Desert: zvinetso zvemhoteredzo, upenyu murenje

Desert - yakaoma nzvimbo rurefu tembiricha kuita uye vakaderera mwando. Vanotsvakurudza tenda dzakadai panyika tsaukana nendima kutsanangura. Geographers uye zvipenyu nharo kuti mugwenga chaizvo - ndiro dambudziko huru kwezvakatipoteredza dzenyika, kana pane masango. Saka tinoti kurasikirwa rwokuzvarwa miti yakaoma rusingaperi, nekusagona rwokuzvarwa kupora pasina kupindira kwevanhu. Ngationei kuti ndima irenje pamepu. zvinetso zvemhoteredzo zviri rwokuzvarwa nzvimbo kuchaita gadza nechokuita zvakananga basa nevanhu.

Country tsaukana kutsanangura

Most dryland nzvimbo nyika iri dzinopisa, ivo kubva 0 kusvika 250 mm inonaya pagore. Kusimuka kwemvura yemanyorero kagumi kupfuura uwandu kunayisa. Kakawanda inodonha asingadi kusvika panyika, izvozvo runopwa mudenga. In pamaware Gobi uye muna Central Asia muchando kutonhora pazasi 0 ° C. A chinokosha amplitude - anozivikanwa chepfungwa okunze kwerenje. Masikati zvingava 25-30 ° C, muna Sahara inosvika 40-45 ° C. Other nenzvimbo kutsanangura mumarenje the Earth:

• kunayisa pasina wetting ivhu;
• guruva madutu uye vortices pasina mvura;
• undrained madhamu dzakakwirira munyu kugutsikana;
• Zvinyorwa vanoparara ari sand, kwete kupa kukonzera nehova;
• River pasina muromo, yakaoma uye dzisinganayi rwizi kuunganidza ari Delta;
• meandering madhamu pamwe dzichichinja coastlines;
• miti, nemiti uye nemiriwo pasina mashizha, asi minzwa.

Kudeuka mugwenga munyika

Yakakura nzvimbo isina zvinomera kunge zvakabatanidzwa kure negungwa nzvimbo nyika. Zvinonzi hunodzorwa miti, nemiti uye nemiriwo pasina mashizha kana zvinomera, izvo zvinoreva izwi "renje" pacharo. Photos vanotaurwa munyaya, kupa pfungwa utsinye ezvinhu yakaoma nzvimbo. Mepu inoratidza kuti mugwenga iri muna Northern uye Southern Hemispheres mu inopisa okunze. Chete muna Central Asia, nzvimbo iyi dzinongoitika iri munzvimbo dzinodziya vematunhu, kusvika 50 ° C. W. Renje guru munyika:

• Sahara, Libyan, Kalahari uye Namib mu Africa;
• Monte, Patagonian uye Atacama kuSouth America;
• Sandy Great uye Victoria muna Australia;
• MuArabhia, Gobi, muSiriya, varikwizire Al Khali murenje, kuti Karakum, Kyzylkum muna Eurasia.

kunzvimbo dzakadai Semi-murenje uye gwenga, panyika mepu yose kutora kubva 17 kusvika 25% of zvachose panyika nzvimbo dzenyika, uye muna Africa uye Australia - 40% of nzvimbo.

Nzara ari pagungwa

The kujairika nzvimbo yacho chakanangana Atacama Desert uye Namibia. Izvi upenyu dzisinganayi nharaunda dziri pamahombekombe! The Atacama Desert iri kumadokero kweSouth America, yakapoteredzwa matombo nhongonya eAndes gomo hurongwa, iyo rinosvika munhu nekukwirira pamusoro 6,500 m. In kumavirazuva okumavirira nePacific Ocean yayo inotonhora Peruvian iyezvino.

Atacama - murenje asingabereki, kwakaratidzwa pano chinyorwa yakaderera kunonaya - 0 mm. Light mvura zvinoitika kamwe pamakore mashoma ose, asi munguva yechando kazhinji chikuru makore anosundwa kubva munyanza. In ichi dzisinganayi nharaunda musha vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 1. Vanacho mubasa mhuka minda: rakombwa mafuro uye mafuro, mukuru gwenga zvose. Photos munyaya zvinopa pfungwa yokuti nharaunda yacho Atacama noutsinye.

Mhando mumarenje (kwezvakatipoteredza kupatsanura)

1. Dzisinganayi - mapazi mhando, hunhu inopisa uye subtropical zvikamu. Okunze munharaunda iyi inopisa uye akaoma.
2. Anthropogenic - mugumisiro zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga munhu zvazvinoita zvakasikwa. Pane dzidziso kuti inotsanangura kuti ichi ndicho kurenje, matambudziko zvezvakatipoteredza dzinoitwa kwayo chiwedzerwa. Uye izvi zvose kunokonzerwa nemabasa vanhu.
3. Nevakabva - imwe nharaunda umo mune zvechigarire vagari. dzaifanoiswa nzizi ipapo, oases, izvo kuumbwa munzvimbo umo pasi.
4. Industrial - dzinodiwa murombo chaizvo zvinomera pakavha nemhuka, izvo zviri kukonzerwa maindasitiri basa uye kutyora rwokuzvarwa kwezvakatipoteredza.
5. Arctic - chando uye nechando expanses panguva pamatunhu latitudes.

matambudziko Ecological murenje uye Semi-mumarenje kuchamhembe uye vari dzinopisa akafanana munzira dzakawanda: somuenzaniso, pane kushayikwa kunonaya, chinova vakaomerwa chinoita kuti chirimwa upenyu. Asi nechando penzvimbo kweArctic kunoratidzwa zvikuru yakaderera tembiricha.

