganisira buri), zvinoratidza pachena kuti zvakawanda matarenda navakuru Portugal panguva iyoyo yakanga chaizvoizvo kwete.

Life Vasco da Gama asati rwake rwokuenda India

Kare muna 1492 mamwe French corsairs vakakwanisa kuzotora akapfuma zvinhu, izvo akaenda Portugal. Key nyika iyi mbiri vasingagoni kumira kuvirima kwakadaro, uye saka mhosva kune wechiduku wamambo kufamba kuri vachirwisa mhenderekedzo, anokunda zvose pedare French vakawana munharaunda iyoyo. Poruchenets akazadzisa basa saka nokukurumidza uye zvinobudirira kuti mbavha vaifanira kudzokera zvose. Sezvaungave wafungidzira, knight ichi akashinga aiva Vasco da Gama. Nokuti avo kutsunga uye kushinga akakurumidza aswedera yamambo.

Muna 1495 yechiPutukezi choushe Manuel I, uyo kwete chete redoubled kushingaira akaramba basa rokuwedzera anozivikanwa zvomumvura nyika, asi zvakakomba kufunga nokuvhura nautical nzira kuIndia. Pakutanga, dzechikwata mutungamiri akagadzwa Bartholomew Dias. Asi mambo aiziva kuti rwendo yaida matarenda kwete seaworthy chete asiwo dzavasinei nadzo rechiuto pfungwa. Uye nokuti chikatsiviwa gamba redu. Saka Ini akazarura Vasco da Gama mune ramangwana?

On gungwa kuenda India

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti aizotangira yezviri mambo akanga vaitova nguva kuedza mhanza wake kutsvaka nyika nzira. Ita zvakanga zvisiri nyore, nokuti yose kuchamhembe kweAfrica riri mumaoko chambotaurwa nezvacho Moors. Chete pashure kupfuura kumaodzanyemba Sahara, zvaigoneka kusvika achida nzira.

Muna 1487 chirongwa akaenda rakakomba rwendo. It akatungamirirwa ruzivo mapurisa - Peru Da Covilhã uye Afonso of Paiva. First nayo vakakwanisa kuzadzisa zvinodiwa India kubudisa shoko kuna kumusha ari mukana yakadaro iitike. Nechekare muna 1488 Bartolomeu Dias kuti azodzidza kwesango muromo Black Continent hwakadzama. Zvaiita kuti John II yava kuda kuva akasimba nehwamanda kadhi iri muruoko - nzira India kwaizovimbisa vachiwana chokubuda zvinhu. Saka nei Vasco da Gama uye kuwanikwa gungwa kuenda India vava chakadaro chinokosha rinokosha munhoroondo Portugal, uye rose yebudiriro kwevanhu?

Zvakazoitika kuti vane zvimwe: Mambo anofa chete mugari wenhaka, uye nokuti yakaturikwa anenge zvachose basa nehurumende. Zvisinei, aigona kuita zvakawanda: somuenzaniso, kuenda rwendo yakavakwa neboka rengarava rose ngarava vomuzana kirasi, ane magadzirirwo panguva kupfeka nomukurumbira Bartolomeu Dias.

Apo mambo akafa muna 1495, Manuel I - ake mutsivi - kutanga mudukusa kufunga India. Asi yemarudzi mamiriro ezvinhu enyika kwakasimbiswa nenzira kuti pasina zvava hazviiti nokukurumidza. Fast kugadzirira kufora huru mberi.

Equipment wokutanga rwendo

On chii chikepe wakaitwa ayo rwendo Vasco da Gama? At musoro dzechikwata akasimuka, "San Gabriel". Kirasi chikepe yakafanana, "San Rafael", akauya pasi murayiro Paul - munin'ina Vasco da Gama. Zvose mukachikepe vaiva pakati anonzi kirasi sei. Ndivo ngarava huru kwazvo, iyo yakasvika misha matani 120-150. Nokuda yakafara mativi maseiri vanogona kuva kwayo pakukurumidza, asi vakanga zveufende zvakakwana, asi kunyanya kwazvo vezvikepe kuzvishandisa kwenguva kuchinja pasina kupiwa akasungirirwa pamhenderekedzo.

