"Elbrus" - processor mu Russia. Magadzirirwo uye nenhoroondo

Sezvo inception kuti zvigadzirwa kombiyuta munyika yedu, magadzirirwo mukuru-waivako gadziriro anoonekwa somumwe anokosha zvebasa sayenzi National. Sezvo 90s chidzidzo vakanga nechokuita mamiriro vangasimudzira itsva - kudikanwa kushandisa kukura itsva pachishandiswa microprocessors Russian. The mugumisiro akasikwa "Elbrus" - processor, mu kadambari simba raro harisi muduku zvakanaka dzimwe yokutevedzera.

History chokusika

Pari, mashomanana munyika vari afunge makombiyuta ine microprocessor wayo design - muUnited States, Britain, Japan uye China. Zviri pachena kuti mukati kuchengeteka uye imupota kuzvitsinhanisa Russia anodawo mumwe processor kuti zvakakwana kusangana zvaidiwa muchiuto, Vezvemitemo, vaitarira uye dzidzo. A zvichibvira - uye commercialization yacho chigadzirwa. Pashure makumi emakore vanoshingaira basa masayendisiti uye mainjiniya of Moscow Center sepfarivari-Technology (MCST) haanyari kupa ichangobva kukura makore 2014-15: masere-processor "Elbrus 8c". Asi vasati chiitiko kare kwave nepaImba refu nzira yokungotaura Masvomhu uye rinoshanda tsvakurudzo.

In USSR hunoshamisa kukosha kukura zvigadzirwa kombiyuta tine zvedzidzo basa S. A. Lebedeva. The boka rinotungamirirwa kwaaiva Academy of Sciences of Institute of nemazvo Mechanics uye Computer Technology (ITM uye VT) zvakasikwa zvemagetsi kadambari michina (makombiyuta) gumi mienzaniso - kubva pakutanga chubhu yakakwirira-nokukurumidza michina revatema redunhu.

"Elbrus-1"

Pfungwa mapurani mitsetse, vakabva dziri kuRussia processor "Elbrus", akaberekwa muna 1969. Chikonzero kukura kwakanga kudiwa "intellectualization" nzira dzinokosha gadziriro. Akava mukuru mugadziri VS Burtsev, kunoshamisa nyanzvi mune kombiyuta zvesayenzi, pashure academician.

Muna 1979, ITM uye VT hurumende basa Aimiririrwa chizvarwa chokutanga multiprocessor kadambari kunzwisisa "Elbrus" (IAC). The processor yakanga yakagadzirwa inobva TTL-pfungwa. The hurongwa rinoshandiswa zvombo zvehondo indasitiri.

"Elbrus-2"

chizvarwa chechipiri MVK "Elbrus" Pashure pemakore matanhatu, vakabudirira vakapfuura muedzo. The processor uye itsva chinhu chawo vakanga zvachose nenyika kukura. The hurongwa kwaibva yakakwirira-nokukurumidza Integrated nematunhu chete emitter-akabatanidza pfungwa IC-100 dzakatevedzana. Performance "Elbrus-2" iri desyatiprotsessornoy configuration raiva 125 Mill. Per wechipiri.

ERM yakavakwa ine modular mufashoni pamwe zvakawedzera rakavimbika. Nemhaka kumhanya uye nepo zviri zvakaoma yakashandiswa kwemakore mazhinji kiyi zvivako nzira dzinokosha gadziriro. Unique ayo nguva unhu yakawana ERM Implementation uye kukura vanoverengeka yepamusoro pfungwa dziri kurongwa computational muitiro.

"Elbrus-3"

Akatevera Danho (1986-1994) akanga ari pakusikwa chizvarwa chechitatu MVK "Elbrus". The processor zvino kunyanya simba yemagetsi zvinoriumba - pakukura. Project maneja akasarudzwa runoenzanirana nhengo Academy of Sciences B. A. Babayana. Nenzira, akaita dzinokosha mipiro chitange MVK "Elbrus-1" uye "Elbrus-2".