Masango - kufirwa chinoramba zvinomera butiro

About 150 apfuura, masayendisiti akacherechedza kuwedzera munzvimbo Sahara. Archaeological zvakawanikwa pakuchera matongo paleontological netsvakurudzo kuti hazvina nguva dzose chete mugwenga raiva munharaunda. zvinetso zvemhoteredzo ipapo ari vanonzi "todzokera" Sahara. Saka, muzana remakore XI, kurima mu North Africa aigona kukurira kusvika 21 ° Latitude. Nokuti vanomwe emakore Muganhu zvokurima wokuchamhembe kwakaita kumaodzanyemba rechi17 dzakafanana, kuti XXI remakore haachatauri kunyange mberi. Nei masango? Vamwe vatsvakurudzi kutsanangura muitiro mu Africa "kupwa 'okunze uye nezvimwe Zvikonzera sand, hope oasis. The kutekenyedzwa raiva basa Stebbing "Desert, akasika munhu", rakabudiswa muna 1938. Munyori anopa mashoko pamusoro mberi Sahara kumaodzanyemba uye vakatsanangura Chiitiko pakati kururama kurima, kunyanya zvipfuwo tsika manyoro uswa, unsustainable kurima hurongwa.

Man-akaita zvinokonzera masango

Somugumisiro, kufamba jecha muna Sahara Research, masayendisiti akawana kuti panguva World War First, nzvimbo yekurima uye zvipfuwo zvipfuwo ungaderedza. Pamiti, ipapo chakamukazve chava Sangano, kuti ari kuenda mugwenga! zvinetso zvemhoteredzo vava akabatanidza nokusavapo kutopedza nyaya umo nharaunda wakasuduruka zvokurima kushandiswa nokuda kwavo rwokuzvarwa patsva. Kuitwa reclamation mabasa uye reclamation pamusoro diki pachivara.

Masango kazhinji zvinoguma basa nevanhu, mhosva "shrinkage" haasi okunze uye anthropogenic chokuita zvisina mwero kudzvinyirirwa kwemafuro, kunyanya kukura mugwagwa kuvakwa uye unsustainable kurima. Masango pasi pokudzora dzinongoitika zvingakonzera kuitika kumuganhu huripo oma an, asi isingasviki pasi pokudzora mabasa evanhu. The kukonzera anthropogenic masango:

• kuchera rakavhurika gomba (pavaiputsa);
• kufudza pasina kudzorera negoho kwemafuro;
• watemwa miti pacho, ivhu chisimbiso;
• sizvo kudiridza (kudiridza);
• nokusimbaradza mvura uye mhepo kukurwa kwevhu:
• zvikasabudiswa reservoirs, sezvinowanzoita pamwe kunyangarika Gungwa Aral muCentral Asia.

matambudziko Ecological murenje uye Semi-mumarenje (Donongodzo)

1. Kushaikwa kwemvura - chikuru chinhu kunowedzera munjodzi renje nharaunda. Strong kwemvura uye guruva madutu dzinotungamirira mberi kudzikisirana uye Kuparara shoma nevhu.
2. Salinity - zvakawedzera zviri soluble munyu, munyu marshes, uye paumbwe solonetzes kushanda unusable zvinomera.
3. Huruva uye jecha madutu - Air kuyerera kubva panyika pakubuda inokosha mari wakaisvonaka nemarara. On mhepo anotakura munyu nomumachakwi munyu. Kana jecha nevhu hunopfumiswa nesimbi yeimwe, saka pane yero mashava uye tsvuku yemadutu guruva. Vanogona kufukidza mazana kana zviuru mativi makiromita.
4. "Dhiyabhorosi the Desert" - huruva jecha whirls, rinobuda mumhepo akawandisa zvakapwanyika duku kuti nekukwirira anoverengeka makumi ezviuru mamita. Sand Matanda vari pamusoro okubhadhara. Vakasiyana washington kusavapo cumulus makore akatakura mvura.
5. Guruva mbiya - imwe nzvimbo apo pane aiparadza kupera somugumisiro kwemvura uye kudzora achirima ivhu.
6. Clogging, tsvina kuwanda - kwokunze nemasikirwo ezvinhu zvinhu kuti kwenguva refu regai anoora kana kusunungura zvine chepfu.
7. Nokushandiswa uye kusvibiswa womunhu ari migodhi kushanda, kukura mhuka minda, nezvifambiso uye ushanyi.
8. Rutapudzo munharaunda inogarwa miti murenje, Kuparadzwa fauna of. Kurasikirwa razvo.

Desert Living. Plants uye Animals

ezvinhu anorwadza, dzisina mvura pfuma uye asingabereki gwenga nzvimbo zvakachinja pashure mvura. Succulents zhinji, cacti, uye Jade semuenzaniso, anokwanisa kupinza uye kuchengeta vakasungwa mvura madzinde mashizha. Xeromorphic zvimwe zvirimwa zvakadai saxaul negavakava, kutanga Midzi refu kuti dzisvike aquifer. Mhuka kunge akaderedzwa kuti kuwana zvinhu zvakafanira mwando kubva chikafu. fauna of zhinji kushandisa kuzvirotera kudzivisa overheating.

The yakapoteredza nyika, mugwenga zvikurukuru, ari kuona inokanganisa zvokuwedzera mabasa. Ko kuparadzwa yepanyama kwezvakatipoteredza, somugumisiro murume pachake haagoni tinakirwe nezvipo zvakasikwa. Kana mhuka uye zvinomera vasava zvatinosiita dzinogarisana, uyewo inokanganisa upenyu hwevanhu.