Geographical position of Antarctica: general information

Nzvimbo yenzvimbo yeAntarctica ndiyo yega yega yakanga isina kukonzera kusava nechokwadi pakati pevafambi vakawanda vakange vauya kuzotsvaka kondinendi yechitanhatu kwenguva yakareba. Nyika isina kushandiswa yakanga iri, maonero avo, kumaodzanyemba kweAfrica neAustralia. Yaiva ipapo iyo Antarctica yakawanikwa muna 1820. Nzvimbo yenzvimbo yekondinendi inozivikanwa nhasi. Iyo inonyanya kusarudza kukwirira kwemamiriro okunze nemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu munyika ino.

Geographical position of Antarctica: general information

Munguva dzekare, Aristotle aidavira kuti kune kondinendi iri kure iri kumaodzanyemba. Akatsigira maonero ake nemanzwiro ekuenzanisa kwepasi: kondinendi yakakosha kuenzanisa kuwedzera kwayo kune kuchamhembe. Uye, zvechokwadi, iyo kondinendi yechando inenge iri kumaodzanyemba kwema polar. Nzvimbo iyo yakatarisana neActictic region yenyika, kunyange yakaonekwa muzita rayo. Izwi rokuti "anti" muchishanduriro kubva kukare rechiGiriki rinoreva "kurwisana".

Nzvimbo yenzvimbo yeAntarctica inongogumira kune imwe nzvimbo inonzi Antarctica. Inoratidzika mumakero 48-60 ° S. W. Nharaunda inotarirwa nenyika inofungidzirwa pa 13 975 zviuru makiromita makiromita. Ichi chiverengero chinosanganisira zvose mashefu glaciers uye zviwi zvakabatana nekondinendi. Kana iyo sarafu yepasi rose inotariswa pakuverenga nzvimbo yacho, chiratidzo chacho chinowedzera kusvika 16 355 makilomita zviuru ² .

Edge uye pakati

Nzvimbo yenzvimbo yeAntarctica inoratidzwa nekuvapo kwenguva refu, iyo yakatarira kuSouth America. Heino ndiyo yakanyanya kumusoro kwechokuchamhembe. Iyi iCape Sifre. Inosvika 63º13 'kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva. Kune rumwe rutivi rwepeninsula, nharaunda yekondinendi yechando haifaniri kusvika kure mugungwa.

Nhaurirano dzepakati peAntarctica inenge 84 ° S.. W uye 64º c. Zvakadaro. Inonzi "chifukidzo chemhuri isingakwanisi". Maonero pamusoro penzvimbo yacho chaiyo yakasiyana-siyana. MuSayenzi, chirevo chekusvikika ndechecho chinonyanya kure nemigwagwa yekufambisa, munyaya yekondinendi yechitanhatu - kubva kumhenderekedzo. Zvisinei, zvimwe zviitiko, kusanganisira zvinyanzwisisiro zvenharaunda yenzvimbo yeAntarctica, zvakaita kuti zvive nyore kuziva nzvimbo yaro. Muganhu wegungwa unogona kuitika pane "nzvimbo yemusangano" yenyika nemvura kana mazafu echando uye mugungwa. Nemhaka yeizvi, zvibvumirano zvakananga zvekusavapo kweputi hazvina kutsanangurwa. Inowanzobatanidzwa neSoviet station yezita rimwe chete, riri pa 82º06 'S. W. Uye 54º58 'mukati. E.

Chero mamiriro ose ezvinhu, nzvimbo yepakati pekondinendi haifananidzi nenzvimbo yeSouth Pole. Kana yekutanga yezvibatanidzwa izvi isarudzwa sevakarurama, ipapo kureba pakati pavo kunenge 660 km.

Iyo kondinendi yakakwirira

Kunyange zvazvo dzichidzidza nzvimbo yeAntarctica, Gwaro re7, vanhu vashomanana vanoyeuka kuti kondinendi "inomuka" pamusoro pegungwa. Kondinendi yechitanhatu inofungidzirwa zvakakodzera kuti ndiyo yakakwirira. Chikonzero chacho chiri muchitarisiko chinonakidza chevhavha. Pakati pevhesi, kukwirira kwenzvimbo yeAntarctica pamusoro pemvura yegungwa kune zviuru zviviri mamita. Pakati penyika, chiwande ichi chinowedzera kusvika 4000 m. Chikamu chinotyisa chechi simba ichi chando. Chete 0.3% yekusunungurwa kweAntarctica haisisina. Kubwinya kwepamusoro kwekondinendi yechitanhatu kunokwana 2.8 kanopfuura kupfuura imwe imwe nyika.