Kuzviona zvakanakira nekuipira kwavari akakurukura superscalar mapurani chinozoiswa parudzi wechipiri ERM, Boris Artashesovich zvinganaka kupfuura yepamusoro Implementation pamusoro pfungwa navanopinda mirayiridzo shoko. Pamberi pokuwa Union of nyanzvi akakwanisa vaungane munhu kumumvuri asi mari sezvo zviremera zvitsva amira.

Contemporary

The kuenderera iri chirongwa mutsetse chokuita mabasa ZAO MCST. In ayo mamiriro, vaitungamirira mudzimba mikroelektronschiki kuita chikuru bheji pakushandisa microprocessor zvigadzirwa, akatanga kusika maviri akatevedzana microprocessors uye makombiyuta kunobva kwavari. mabasa aya akabva akabatsira kuumba Russian processor simba "Elbrus" 2014 kusunungurwa.

Project hwaro yokutanga akatevedzana aiva rakavhurika mapurani Scalable Processor Architecture (SPARC), The unotaurwa nevanhu Sun Microsystems. Processors «R» mhuri zvakasikwa anoritsanangura.

Panobva rechipiri akatevedzana aiva mavakirwo "Elbrus" yepakutanga, kuva nhungamiro dzave vakatenderwa uye vakaisa pasi ari IAC-3 (pakutanga rainzi "mavakirwo E2k»). Pane vakasikwa zvina marudzi inokosha processors. Nokudaro, "Elbrus" (CPU): kuenzanisa mienzaniso anopiwa mune tafura pazasi.

"ELBRUS-4c"

Mumwe azvino pakukura boka raiva MCST processor "Elbrus-4c." akitekicha Its inobva yepakutanga design, yaishanda sezvo muzinda microarchitecture VLIW. Nokuti kukarukureta kurongedza basa 4 cores 800 MHz, cache ndangariro 2 MB imwe neimwe core.

Pasinei pachena archaism tichitarisa mukurima technology (guru, duku kakawanda, muitiro michina "wekupedzisira remakore" 65 nm), wemagetsi kunyatsoshanda akafanana ne Intel dzinoti "Ini". With zvishoma simba rakawanda (45W) waivako zvayo zviri 50 Gflops. Enzanisa mukuru muenzaniso mukuru Intel Core i7-975 Extreme Edition ane inokwana 53 Gflops pa dzakakwirira zvikuru frequencies uye simba rakawanda. Izvi Russian processor ano "Elbrus" 2014 womuenzaniso gore akaiswa bvunzo uye akabuda mu akatevedzana.

"Elbrus-8C"

Zvinoita sokuti nguva shanduka aitarisira, raiva kwezana echimurenga budiriro nezvezvipfuwo microelectronics. ZAO "MCST" pamwe Institute of Electronic Control Machines kwakasimbiswa uye dzikabereka chizvarwa chitsva engineering chigadzirwa mazano. For maindasitiri kugadzirwa kugadzirira processor "Elbrus 8c" akasika 28-nanometer muitiro michina.

The mudziyo kushanda muupenyu tandem pamwe controller uye nyika kukura KPI-2. Kunyange zvazvo controller kusvikira vasunungurwa musi 65 nm muitiro zvigadzirwa, rinotsigira matatu Gigabit Ethernet samambure controller, 20 mitsetse PCI-Express bhazi 2.0, vasere 2.0 kuti USB-zvengarava, vasere SATA-zvengarava. Kukurukurirana pamwe processor ndiyo 16 GB / s.

rwokugadzira unhu

Mugadziri kwakaratidza chikuru zvechadenga "Elbrus" mugadziriro itsva:

• Processor - 8 cores pasina gipertredinga.
• Crystal kwemavara - 350 mm ^2.
• Second-pamwero Maive nerimwe makirisito - 512 KV.
• chechitatu-pamwero cache kwakakurumbira - 16 MB.
• Kuuraya pa kutenderera - 30 kushandiswa.
• Clock maitikiro - 1.3 GHz, kana parameters izvi inosimbiswa risina kumiswa kushanda vose zvenyukireya parinogumira nguva, kunyange kana mumwe zana muzana mutoro.
• Performance (Peak) - 250 Gflops.
• Power - 60-90 watts or.
• Rezinesi rusununguko kubva Intel, apo kuunza kutsigira zvikuru anodawo enyika pamwe x86 / x86-64 mapurani.

Sezvaunogona kuona, kuRussia processor "Elbrus" ichangobva chizvarwa anosvika kashanu hunobudirira kupfuura 4C womuenzaniso.

akitekicha

Sezvo inokosha mugumisiro wekambani ZAO MCST akakurukura yepakutanga mavakirwo microprocessor "Elbrus". The processor nechinangwa maximizing Hardware pfuma chokupika metrics mashoko. In mukuru kupatsanura ndeye muchikwata che mapurani, kushandisa nheyo navanopinda murayiridzo shoko VLIW (Very Large Instruction Shoko), kuti compiler zvinowanisa kuti zvakafanana kuurayiwa kutevedzana hwemapoka (yakafara mirayiridzo mashoko), umo hapana dependencies pakati zvikwata mukati boka uye kushoma kuyanzva pakati zvikwata zvakasiyana mumapoka.

Saka, Russian processor "Elbrus" zvikuru anoshandisa parallelism pachiyero remapazi aripo ari chirongwa remitemo. Zvinoguma guru mapurani nokukurumidza nokuda nokubudiswa parallelization midziyo mashandiro yokusafa superscalar architectures uye uchatamisa navo optimizing compiler. Izvi zvakakonzera, uye zvimwe zvinokosha zvinhu kuri "Elbrus" mapurani - pasi simba rakawanda namano.

Pamwe chete kwokushandisa parallelism mu mavakirwo remapazi "Elbrus" mudziyo akaisa dzika mamwe marudzi (nhanho) zviri parallelism kuri muna kadambari kwacho:

• concurrency matambudziko multicomputer zvivako;
• Concurrency kuzvidzora runoyerera pamusoro vaiita ndangariro;
• vector parallelism.

Kunoenderana x86 mapurani

Somunhu chinokosha mu mapurani, Developers pakutanga vaiona kupa vakarongeka binary kugarisana pamwe chikuru Intel x86 microprocessor mapurani. Zvinonzi chinozoiswa pachishandiswa shanduro simba zvakavanzika uye dzayo kutsigira midziyo microprocessor "Elbrus". Rinotaurawo anosarudza kuti zvivako zvitsva wechipfuwo mapurani ndiko kukura Hardware rutsigiro yakachengeteka kadambari (zvirongwa module), yekudyidzana hwezvekukurukurirana basa programmers rokusika guru Software enyika dzisina deadlines.

kushanda

Umo akaronga kushandisa processors Russian? Zvinofanira kunzwisiswa kuti chigadzirwa ichi chakagadzirirwa nechinangwa chimwe chete - kupa andinenge, yakazvimirira romugove uye kutyora zviri microelectronics rwokugadzira kombiyuta. Computers pamusoro "Elbrus" processor rurefu azvipire vakachengeteka uye vadzivirirwe kombiyuta nemavhairasi zviri kudiwa munyika mupomerwi maindasitiri, ari kuchengeteka mabasa, zvinokosha mamiriro masangano.

Zvichakadai, hurongwa anobvumira zvatinosiita Windows uye Linux, izvo kunozarura nzira, kana kwete paavhareji mutengi, kuti chepamusoro zvekutepfenyura. MCST unopisira akadzivirirwa makombiyuta uye servers, vaikwanisa kushanda munharaunda utsinye.