Goldstone girazi: chaizvo okuwana, GOST. Optical Goldstone girazi: kushandiswa

Glass - mumwe mukuru zvinhu, iro zvinowanzoshandiswa zvose okukurukura hunobatsira dzevanhu basa nemhaka kutaridza anobatsira unhu uye zvivako. Panguva kuvapo kwayo (vanopfuura zviuru 5. Makore), ayo makemikari payakavakirwa akaramba anongoda chete, asi unhu kwayo zvachinja.

Goldstone girazi

Kwemakore, murume anotsvaka kusika girazi zvikuru yakajeka uye husingakwanisi siyana zvinoparadza zvinhu. Somugumisiro zvakanangwa kuvandudzika akazviratidza Goldstone magirazi - neitsva mhando zvinhu pamwe maitiro kukanganisa pfungwa. Zvichida girazi ichi achasarudza kutungamirirwa pakuzadzisa vanhu. Goldstone girazi - chigadzirwa kubvunda wakachena nesilicon oxide (Sio _2). Kusiyana zvavo girazi, mashoko aya riri amorphous mamiriro, i.e. hakuna chaiyo utsotso tembiricha uye kana neshungu kubva yakasimba kune mvura hurumende mberi zvishoma nezvishoma. Kunonyanya kukonzerwa pfuma iyi Goldstone kana silica, girazi akawana paupamhi chikumbiro kwakadaro indasitiri.

The nemamiriro Goldstone girazi

Amorphous zvinhu nokuda nechivako kwayo, izvo hwakavakirwa nesilicon-yakachena tetrahedra. Molecules Sio ₂ "kutaurirana" pamwe chete nokuda kukwezvana okisijeni maatomu. Pamwe chete zvinoumba-dimensional matatu afoot, pasinei chokuti yakaoma kuti hama mumwe asipo ari samolecular urongwa. Ndokusaka Goldstone girazi vane ehupfumi ose amorphous zvinhu.

A silicate girazi, senguva dzose, zvinoberekwa kubvunda munhu feedstock. Sezvo yakadaro inogona kushandiswa yakaisvonaka silica - rhinestone, tsinga Goldstone, silica jecha, uye silica yaunganidzwa chakagadzirwa nzira.

Kusiyana kubva kwakajairika silica girazi

Zvichienderana rudzi yakatsvuka zvinhu uye kuona vamwe zvivako yokupedzisira chigadzirwa. Saka, kuti vawane zvinoonekera sekristaro uye läpinäkyvä zvinhu inoshandiswa rhinestone.

Musiyano mukuru kubva kwakajairika silicate girazi chinhu yakakwirira utsotso tembiricha - ^vanenge 1500 C. Kana ichi nesilicon oxide anotanga emit zvikuru chiedza nemwaranzi ari anooneka chakarondedzera, i.e. glows.

Nokuda amorphous urongwa yakatsvuka zvinhu utsotso muitiro unogona kutora nguva. Yakaumbwa sezvamunoita ane mukuru viscosity, izvo zvinoita kuti staplivat kana kutama. Izvi zvinoomesa kugadzirwa ari Goldstone girazi pamwe chete rusvingo ukobvu.

kugadzirwa Features

Tichifunga zviri pamusoro apa zviri kugadzirwa silicate girazi zvinogoneka chete michina. In utsotso tembiricha inofanira kuchengetwa yakakwirira, uye ndinosika glassware rakavhurika murazvo ndege zvakafanira kuramba ^kudziya 1800 C uye pamusoro.

Special zvinodiwa uye kwakavakirwa - chinofanira kuva chena. A shoma dzimwe nezvimedu vaizongoguma kutungamirira pakuti rapera Goldstone girazi wakatsemuka uye kurasikirwa zvivako zvavo pfupi. Special unhu uye ave kugadzirwa tsvimbo - glassmakers. Vanofanira kugadzirisa chaizvo yakakwirira tembiricha - mumwe kukanganisa panguva kushanda kungaita kuti kukuvara, kutsva.

All huru glassblower zvokushandisa zviri akagadzirwa nokupisa nemishonga zvinhu - granite, tungsten, izvo, Inter Alia, kubudikidza refu uremu. Naizvozvo, vashandi vanofanira kunge vakasimba mumuviri uye akaomarara.