Zvakasiyana yaiva flagship "Berry". The chikepe iri - nimble zvatinogadzira hazvigoni kunyatsotevedzera zvinoita caravel. Rakanga vakapakata slanting maseiri, akarayira Nicolau Coelho. Pakupedzisira, dzechikwata yaiva chikamu chitakuriso, kana zita kana mumwe ruzivo kuti haina kuchengetwa.

About wekushandisa

Hazvishamisi kuti kuteerera kwakadaro kuti sangano iri rwendo nokuda kwayo midziyo vakanga dzinounzwa yakanakisisa kufamba mugungwa nhumbi nguva. aidzidzisa Chief vakava Peru Alenquer. Izvi Sailor kunoshamisa yakatoratidza kuti zvakakwana pachavo vari mushandirapamwe Dias (izvo zvatataura pamusoro). Kunze huru vatariri vaivamo vaiva mupristi, munyori uye nyanzvi. Yakatora vatarisire vashanduri vashoma akabatsira mukubata zvemo. Maererano nedzimwe venhoroondo, nhamba vashandi yakasvika vanhu 170.

philanthropic tsika

Mumazuva iwayo, paiva kuziva tsika. On bhodhi zvakadaro mishandirapamwe kutora mhosva matsotsi. Chokwadi, tiri kuita hazvina kuitira wekutaura kunaka vasungwa mhiri kwemakungwa nyika. Vakanga kushandiswa sezvo vashori, kurova uye mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu apo iwe haudi pangozi upenyu dzose rakarira. Zvisinei, nokuti pachavo uye vasungwa yakanga "chiedza pakupera mugero wacho." Pasinei chivi chipi kuti vanhu zvavakaita dzesango, akagamuchira rusununguko wekushandisa pakupedzisira. Kana akararama kubva, Chokwadi.

udyo

Yeuka isu ataurwa pamusoro chikepe senga? Nyorawo panzvimbo rwendo vakatanga kubva panguva Dias, kana nzira yakadaro vaudzewo nani efficacy. On kuchengetera mudziyo aichengeterwa guru nemushonga urongwa, siyana, handingadariki naVaMnangagwa nematurusi. Diet zvizhinji haana kuvhenekera chikwata: Porridge, corned nyama, mabhisikiti. Uyezve, mutemo solder ine shoma waini. Herbs nemichero, hove uye yakachena nyama zvikaramba mauto pachavo vezvikepe pamusoro kupaka.

All varume vakuru vakapa mari zvakanaka (kunze "mujeri rechiuto"). Nokuda dzorudo gungwa nzendo kungofamba hapana akaenda. Zvisinei, rwendo Vasco da Gama aiva evasingatombonamati zvokutenga basa, saka kuti chinoshamisa haisiri zvakakodzera.

Nezvikepe dzechikwata vakashongera?

Pakazosvika nguva zvombo ari zvikepe vakaenda kure chinyakare mumaturi avo, izvo zviri ubiquitous mukutanga yaitonga. Imwe neimwe "NAR" haana zvidimbu asingasviki 20, uye akanga vakapakata gumi Caravel pfuti. Personal zvombo zvairatidzika Spanish chikwata: zvakafanana yechipfuva uye halberds, nemapanga minondo. Paivawo muskets uye pfuti vashoma. Quality uye Kuwanda handguns aiva muduku kuti vana zvikuru pamusoro Zvaizobuda pfupi, kakawanda hazvina inopiwa.

8 musi July 1497 nokukudzwa kukuru dzechikwata nechikepe achibva pachiteshi Lisbon. Nzira akaenda aiongorora kukuru pamusoro yaitonga - Vasco da Gama. Yawanikwa India (kana kuti, munhu gungwa nzira ikoko) aingova vhuu!

Tanga danidziro

The Kutongwa kwakaitika chaiye muoti: zvikepe nechikepe pedyo Serra Leone. Kushandisa zano rakanaka Dias rwendo chakatsauka kwazvo kumavirira mugwara kudzivisa zvakasimba headwind. Iye pachake, sezvinei, akanga atova vakabviswa armáda pamusoro penzvimbo chikepe, vakananga kuna nhare Elmina Castle. Ikoko Dias atora pambiru commandant.