Zvikamu zviviri

Nhamba yenharaunda isina mahwanda inosanganisira Transantarctic makomo. Vanoparadzanisa kondinendi muzvikamu zviviri: West uye East Antarctica. Iyi nharaunda yakasiyana mukugadzirisa kwavo uye mavambo. Chikamu chekumabvazuva ndiyo nzvimbo iyo nzvimbo yakakwirira yekontinende iripo, ichikwira chiratidzo chemamita zviuru zvina pamusoro pegungwa. Nzvimbo yekumadokero inogara nezviwi zvezvikomo zvakabatana nechando. Munzvimbo imwe chete, pamhenderekedzo yePacific Ocean, kune Antarctic Andes, uye inopfuura mamita 4 000 pamusoro pegungwa. Nzvimbo yakakwirira pane kondinendi ndeyeVinson Massif. Inowanikwa kuWest Antarctica uye inokwira kusvika muna 4892 m. Munharaunda imwechete ndiyo inowanikwa "pasi" yenyika. Iri ndiro bhenji yeBentley, izere nechando. Kudzika kwayo kunosvika 2555 m pasi pegungwa.

Inofadza chivako

Nzvimbo ye physico-geographical yeAntarctica ndiyo chinhu chinokosha kuti unzwisise zvose zvinoitwa nekondinendi. Ndicho chikonzero chekudaro kunoshamisa kwechando chokuvhara kwekondinendi. Dzidzo yakafanana inogona kuwanikwa muGreenland. Zvisinei, Antarctic ice "coverlet" inopfuura kupfuura gumi. Mamiriro ehutano uyu ari anonakidza. Pano 90% yechando rose inowanikwa, iyo iri panyika yenyika yedu. Vhuta rayo inenge mamiriyoni 33 emakiromita makiromita!

Ivhavha yevhavha inoratidzirwa yakafanana nedome. Iyo mhepo yakakwirira yepamusoro kwayo inowedzera kumhenderekedzo. Kukurumidza kuunganidza kuwanda kunotungamirira ku kufamba kwechando kusvika pakuparadzwa kwayo (kublation, zvesayenzi). KuAntarctica, nzvimbo yakadaro ndiyo gungwa. Pano, ice rinoputswa, icebergs inoumbwa. Gore negore, nhamba yose yekuparadza ndiyo inenge 2,5 km km ³ .

Nyaya

Sezviri pachena, nzvimbo yenharaunda yeAntarctica uye ruzivo rwemagetsi hauna kushamwaridzana. Nzvimbo yekontinendi yaiva chikonzero chekuonekwa kweimwe chiitiko chekondinendi. Aya mahombekombe makuru evhaferi. Izvo, zvishoma nezvishoma zvinoputika mumvura, zvichinyanya kusendamira pasi, zvichibva kumhenderekedzo kusvika kugungwa. Mazaya echeroti ndiwo anowanzoita kuti icebergs inonakidza zvikuru. Zvimwe zvienzaniso zvinoshamiswa nehupamhi hwadzo kunyange zvakanyatsozivikanwa kune zvishamiso zveAntarctic scientists. Muenzaniso wakanaka ndeye B-15 iceberg, iyo yakapera muna 2000 kubva ku Ross Ice Shelf. Nharaunda yaro inodarika zviuru gumi zvuru makiromita.

Mumwaka wechando ( muchamhembe kwekumaodzanyemba panguva ino yezhizha), nharaunda inotambirwa nemazafu echando inofungidzirwa pamamiriyoni 18 ^km² . Apo inotsiviwa nezhizha, nzvimbo yavo yakaderera kusvika mamiriyoni 3-4 ^km² .

Dzidzo yekare

Maererano nevatsvakurudzi, chifukidzo chegungwa chekondinendi chakaumbwa anenge makore gumi nemana akapfuura. Haisi basa rakanyanya pane izvi rakaitwa nekudengenyeka kwejumper, iyo yakambobatana nekondinendi yechitanhatu neSouth America. Iyo "tsvaga" inobva kune iyo Antarctic Peninsula. Nenzira imwecheteyo, sezviri pachena, yakatungamirira pakuumbwa kwemazuva emhepo yekuMadokero (iyo Atlantic circumpolar ikozvino), iyo inoparadzanisa mvura inopoteredza kondinendi kubva kuWorld Ocean.

