Dzhon Keyns. "The General dzidziso Employment, Interest uye Money"

Dzhona Keynsa 'General dzidziso Employment, Interest uye "bhuku Mari yakabudiswa muna 1936. Munyori anodudzira yazvo nenzira iyoyo yakakurumbira chinyorwa pamusoro kuzvidzora mumusika upfumi.

State chengetedzo KWAKAKOSHA

Keynes pfungwa inoti kumusika upfumi haana rwokuzvarwa mashandiro kuitira basa zvizere uye kudzivisa kuderera mukurima uye basa uye waidzora uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. vade vanosungirwa hurumende.

A chiri dzidziso kwaiva kuongorora nezvinetso zvakajairika yose zvoupfumi - private kuparadzwa, mubhizimisi, hurumende mari, kureva, zvinhu kuona kubudirira uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. kudiwa ...

In pakati XX remakore Keynesian kusvika rave richishandiswa munyika dzeEurope dzakawanda kupembedza policies dzavo dzemari. Mugumisiro kwave kumhanyisa zvoupfumi kukura. With matambudziko 70-80. Keynesian Pfungwa rave vakatsoropodza, uye zvatinofarira hwakapiwa neoliberal dzidziso, tsika nheyo asiri chipingaidzo ari upfumi.

chechinyorwa chenhoroondo

bhuku Keynes kwakaita kwakaratidza kutanga "Keynesianism" - masayendisiti wakakubudisa emari Western inorema dambudziko, vachitsanangura zvikonzero kuderera mukurima ari 30s remakore rechi20 uye kutaura nzira yokudzivirira yaro yemberi.

Dzhon Keyns, imwe Economist nokurovedza, aimbova mushandi ari weDhipatimendi Indian Affairs, Committee iri Finance uye mari, vakashumira Muushumiri pakati Finance. Izvi zvakamubatsira kuti adzokorore neoclassical yokuti upfumi hwenyika uye nheyo itsva.

Sei kuti Dzhon Keyns uye Alfred Marshall - muvambi chiNazi dzekare dzidziso, vakayambukira mu Cambridge waMambo College. Keynes - somudzidzi, uye Marshall - mune basa mudzidzisi, anoonga mano mudzidzi wake.

Pabasa rake, Keynes unoruramisa hurumende murau hwenyika.

Asati ichi zvoupfumi dzidziso kugadzirisa matambudziko achishandisa microeconomic upfumi. The kuongorora aihuitira yezvinoreva zvebhizimisi, uyewo zvinangwa kuderedza mari uye kuwedzera purofiti. Keynes 'Dzidziso kurira utariri hwenyika rose, izvo zvinoreva kuti kutora chikamu kwe hurumende iri National upfumi.

A nzira itsva dambudziko utariri

Pakutanga Johane. Keynes criticizes ari mhedziso nenharo pamusoro ano pfungwa kwakavakirwa Mutemo musika Uti vake. The murayiro kutengesa kwavo zvinhu mugadziri kuti kutenga chimwe. Mutengesi kuti mutengi inova, pfungwa kunoita kuti tibvunze kuti vade, uye izvi zvinoita kuti hazvibviri kuti overproduction. Zvichida chete nokukurumidza liquidated overproduction vamwe nhumbi mune dzimwe sectors. J .. Keynes akataura kuti, kuwedzera kupanana nenhumbi, pane mari exchange. Mari vanoita kuwanda mashandiro, kuderedza kudiwa uye kutungamirira kuukama overproduction nhumbi.

Kusiyana nezvoupfumi, vaiona mubvunzo kudiwa uye kusakosha samorazreshayuschimsya, Keynes akauita nechepakati mbiru macroeconomic kuongorora. Keynes pfungwa iri: kudiwa kunobva zvakananga basa.

basa

Dokeynsianskie dzidziso anofunga kwemabasa aro maviri mushanduro: a kukweshera - migumisiro kushaya ruzivo pamusoro kuvapo navanoita mabasa, kushaya chido kutama, uye nokuzvidira - migumisiro kushaya chido kushandira kuMudzidzisi muganhu chigadzirwa basa muripo, umo "inorwadza" basa akapfuudza mubayiro. Keynes anotanga rokuti "involuntary urovha".

Maererano neoclassical pfungwa, urovha kunoenderana negoho muganhu, uye muganhu wake "kunorwadza", iro rinoenderana mari kuti anosarudza basa. Kana musarudzo dzinobvumirana kuti tikarega mubayiro, kuti mabasa kuwedzera. Zvairehwa ichi - kuvimba basa iri vashandi.

