Computer rwokugadzira. Chii ichocho? A zvishoma nhoroondo uye dudziro ano

Kana ukatarira nhoroondo zvigadzirwa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva tichishandisa achangobva rokuti "kombiyuta sayenzi". uku pakutanga akaita haana kureva vose zvinhu izvo paakapiwa mairi nhasi. Uye, zvinosuruvarisa kuti vanhu vakawanda zvimwe vanofunga kuti makombiyuta uye kadambari midziyo - mazwi ndivo anoreva zvakafanana. Uyu kukanganisa pachena.

Computer Science zvinoreva

Kududzira zvinoreva iri rinogona kuva zvakasiyana, kunyanya nokuti maduramazwi akasiyana kunogona kuzvidudzira mu mhirikiro zvakasiyana.

Zvisinei, kana tiri pedyo nyaya sokuti ane mhando zvavo, tinogona zvakachengeteka kuti kombiyuta michina - waishandiswa mudziyo ane seti zvimwe kwemasvomhu maturusi unyanzvi uye nzira kuti kushandisa michina (kana Mechanisation) kubudiswa chero mashoko uye pezvakaitwa Masvomhu kana kurondedzera kana kutanga (mumuviri, zvemaziso, uye zvichingodaro. d.).

Computer Zvivako: Chii kuti Mupfungwa yakazara?

Computer michina aizivikanwa vanhu kwenguva refu. Chinonyanya chinyakare namano vaiva mazana emakore asati auya yedu, anogona kunzi Somuenzaniso, imwe Chinese Mushosho kana yeRoma Mushosho. Nechekare yechipiri yezana kwemireniyumu kwakanga mudziyo yakadai, sezvo pakafunuka Knepper, Schickard achiwedzera muchina, masiraidhi ushe, kuverenga Pascal muchina uye zvichingodaro. D. Judge woga, neShanduro yanhasi muchimiro macalculator vanogona zvakanaka anonzi muchimiro kadambari.

Kunyange zvakadaro, kududzirwa izwi kwazova yakapiwa zvichireva nokuuya vokutanga makombiyuta. Zvino muna 1946, apo kombiyuta yekutanga, rakapfupikiswa sezvo ENIAC (muna USSR zano yakadaro akasikwa 1950 uye akanzi SECM) akasikwa muUnited States.

To musi, marapiro rakawedzera. Saka, panguva ino padariro muzvigadzirwa budiriro inogona tsunga kuti mabikirwo kombiyuta - ndiko:

• makombiyuta uye nomumbure utariri Ezvemutauro;
• Zvoga kuzvidzora hurongwa uye mashoko (ruzivo) kugadzira;
• zvoga kugadzira maturusi, Modelling uye kufungidzira;
• Hurongwa Software kukura, etc.

Sezvingatarisirwa, zvawanyora mberi, asi ndiwo zvinoriumba izvi anoonekwa kuti zvinokosha.

zvinoreva kuti kadambari

Zvino ngationei kuti chii chinoumba nzira kadambari. At moyo chero zvinoitawo mashoko kana, sezvo zvino vanoti, mashoko. Asi pfungwa mashoko kuonekwa nani kuzviitira, sezvo vamwe muitiro kutakura kureva, uye imwe chete munhu - kwete. Saka, nokuti harmonization kuti mashoko akanga yakataurwa munhu binary code, izvo panoonekwa chero muchina uye rinoshandiswa kuti ironge mashoko yainyanya.

Pakati zvinoreva pachavo vangazivikanwa hwokugadzira mano (processors, ndangariro, chiyamuro / goho mano) uye software, pasina iro ichi "simbi" zvose hazvina maturo chose. Ipapo anofanira kucherechedzwa kuti yekombiyuta ane vanoverengeka maitiro features, akadai kuvimbika, kuzviranga, connectivity uye interactivity. Kunewo inonzi computational gadziriro, izvo chokuita multiprocessor hurongwa, kuona kuvimbika uye yakawedzerwa pamwero waivako haisi munhuwo chete-processor enyika. Uye chete zvachose boka "simbi" uye Software anogona kutaura kuti vari huru kadambari mari. Chokwadi, unogona kuwedzera pano uye unyanzvi, rondedzero pamusoro izvo akarongeka ane muitiro, asi kunogona kutora zvikuru kwenguva refu.

The umhare makombiyuta ano

Nokuti vose tsanangudzo izvi, zvinokwanisika kurondedzera uye basa makombiyuta ano. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, havana nokubatanidza Hardware uye software, uye mumwe pasina mumwe havagoni kushanda.

Saka, munhu ano kombiyuta (Hardware) - kuva unyanzvi zvokushandisa kwomudzimu usashandisa kwezvakatipoteredza kuita mamwe mabasa, uye vakutarisire (chine zvirongwa "simbi"). Chinonyanya zvakakodzera ndiwo mutsara wokutanga, uye kwete wechipiri, nekuti pakupedzisira, izvi yakatarwa runodikanwa kubudiswa kuuya mashoko uye goho mugumisiro.

A mudziyo kombiyuta (Hardware) zvinosanganisira akawanda chikuru zvinoriumba, pasina iro haikwanise kuita munhu hurongwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira motherboards, processors, dzakaoma Zvifambiso, ndangariro, monitors, keyboards, negonzo, peripherals (vaidhinda, scanners, etc.), dhisiki Zvifambiso, uye vamwe. Tichitevera-software pakutanga inogarwa kushanda hurongwa uye vatyairi. mafomu vanomhanya anodawo gadziriro uye vatyairi zvinopa yakarurama inoshanda vose "simbi" namano.

A mashoko mashoma pamusoro kupatsanura

Modern kombiyuta hurongwa zvinogona Classified maererano akawanda zvinodiwa:

• musimboti kushanda (digitaalinen, analoginen, chemasanganiswa);
• Chizvarwa (Implementation);
• basa (dambudziko-zvinangwa, nechigadziko, musha, vakazvitsaurira, kushandiswa, nokudenga);
• zvinhu uye miganhu (superlarge, supersmall mono- kana multiplayer);
• mamiriro ezvinhu kushandiswa (musha, hofisi, maindasitiri);
• zvimwe zvinhu (nhamba processors, mapurani, kuita, mutengi).

Sezvo zviri pachena, chaiwo miganhu iri mukirasi tsananguro haune. In Zvinotaurwa, chero weboka ano enyika mumapoka achiri anotarisa evasingatombonamati kwakajairika.