Icho chirevo chemiganhu

Nzvimbo yenzvimbo yeAntarctica maererano neurongwa hwemunda kana mapu inotsanangurwa, kunyanya, pedyo neAtlantic, Pacific uye Indian Ocean. Mune mamwe mabhuku, anonyatsopinda muganhu. Mune vamwe, mvura yeSouth Ocean inoshambidzwa neAntarctica. Muganhu wayo wakagadzikana unogona kunzi wezvino wemhepo yekuMadokero. Kuzviparadzanisa kweSouth Ocean , pane kudaro, hazvibatsiri, kunyange kubva pakutanga kwezana remakore iri rave richiwedzera kuwanikwa mumabhuku.

Izvo zvinotonhora mumvura zvinopoteredza kondinendi zvinosiyana -2 ºС kusvika +10 ºС. Ichokumaodzanyemba kweEngland nzvimbo inzvimbo yemhepo ine dutu nemhepo. Muchando, inosvika kusvika 65 ° S. W. MuPacific uye kusvika 55º kumaodzanyemba. W. MuAtlantic. Zvisinei, dzimwe nzvimbo dzinoramba dzisingasviki mukati memakore ose nekuda kwechiito chemhepo ine simba.

Mamiriro ekunze

Nzvimbo yenzvimbo yeAntarctica inokanganisa mamiriro ekunze pane kondinendi. Heano pfuti inotonhora yenyika. Iyo yakanyanya kupisa (-88.3 ºС) yakanyorwa neSoviet vaongorori munaAgasti 1960 pachipatara "Vostok". Avhareji yechando mari inosiyana -60 ºС uye -70 ºС. Muzhizha hutanda hwakasiyana zvakasiyana: kubva -30 ºС kusvika -50 ºС. Nenzira yakawanda, kutonhora kunenge kusina kumuka -20 ºС. Kusiyana ndiyo gungwa uye iyo inonyanya kukosha ndeye Antarctic Peninsula. Ikoko mhepo inogona kupisa kusvika 10-12 ºС muzhizha. Mumwedzi yechando, kutonhora kunowira panopinda kunzvimbo isina kuenzana nemiganhu yekondinendi pa -8 ° C. Panguva imwecheteyo, kufamba kwemahombekombe emhepo inotonhorera kubva pakati pekondinendi "inomutsa" mhepo ine simba pane dzimwe nguva: dzimwe nguva kukurumidza kwavo kunosvika 90 m / s.

Antarctica (nzvimbo inowanikwa munzvimbo iyi inobatsira kune izvi) haisi mukurumbira nokuda kwekunaya kwayo yakakwirira. Vavhareji mufananidzo ndeye 60-80%, pamhenderekedzo yegungwa iyo inodonha kusvika 20%, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo - kunyange kusvika ku5%. Icho chiitiko chinonyanya kukunda kana iwe uchiyeuka kuti mvura yakawanda iri mune ice ice rekondinendi.

Pane imwe nguva, Antarctica yakanga yakazara nemasango. Maererano nevatsvakurudzi, mukondinendi pakanga pane nzizi nemakungwa, makomo nemakomo, zvikomo nemafungu. Nhasi zvakaoma kufungidzira Antarctica yakadaro. Nezvakaitika kare ndehumwe humwe hwemaminerari akawanikwa, kunyanya malahle aripo. Zvisinei, dzakawanda zvezvinhu zvakachengetedzwa nehutachivha hazvifaniri kuongororwa. Mamiriro ezvinhu akashata eAntarctica yedu, yakabatana nenharaunda yaro, usatibvumira kuti tinyatsoziva nzvimbo dzakawanda dzekondinendi. Zvichida ndicho chikonzero purogiramu yekubatana kwenyika dzakawanda yakatanga kupararira pano. Vatsvakurudzi vanobva kunyika dzakasiyana pamwe vanoedza kunzwisisa zvakavanzika zvekondinendi yechitanhatu. Uye iyo yekufambira mberi inowanzoenderana nekukwanisa kubvumirana uye kurongedza zviito.