Ndezvipi pfungwa iyi John Maynard Keynes? Pfungwa yake akarambazve. Employment of mushandi ari kuzvimirira, zviri kukonzerwa nokuchinja kunobudirira kudiwa, akaenzana zvinodyiwa uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. ramangwana uye inivhesitimendi. Kudiwa kunokanganisa aitarisirwa anodzoka. Nemamwe mashoko, dambudziko kwemabasa ndiyo akarondedzera basa uye zvinangwa zvaro.

Urovha uye kudiwa

Pakutanga rokupedzisira remakore iri US kwemabasa mwero yakasvika 25%. Izvi inotsanangura kuti upfumi dzidziso Dzhona Keynsa anoipa nechepakati nzvimbo. Keynes anokwevera kufanana dambudziko basa uye uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. kudiwa.

Padanho mari anosarudza rinodyiwa. Rwakakwana yaunodya zvinotisvitsa zvinoderedza basa. Dzhon Keyns akatsanangura ichi "mutemo zvepfungwa": kwemari kukura kunotungamirira vawedzere kunwa pane chikamu kukura kwayo. Chimwe chikamu inochengeterwa. Kuwedzera mari kunoderedza propensity uchapedza, uye kuti kuunganidza - inowedzerawo.

Nhamba kukura zvinodyiwa uye mari dC DS kune kuwedzera mari Dy Keynes akadana muganhu chido rinodyiwa uye kuwanda:

• MPC = dC / Dy;
• Dzimwe nhengo dzeParamende = DS / Dy.

The kuderera nevatengi ndinokumbirira zvaizopedza ne kwakawedzera inivhesitimendi. Zvikasadaro, akaderedza basa uye mwero kukura mari yenyika.

inivhesitimendi

Kukura guta mari - a kukonzera zvinobudirira kudiwa, kuderedza urovha uye kuwedzera voruzhinji kwemari. Saka, kuwedzera kukura mari vanofanira zvaizopedza kuwedzera kudiwa guru inivhesitimendi.

Kuti vave nechokwadi kuti oupfumi vanofanira ashandurwe mari dzavo. Nokudaro Keynesian payakavakirwa: mari yakaenzana accumulations (I = S). Asi chaizvoizvo, haina akasangana. . J. Keynes akati kuti nemari varege anoenderana upfumi, sezvo vanovimba mari, mari - mwero mubereko, profitability, mutero, ngozi mamiriro ezvinhu.

chimbadzo

Munyori anonyora pamusoro kunge mari kubva mubhizimisi pamusoro guru, vakaomerwa kushanda kwayo (DP / di, apo P - purofiti, I - kuenzana upfumi) uye chimbadzo. Vanoita mari mari apo vakaomerwa kubudirira guru upfumi akapfuudza chimbadzo. mari kuenzana uye chimbadzo achaita tirasikirwe vanoita mari uye kuderedza kwokudiwa inivhesitimendi.

The chimbadzo unoenderana kumuganhu profitability ose guru inivhesitimendi. Rezasi inoenzanirana, kunokonzera mubhizimisi.

Maererano Keynes, kuunganidza rinoitwa mushure kugutsikana zvido, saka kubva muzana kukura haiiti kuti Zvibereko zvavo. The chikamu muzana mutengo asiri liquidity. mhedziso iyi kunouya Dzhon Keyns pahwaro mutemo wake wechipiri ari propensity kuti liquidity anokonzerwa chido nhaka kukwanisa kuchinja mari guru.

mari musika volatility kunowedzera kuda liquidity, izvo zvinogona kukurira chikuru chikamu. mari musika Kugadzikana, pamusoro Zvakatosimbisa kunoderedza chido uye mwero mubereko.

Mwero mubereko chinooneka Keynes svitsanisa zvinoitwa mari pamusoro nevoruzhinji kwemari.

Kuwedzera nhamba yemabhuku mari kunowedzera nerubatsiro liquidity, akawira kwavo rokutenga simba, kuunganidza kunova asingakwezvi. Kwakaderedza zvazvingava mhindu, upfumi kukura.

Dzhon Keyns waitsigira zvinoderedza ari chikamu mari kuti aizomupa zvinodiwa kugadzirwa uye kuwedzera mari rive wechiGeorgian. Nokudaro pfungwa dhefisiti mari, unosanganisira kushandiswa mitengo senzira kuramba bhizimisi basa.

The kuderera mwero mubereko

Munyori proposes kuwedzera mari kubudikidza fiscal uye mari nehurumende.

Monetary chezvawanyora kuderedza chimbadzo. Izvi kuchaderedza muganhu mubhizimisi kunyatsoshanda, achivaita zvinoyevedza. The Hurumende inofanira kusunungura mu wokufambisa zvikuru mari sezvo zvakafanira kuderedza chimbadzo.

