Hydrides - ndiko ... Application hydrides

Mumwe nomumwe wedu anotarisana pfungwa nesayenzi ichi, kufanana kemisitiri. Dzimwe vari kufanana kuti zvakaoma kusiyanisa mumwe nomumwe. Asi zvakakosha kunzwisisa vose, nekuti dzimwe nguva kunzwisisana kunoita kuti isina mano chaizvo ezvinhu, uye dzimwe nguva kune chisingakanganwirwi zvikanganiso. Munyaya ino tichakurukura chii hydrides, izvo ngozi uye izvo vasiri, uko vari kushandiswa uye sei zviri yapihwa. Asi isu kutanga pfupi karwendo kupinda kare.

nyaya

nyaya yake kunotanga kuwanikwa hydrides rehydrogen. Izvi chinhu muzana remakore rechi18 akawana Henry Cavendish. Rehydrogen vanozivikanwa vanobatanidzwa Kuronga mvura uye ndiyo hwaro zvose zvimwe zvinhu periodic table. Pamusana kwaari, kuvapo zvichibvira Organic yeimwe uye upenyu pasi redu.

Uyezve, rehydrogen ndiyo hwaro zhinji inorganic yeimwe. Izvi zvinosanganisira acids uye nezvigadziko, uyewo rakasiyana binary rehydrogen yeimwe nevamwe zvinhu - hydrides. Musi ravo rokutanga kwetunhu haisi chaizvo kuzivikanwa, asi asiri esimbi hydrides ave achizivikanwa munhu kubva zvakawanda kare. Vakawanda vavo - mvura. Hongu, mvura - ndiwo hydride reokisijeni.

Uyewo mukirasi iyi anosanganisira amoniya (chikuru chezvinonhuwira amoniya), rehydrogen sulfide, rehydrogen chloride, uye zvakafanana. Kuti uwane mamwe mashoko pamusoro ehupfumi kuti zvinhu izvi mukirasi siyana uye kunoshamisa yeimwe ichakurukurwa chinotevera.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Hydrides - iri kunyanya magasi. Zvisinei, kana tiri kutora simbi hydrides (vari kusagadzikana chaiye ezvinhu uye sei nokukurumidza nemvura), zvingava zvinhu zvakaoma. Vamwe vavo (somuenzaniso, rehydrogen bromide) kuvapo nenzira mvura ezvinhu.

A tsananguro mukuru zvakadaro boka zvinhu hombe hazvitomboiti, nokuti zvose zvakasiyana uye, zvichienderana chinhu, inova chikamu hydride, kunze rehydrogen, muviri maitiro siyana uye nemakemikari zvivako. Asi vanogona rakakamurwa makirasi, mukomboni iro chinhu chakafanana. Below isu funga yoga kirasi imwe neimwe.

Ionic hydrides - ndiko rehydrogen remubatanidzwa pamwe pasi alkali kana alkaline simbi. Dzinomirira chena yakasimba, kugadzikana pasi zvakajairika ezvinhu. Pamusoro kudziyisa, yeimwe aya yaora avo constituent simbi uye rehydrogen pasina kubvunda. Imwe Kunze - ndiye LiH, izvo inonyunguduka pasina manyowa uye simba kudziyisa anotendeukira kuna Li uye H _2.

Metal hydrides - kuchinja simbi akakura. Kakawanda vane shanduka sezvamunoita. Vanogona kuva sezvo hwakasimba mhinduro rehydrogen ari simbi. Uye ivo vane sekristaro nemamiriro simbi.

By covalent hydrides ndezvevanhu chete mhando iri Inonyanya Pasi: rehydrogen yeimwe nevasiri simbi. Wide nzvimbo kuparadzirwa zvinhu izvi nokuda kwavo yakakwirira isimbe, sezvo covalent zvisungo vari yakasimba makemikari.

Somuenzaniso, nesilicon hydride payakavakirwa: SiH _4. Kana iwe kuzvitarisa bhuku, tinoona kuti zvakasimba chaizvo rehydrogen vakaiswa nechepakati nesilicon atomu uye maerekitironi ayo chete nemichina nazvo. Nesilicon ane electronegativity zvakakwana guru, saka, vaikwanisa zvakasimba anokwezva maerekitironi kuti paro, nokudaro achidzikisa chisungo kureba pakati payo uye pedyo atomu. Uye sezvo munoziva, mupfupi kubatana, saka zviri kusimba.