The ehupfumi kuti Goldstone girazi

Silicate girazi rine pasi magetsi conductivity, saka zviri inowanzoshandiswa dielectric mune zvemagetsi dzakaoma namano. Huru zvinobatsira ehupfumi, izvo zvine Goldstone negirazi kukamurwa kuva mapoka matatu:

1. Thermal. Kupikiswa yakakwirira tembiricha ^(anenge 1200 C), mukuru coefficient pamusoro chafariz kuwedzera (15 nguva dzakakwirira kupfuura zvavo girazi) pane kunokonzerwa nemishonga angoerekana uye chinokosha tembiricha nokufamba (nokuti kugadzirwa ice-mvura haachandidi rukova).
2. Chemical. Glass mishonga kwazvakarerekera, asingadi sei pamwe alkalies zvose uye acids kunze phosphoric asidhi uye hydrofluoric asidhi (maitiro rinotanga panguva tembiricha pamusoro ^vanenge 300 C).
3. Optical. The refractive Indekisi silica girazi riri 150 nguva kuvatumwa kuti kwakajairika (n _E = 1,46). Nokuda kwaizvozvo hazvina zvakakwana transmits kwete chete zuva uye vanhuwo chiedza, asi haasi kuramba chero michini kana ultraviolet nemwaranzi.

ehupfumi izvi kubvumira kushandisa Goldstone girazi sezvo chivako zvokunyama, uyewo kugadzirwa Murabhoritari glassware, Manyiminya zviridzwa, magetsi, kupisa nemishonga refractory zvinhu. Imwe huru nzvimbo chikumbiro - kugadzirwa Manyiminya fibers.

Optical Goldstone girazi

Zvichienderana mabikirwo yaishandiswa gadzira Goldstone negirazi kuva opaque uye yakajeka. Muchiitiko chokutanga nechivako kwayo kuuya vazhinji gasi matema izvo paradzirai chiedza kwazvo,. Clear girazi, Goldstone girazi kana Manyiminya, sezvazvakanyorwa kunzi: iri zvachose homogeneous, hazvina ane chero matema. Nemhaka iyi chaiyo zvinhu rinoshandiswa zvaAtemisi Manyiminya netambo, mukuru-kumhanya Data yedzimudzangara, Manyiminya lenses uye prisms.

Brand uye akatevedzana Manyiminya negirazi

Kune pezvitsiga anoverengeka Manyiminya muchionioni KU-1, Madz, uye Zvakanaka hf. The zvigadzirwa zvisingapindirani kukwanisa zvakaitika zvinooneka, ultraviolet uye michini nemwaranzi. Zviri chinonyanya segirazi rinoonekera muchiso CI - nayo anokwanisa kuparadzira chiedza pane imwe wavelength pamusoro 2600-2800 nm, zvishoma segirazi - Zvakanaka hf. Zvichienderana feedstock zvakasiyana chiedza hutachiwana aigona Manyiminya magirazi Goldstone. GOST 15130-86 rine mashoko dzino zvitatu:

• 0 - zvinhu kushandiswa pasi kwomuzvarirwo uchishandisa mamiriro;
• 100 - girazi, husingakwanisi ionizing nemwaranzi yakaderera simba;
• 200 - yakatsvuka zvinhu kuti aitwe pasi ezvinhu zvikuru ionizing mwaranzi.

Mark uye girazi dzinoumba akatevedzana Cipher zvigadzirwa. It rinoshandiswa mukugadzira uye rinotsanangura yakananga mhando girazi. In nyika yedu, hapana encryption chete hurongwa, saka mumwe kambani inomiririra zvigadzirwa zvavo maererano nokunzwisisa kwavo.

zvoupenyu chikumbiro

Silicate girazi yakabereka vakawanda zvinhu zvakasiyana. Rokudzidza uye maindasitiri mumarabhoritari kudiwa Goldstone girazi chubhu, izvo inoshandiswa mvura yakati sandara kuyerwa, anogadzira zvinhu dzemagetsi Heaters, nemakemikari uye kuchengetera hasha zvinhu.

Zvinowanzoshandiswa pakuburitswa vakagamuchira uye opaque rinoonekera. Rinoshandiswa apo zvakakodzera kudzora nemvura zvinhu panguva pamatunhu tembiricha, nokuda kwayo shoma cost, chaiswa nevakawanda.

Optical girazi inoshandiswa shipbuilding uye chitundumuseremusere kugadzirwa, zvikurukuru nokuti zvaAtemisi okuvimba mano. Muna petrochemical indasitiri, mashoko aya ari chavanokoshesa nokuda kwayo yakakwirira zvemakemikari nemishonga uye rinoshandiswa kudzora kungatikanganisa zvinwiwa. The ndege vari glazed kabhini, uye anoshandiswa sezvo kumbogadzirwa kuti mudziye.

Vagadziri zvigadzirwa akaita maererano GOST 22291-83 zvinodiwa. Goldstone girazi sepombi, mahwindo, prisms, lenses, uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvakaitwa zvose zvakawanda uye munhu hwaro.