Zvichakadai, zvikepe yedu akatoita anoyevedza chiredzo kuna Atlantic Ocean, pashure iro akaona Portuguese pemhenderekedzo Black Continent zvakare. November 4, 1497 pakava yaitenukira zvinokosha zviri chikepe apo panopinda, izvo pakarepo vakagamuchira zita St. Helena. Vashandi akagamuchira maodha kwenguva refu kupaka, sezvo ngarava vachiri zvikuru achirohwa pachena munyanza, asi kuita basa rose rakakundikana. Munzira, achiri vakakwanisa kuwana zvimwe zvidimbu nyika iyo magetsi makwapa nemaziso matsvuku ngarava. Heano mazano Vasco da Gama akawana pasingagarwi zvitsuwa.

The vomunzvimbo raiva noutsinye zvikuru. Zvisinei, vakapiwa kuwanda vaitengesa varanda munzvimbo haashamisi hazvina. Vasco da Gama pachake ari mumwe skirmishes nuoli ari gumbo, ipapo dzechikwata mberi.

Asi chikuru nomuedzo achiri kuuya. Tanetseka chaizvo, wakati vakagumisa Cape of Kusawirirana (Good Hope), zvikepe akadonha chikepe wakatanga apo panopinda Mossel Bay. Hulking chitakuriso ekunze ruffled zvakaipisisa zvokuti rakanga kupisa. Sezvineiwo, dzemo zvemo zvakanga zvikuru Kinder kuti vafambi, uye saka aisagona chete pasina kupindira kugadzira zvikepe, asiwo muzadze mvura uye zvokudya. nzira Future akarara kumabvazuva.

Arab perfidy

December 16, 1497 vafambisi vakaona risingakanganwiki okupedzisira post, izvo akasiya Dias rwendo shure muna 1488. All vakarikunda somunhu semhanza yakanaka, uye premonitions zvakaitika: rose mwedzi rwendo yakapfuura pasina sokunonoka uye tsaona. Izvi kunonyanya kukonzerwa ndechokuti rwendo ngarava dzaitakura pamwe zvikuru yakabudirira Mahombekombe.

Chokwadi kuti kumabvazuva kweAfrica vagara umambo ari Arabic, uye ivo vanoziva kuti, mukusiyana kumarudzi hafu-tyisa kumavirira pamhenderekedzo, zvinozivikanwa muEurope. Kunyanya nokuti ichi, uye akapfuura zvikuru norugare (kwemakore iwayo) kunorwa pakati Vasco da Gama. Sea nzira kuna India akanga atora upenyu vezvikepe zhinji, asi vakafa nokuti murombo muviri uye zvirwere zvinotapuriranwa.

Pasinei muHondo, mafungiro kwavari chaiva chinogamuchirika, asi zvakadaro hauna pasina matambudziko.

Somuenzaniso, muna Mozambique akatanga kukweshera yeko yaitonga. Uye akanga asiri chitendero, izvo yokutsoropodza. chaizvo kazhinji maArab kumboita basa nemagazini, asi kuti vatengesi vemo vaifungidzirwa yechiPutukezi makwikwi. Vasco da Gama akanga asiri chikwereti, zvishoma vachiridzira yaisazoraramika Mahombekombe.

Mune zvengarava ose Mombasa uye Malindi rwendo kundosangana nani zvikuru. Oddly zvakakwana, asi veko Sheikh akavagamuchira sezvo shamwari dzepamwoyo. Zvisinei, akanga zvikonzero ake: chiPutukezi nyore kumeso dzakasaina sungano chibvumirano kuzorwa zvimwe vavengi. In Malindi rwendo akazosangana vatengesi Indian. kuomerwa Great uye arasikirwe mari yakawanda yokuwana yakavimbika muitiro kuti mutyairi. 20 May 1498 flotilla ngarava pakupedzisira kusvika pamhenderekedzo India.

Vasco pakutanga akashanyira guta Kozhikode (zvino Kozhikode). Meya akagamuchira vaenzi pamwe mhemberero huru. Asi pano, vatengesi vaMuslim akatanga kuzodzosera pinza katanda iri vhiri. Ukama meya pazvairamba hasha, raifanira zvakaipa. Zvisinei, izvozvo vakakwanisa kuwana nokutengesa yakawanda nematombo anokosha uye zvinonhuwirira. Maererano achembera tsika, kuti Vasco da Gama kutiitira vagari vasingatendi, tikamhara masvingo vakawanda cores uye akatora vaviri hostages guta. In Goa, chiPutukezi vakaedza kumisa nemushambadziri chinhu, asi pano vakakundikana.

