How kuwana nzvimbo denderedzwa

The geometry yacho denderedzwa ndiyo chikamu ndege, iro rine parinoperera denderedzwa. Shoko rimwe bazi masvomhu, perondedzero kusiiwa wekare wenhoroondo wechiGiriki Herodotus, rinobva echiGiriki okuti "Geoffrey" - nyika uye "pevhu" - chiyero. Munguva dzekare, pashure neimwe mafashamo yoRwizi rwaNire, vanhu vaifanira kuzodzosera chiratidzo nzvimbo yakaorera nyika Mahombekombe ayo. The sekamufarenzi pakati namahwindo munyonga ndiye chete, uye pfungwa dzose payo nhema equidistant kubva pakati achishandisa nechokure yainzi nharaunda (yakafanana hafu dhayamita of - mutsetse unobva mbiri pfungwa denderedzwa uye achipfuura yayo pakati). Zvinofungidzirwa kuti munhu asina kudzidza ehupfumi ane denderedzwa, asingakwanisi kuziva kureba kwayo kana haagoni kupindura mubvunzo, "sei kuverenga nzvimbo denderedzwa?", Haazivi geometry. Sezvo dzinonakidza zvikuru, akaoma uye zvinonakidza theorems chokuita denderedzwa.

Sekamufarenzi vaiona "vhiri geometry." akabatana Its anogara pachiso pamusoro icho anokungurutsa, panguva imwe nechokure - iyi ndiyo imwe huru zvivako. Chimwe chinokosha enzvimbo denderedzwa iri ndechokuti nzvimbo circumscribed naro - denderedzwa - rinofananidzwa ne kufadza nzvimbo vamwe zvitarisiko, delineated nokuda akaputsika mitsetse, wakareba akaenzana sekamufarenzi. How kuwana nzvimbo denderedzwa? Pakupindura mubvunzo uyu tinofanira kuyeuka pamusoro kwemasvomhu mimwecheteyo: mu geometry uye masvomhu vachishoropodza uwandu π (tsamba Greek inofanira kutaurwa sezvo Pi), izvo zvinoratidza kuti sekamufarenzi panguva 3,14159 nguva dhayamita kwayo: L = π • D = 2 • π • R (D - dhayamita, R - nharaunda). Ndiko, kuti denderedzwa rine dhayamita 1 meter, urefu achava akaenzana 3,14159 m. Search kukosha chaiwo transcendental nhamba iyi ine nhoroondo inonakidza iyo akamhanya kufanana pokumuka masvomhu.

The nhamba π chinoshandiswawo ngaaverenge nzvimbo denderedzwa. Nhoroondo nhamba conventionally muzvikamu zvitatu nguva: wekare nguva (geometric), kuti dzekare nguva nenguva itsva chokuita veMubatanidzwa digitaalinen makombiyuta. Kunyange muEgipita, Babylonian, zvekare Indian uye nechiGiriki geometers vekare vaiziva kuti nhamba yacho sekamufarenzi uye dhayamita pamusoro zvishoma pakureba 3. Zvinonzi ruzivo urwu zvakabatsira masayendisiti kumisa wekare payakavakirwa nzvimbo denderedzwa. Sezvo kukosha nhamba π chikazozikamwa, zvinokwanisika kuwana nzvimbo denderedzwa, dzinomiririra payakavakirwa: S = π • r2, yaiungana waro nharaunda r. Masayendisiti panguva dzakasiyana (asi Archimedes, kare 3rd remakore BC, panyaya iyi yaiva yokutanga) akashandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana kuti aone kuti nhamba Pi, uye nhasi anoramba kutsvaga nzira, hazvina rinowanikwa pamusoro makombiyuta. The zvakarurama iro akasikirwa muna 2011, kwasvika gumi tiririyoni mavanga.

Masvomhu kuratidza sei kuwana nzvimbo denderedzwa kana sei kuwana munhu sekamufarenzi, aizivikanwa chero vakwegura. Vakanzi kushandiswa zvemakore kuburikidza mathematicians uye vanokwanisa-macalculator, sezvo mubereko zvakarurama kuona nhamba π yafanana samhu mutambo nako nhasi chinoratidza mukana uye zvakanakira zvirongwa uye makombiyuta. VaIjipiti vekare uye Archimedes aidavira kuti nhamba π kubva 3 kusvika 3.160. Arab mathematicians, zvakanzi zvakaratidza kuti akaenzana 3.162. Chinese musayendisiti Chzhan Hen muna 2nd remakore AD, akati mutengo ≈ 3,1622, zvichingodaro - kutsvaka mberi, asi zvino tora pamusoro matswa. Somuenzaniso, mashoko anofungidzirwa ukoshi 3.14 rinobatana zvisina musi March 14, izvo vaiona zuva kuwanda π.

nzvimbo denderedzwa, asi nharaunda kuziva uye kushandisa anofungidzirwa kukosha nhamba π, inogona nyore dzaona. Asi sei kuwana nzvimbo denderedzwa kana nharaunda harizivikanwi? In nyore nyaya, kana munharaunda inogona rakakamurwa dzinoungana kuti anoenzanisa neuwandu dzinoungana, asi pane zvakaitika denderedzwa, nzira iyi haisi akakodzera. Naizvozvo, kuti vagadzirise dambudziko huri mubvunzo "sei kuwana nzvimbo denderedzwa?", Kushandisa paku nzira. Kusanganiswa zvechadenga maviri-dimensional geometrical mufananidzo, achiratidza saizi yayo, wana uchishandisa palettes kana planimeter.