Ipapo Dzhon Keyns achauya pakuguma pamusoro ineffectiveness pamusoro murau panguva pagadzirwe dambudziko - upfumi handifaniri kuti kuwa mwero mubereko.

Kuongororwa kunyatsoshanda kuti guta iri kumuganhu loop achava vanobatanidza pamwe anoona ramangwana zvakanakira guru uye chivimbo pakati Entrepreneurs. Kudzorera chivimbo richikwidibira mubereko prices hazvibviri. Sezvo Dzhon Keyns vakatenda, upfumi angave ari "liquidity musungo", kana mari wedzerai kukura hazvideredzi mwero mubereko.

budgetary negwaro

Chimwe nzira kuwedzera mari ndiwo fiscal nomutemo, randinogara mune nezvokukura mari yebhizimisi tichiregeredza budgetary mari, kureva. A. Private mubhizimisi panguva dambudziko dzinokwanisa wakaderedzwa nokuda netariro pamusoro makambani.

Kubudirira fiscal wokuti hurumende ndiyo kukura zvinobudirira kudiwa, tsvina kunyange apo zvinoita pasina mari. Hurumende mari, izvo haanamati kuwedzera chinokosha wedzerai, pamwe overproduction dambudziko, Keynes akatenda dika.

Kuwedzera Vhoriyamu zvinhu pasi private mubhizimisi vanofanira sangano paruzhinji zvokuvakisa nhumbi, kunyange zvavo, Keynes vakasimbirira haana kuwedzera mari yacho ehurumende uye hurumende mari mu ziendamberi guta inivhesitimendi.

Uyewo chinhu chinokosha munzvimbo Kudzikamiswa iri dambudziko overproduction chiri kuwedzera kudyiwa navaranda vehurumende, basa zvemagariro, kuparadzirwa mari iri muboka chepamusoro norukosoro: mubayiro earners, varombo, maererano "mutemo mupfungwa" kuwedzera kudyiwa panguva imwe mari yakaderera.

multiplier migumisiro

The 10 zvitsauko dzidziso yacho multiplier Canna huri zvakangonyuka rinoshandisirwa shoma propensity kudya.

National mari iri zvakananga hakunei mari, uye iri vhoriyamu, ivo kwazvo yekudyidzana sezvo migumisiro multiplier maturo. Investments vari kuwedzera kugadzirwa mumwe kwemauto vane mugumisiro akafanana sei ukama maindasitiri, zvakafanana sei ibwe kunokonzera ripples. Bhizimisi upfumi kunowedzera zveminda uye anoderedza urovha.

Hurumende iri mudambudziko vanofanira yokutsigira kuvaka madhamu uye migwagwa, izvo zvichaita nechokwadi kukura chokuita nzvimbo kugadzirwa uye kuwedzera nevatengi kudiwa uye inivhesitimendi kudiwa. Kuchawedzera basa uye mari.

Sezvo mari zvishomanana rinoungana, ayo kuchangamuka ane muganhu. Tava kuderera kunwa kunoderedza guru mari - chikonzero chikuru kuchangamuka. Somugumisiro, multiplier iri inversely Proportional kusvikira kumuganhu propensity kuponesa dzimwe nhengo dzeParamende:

• M = 1 / dzimwe nhengo dzeParamende.

Aichinja mari Dy Di mari pfuma kupfuura zvavo M nguva:

• Dy = M Di;
• M = Dy / Di.

The kuwedzera paruzhinji kwemari kunoenderana uwandu kudyiwa kukura - Kuderedza propensity kudya.

Implementation

Bhuku aiva kunobatsirawo paumbwe mashandiro ose mitemo hwenyika kudzivirira crises.

Zvakava pachena kuti kumusika havagoni kupa kunonyanyisa basa, uye kukura kwoupfumi kunobvira nemhaka kuriita kuti mamiriro.

Dzhona Keynsa pfungwa ane methodological misimboti zvinotevera:

• macroeconomic kusvika;
• kudzidza matambudziko kwokudiwa urovha uye mari;
• kuongorora matambudziko fiscal uye mari policies kuwedzera inivhesitimendi;
• multiplier mari kukura.

pfungwa Keynes vakanga kutanga chinozoiswa ne US President Roosevelt muna 1933-1941 biennium. Federal chibvumirano maitiro pamwe 70s nerimwe gore allocates chetatu munyika bhajeti.

nyika Most uyewo kushandisa mari zviridzwa, zvemari kuti kudiwa Kutarisira kuderedza mashoko cyclical nokufamba upfumi hwavo. Keynesianism yapararira kune utano, dzidzo, mutemo.

Decentralization kuWest munyika utariri mamiriro kusimbisa Kufambisa uye centralization yedare miviri, zvichiguma nokuwedzera kwenhamba vashandi yeUnited uye hurumende.