Gungwa kuenda nemahombekombe India - akasvinudza Vasco da Gama!

dzokera

Ndaifanira kutendeuka rodzoka kumba. Zvisinei, kuti kunyunyutira akanga chivi Akaongorora kwenzvimbo, kutengeserana ukama, kunyange zvisina kutsarukana, yakasimbiswa. Naizvozvo, zvakanga chinokosha pokugadzwa Portuguese mutemo munzvimbo idzodzo, izvo zvinobatsira zvakawanda pachake Vasco da Gama. vafambi Great makore iwayo kazhinji matarenda enyika uye vatungamiriri vemauto, saka hapana kunoshamisa mune chokwadi kuti Biography yake ikoko.

Asi akanga achizouya, sokuvapo vafambisi vaiva refu uye ngozi nzira shure. Vari kunetseka Somali Pirates (sei zvishoma zvachinja kubva mamiriro ezvinhu munharaunda), chakaipisisa kupisa, uye zvokudya hweHIV. Yechipiri muna January 1499 muguta muMogadishu aiva "nokuda kudzivirira" moto kubva pfuti, ipapo dzechikwata vakananga Malindi.

rudekaro

January 7, 1499, vakasvika yaizivikanwa guta apo pakupedzisira akakwanisa kutora zororo kubva kugungwa uye muchikepe nedendere tightness. Uye nguva ino, Sheikh akapa rakaisvonaka zvokudya nemafurati, asi nekuti mazuva mashanu chikwata perked kumusoro chaizvo.

The nzira mberi, asi kwete pasina kurasikirwa: January 13 pedo Mombasa nokuda zvikuru leakage akanga zvakare kutaura bhayibhayi mumwe midziyo. By pemwedzi April, munhu kwezvinoshandiswa rengarava vachiri dzakakwanisa kusvika Cape Verde. The imba maitova. Kuvimbisa Mhuri uye mambo akatuma chikepe, waiva wokutanga kuunza mashoko anobudirira kuvakwa rwendo. Panguva iyoyowo Vasco munin'ina, Paulo, akanga arwara, asi nokuti mukuru akasara oga.

Uye chete pakapera August (kana mu September) muna 1499 zvisaririra zviri armáda muchizvikudza chakasungirirwa ari pachiteshi Lisbon. Ndizvo akazarura Vasco da Gama. Marco Polo nevamwe navigators chikuru makore apfuura chaifanira kudada remabasa bhururu wake!

Return uye mubayiro

maviri chete ngarava uye 55 rikarira nhengo akauya yake yaakaberekerwa Mahombekombe. Asi kubva zvemari nemaonero, kubudirira aingovawo tisaone: zveminda kubva kutengeserana maArab maIndia 60 nguva kupfuura vose mari kuti sangano iri rwendo pacharo (!). Hazvishamisi kuti zita Vasco da Gama uye kuwanikwa gungwa kuenda India vava nerokuti kwemakore akawanda kuuya!

Manuel Ndaiva chaizvo. Vasco Vawana zvibozwa wenyaya Don, rebei mudyandigere uye nomunda hombe. Sezvo Vasco da Gama akawana nzira kuna India, yaiva nemukurumbira kwayo upfumi ekare, chinokudza zvakadai nyore kutsanangura. Uyezve, gamba redu vakatanga paiva ane chipangamazano wamambo, saka kuti zvose matambudziko akanga asiri pasina. MuIndia, achaenda zvakare uye zvakare, achidzivirira zvido zvake yechizvarigo pamusoro Mahombekombe kure.

Panopera 1524, Vasco da Gama akafa, akarasikirwa noupenyu pamusoro Indian ivhu. Achiri vakakwanisa kutanga kutengesa mumhanyi ari Goa, zvakasara pasi protectorate pamusoro Portugal kusvikira pakati pezana remakore rechi20. Vomunyika uye achiri zvikuru tsaurai kuyeuka kunozivikanwa kuvafambisi vengarava uye yokutanga uye upenyu Vasco da Gama anodzidziswa muzvikoro. Zvinonzi zita pashure bhiriji Lisbon, uye chete mari chakatsaurwa kuti unyanzvi hwake uye akaita incalculable.

Takurukura kuti akavhura Vasco da Gama. Tinovimba mashoko pamusoro achava richishanda kwauri.