Muchikamu chinotevera ichakurukura kusiyana hydrides kubva mamwe yeimwe nemashoko kwemakemikari reactivity.

mushonga ehupfumi

Chikamu ichi zvakare mutengo hydrides akakamurwa zvakafanana mapoka sezvo kare. Uye isu tichati tanga ehupfumi ose Ionic hydrides. Musiyano mukuru nevamwe vaviri mhando pakuti vanoshingaira kushamwaridzana nemvura kuumbika rehydrogen uye alkali kusunungurwa gasi. Hydride kuita - mvura rakanyatsojeka putika, saka kubatana kakawanda zvakachengetwa pamwe achisiya unyoro. Izvi imhaka yokuti mvura iri kunyange huri mumhepo kungamutsawo kuchinja ngozi.

Tinoratidza pamusoro maitiro mukana wokuti vanhu vanga vari Muenzaniso zvakadai zvinokuvadza sezvo potassium hydride:

KH + H ₂ O = Koh + H ₂

Sezvatinogona kuona, zvose zviri nyore. Naizvozvo, isu funga kunakidza chinja maitiro mamwe maviri kwemarudzi isu akatsanangura zvinhu.

Pfungwa, dzimwe transformations kuti hatisi rigoparadzaniswa, yo marudzi ose zvinhu. Avanotarisira kuti sei pamwe simbi oxides, simbi aindiumba, kana nemvura kana hydroxide (yokupedzisira runozivisa alkaline uye alkaline-pasi simbi).

Chimwe dzinonakidza maitiro - chafariz manyowa. It ndepana dzakakwirira tembiricha kunosvika kuti paumbwe simbi rehydrogen. Hatidi kugara ichi maitiro, sezvo watopiwa vakaongorora muzvirevo zvikamu.

Saka, isu akaongorora nzvimbo iyi nemhando binary yeimwe. Zvino zvakafanira kuti titaure pamusoro gadziriro yavo.

Kuwana hydrides

Zvinenge zvose covalent hydrides - vari dzinongoitika yeimwe. Vane kugadzikana chaizvo, saka regai kuwira pasi pokudzora nechitarisiko mauto. With naIon simbi hydrides zvose zvishoma yakaoma. Havapo zvakasikwa, saka vanofanirwa synthesized. Izvi zvinoitwa zvikuru nyore: kubudikidza kuita rehydrogen uye kudyidzana chinhu kuti kunodiwa kugamuchira hydride.

kunyoresa

Vamwe hydrides havana zvikuru kushanda, asi vakawanda - zvinokosha chaizvo kuti bhizimisi nevamiririri. Hatidi kupinda mashoko, nekuti umwe neumwe anzwa kuti Somuenzaniso, amoniya inoshandiswa dzakawanda, uye chinhu chinokosha mashoko pagadzirwe chakagadzirwa amino acids uye Organic yeimwe. Kushandiswa hydrides zhinji ndeyevanyori hunhu hwavo namakemikari zvivako. Saka, vari kushandiswa chete pakati murabhoritari kuedza.

Application - chikamu chinorema zvikuru kuti kirasi iyi zvinhu, saka takanga kungogumira zvavo chokwadi. Chikamu vachakuudza vangani vedu, vasina ruzivo zvakakodzera, tinovhiringidza ngozi (kana kuzivikanwa) nyaya pakati pachavo.

dzimwe pfungwa dzisina kururama

Somuenzaniso, tenda vamwe kuti hydride rehydrogen - chinhu ngozi. Kana unogona kumutumidza fuma, ipapo hapana anoita. Kana tikafunga, hydride rehydrogen - ndiko rehydrogen remubatanidzwa pamwe sehydrogen, uye nokudaro - H ₂ Morekuru. Chokwadi, ichi gasi ngozi, asi chete musanganiswa pamwe oxygen. In yayo yakaisvonaka chimiro hazvina ngozi.

Pane zvizhinji rakasviba madunhurirwa. Vakawira kupinda chinokatyamadza kujairika murume. Zvisinei, sezvo tsika inoratidza vazhinji vavo isingakuvadzi uye rinoshandiswa nezvezvipfuwo zvinangwa.

mhedziso

Chemistry World ndiye hombe, uye tinofunga kuti, kana kwete pashure peizvi, vamwe nyaya dzakawanda, muchaona woga. Ndicho chikonzero zvine musoro kuti achinyatsotaurira Paaidzidza musoro wake. Humanity yakashamisa zvizhinji itsva uye kunyange zvakawanda inoramba isingazivikanwi. Uye kana uchifunga kuti hapana chinonakidza mumunda hydrides, imi muri vakarasika zvikuru.