Chii iri mvura mugungwa: mumwe chikamu sezvamunoita uye arambe achirema

Gungwa anofukidza akawanda Nyika. Asi chii chatinoziva nezvake? Chii chinonzi mvura mugungwa? Ndezvipi panyama ayo ehupfumi? The gungwa mvura rakasiyana kunwa? Uye sei kuti mumwe nomumwe? Tichaedza mibvunzo yose iyi akavapindurawo.

Just munyu mvura?

Vanhu vakawanda vanoziva kuti kuravidza gungwa, uye vaya vasingazivi, kufembera. Hazvina wakawanda. Asi zvirokwazvo wagadzira gungwa dzimba, chete kuburikidza nokusanganisa munyu uye mvura? Izvi hazvisi chokwadi. Nhamba zvavo mvura mugungwa iri 96,5%. The yasara 3.5% - ichi tsvina. sezvamunoita yavo chaiyo paakaziva chete mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19, panguva rwendo nokuongorora. Asi masayendisiti asati aiziva kuti nouipi kuita mvura munyu kwakadaro, havasi vanhuwo tafura munyu. Kutaura zvazviri zvazvichanyungudutswa mugungwa ose okunze periodic ezvinhu Mendeleev. Kuvapo kwavo usingashandi, asi hazvirambiki.

Iroro rwendo, 77 mvura ivhu akatorwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana nzvimbo munyanza. Zvadaro chakaitwa inoshamisa akawana: pasinei guru huwandu mvura yegungwa pamusoro pemvura Earth, kuti chikamu mikuru ions mairi nguva dzose inoramba zvakafanana. Zvinorevei izvi, isu kutsanangura pazasi. Panguva iyoyo tinoona zviri mugungwa mvura.

The nguva dzose pamusoro munyu nziyo

Yakanga iri zvakawanikwa, kunonziwo mutemo Dietmar, zvakaitirwa nyika rwendo pakati mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19. Kemisiti, ane zita rakapiwa mutemo uyu, ndakawana kuti nhamba mvura mugungwa dzinenge nguva dzose huru ions munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzenyika. Mugove zvimwe zvinhu zvokuti diki kuti hazvisi zvinokosha uye hakunganzi kana kuita siyana hydro-namakemikari zvidzidzo.

Major ions m. E. Compounds mune mari kupfuura 0.01%, anoumba munyu vakawanda. Ivo kunyanya kutapura muviri uye zvemakemikari zvivako zviri yomugungwa. nhamba yavo kunobva siyana zvinhu, kusanganisira kwezvakatipoteredza mamiriro pamusoro. Asi nhamba munyu wevasungwa munguva yomugungwa, akaenzana 35,16 ‰, uremu tsvina vane zvaanoreva zvakajeka anopiwa tafura pazasi. Ngationei zviri yomugungwa.

Sezvatinogona kuona, chikamu chikuru ine chlorides. Kupiwa kutsungirira ari munyu murwiyo pachishandiswa mashoko aya zvinoita kuziva zvizere Zvinoumba gungwa mvura ivhu. Nokuti chinangwa ichi kuiisa chlorine wevasungwa rinowanikwa, uye inobva Data yaunganidzwa uzivewo ukama, chii inorwara yasara zvinhu.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Kufanana nevamwe chero fuma, yomugungwa ane unhu-siyana iyo masayendisiti pakutsvakurudza. Data izvi kupa pfungwa dzakawanda pezvakaitwa kuitika panguva kudzika uye kuva nezvahunoita redu. Somuenzaniso, haasi munhu wose anoziva mvura kuti anokwanisa shure. Under kumanikidzwa mukanyiwa kuita pairi kubva kumusoro, zvinogona kuchinja vhoriyamu.

Pamusoro pemvura, zviri anenge asingaoneki, asi kwakadzama, zvakarambawo zvichindijekera anova ichi chinokosha. Vachitungamirirwa kumanikidzwa kwemazana atmospheres ari compressibility zvasvika munhu zvakanaka zvizhinji. Masayendisiti anoti kana kwete pfuma iyi mvura, pachiyero penyanza angadai dzakakwirira nokuda mamita 30. Panyaya iyi, pemvura paNyika vangadai akatarisa zvakasiyana chaizvo.

salinity

Takatodzidza vakawana munyu zvakadini mune yomugungwa, uye tinoziva kuti chayo ndiye anenge kuchinja. Zvisinei, izvozvo dzinosiyana zvishoma - kubva 33 kusvika 37 ‰, ane kusara shoma. Avhareji ukoshi ndiyo 34,72 ‰. zvazvingava Izvi zvinoenderana uwandu kunayisa munzvimbo wakapiwa, mhepo tembiricha kunokanganisa kusimba kwemvura, uye uwandu yakachena mvura miviri, zvakananga chokuita gungwa.

The soro chikamu salinity chakanyorwa muAtlantic Ocean. Avhareji iri nechekuchamhembe 35,06 ‰. The duku ukoshi ndohwaJehovha nePacific Ocean. Kunyange zvakadaro, pane madziva apo salinity yakanga yekudyidzana kupfuura avhareji tsika. Izvi zvinosanganisira muMediterranean uye nepaGungwa Dzvuku. High tembiricha, mukuru kusimba kwemvura uye shoma kunayisa vanomutsirwa Nhoroondo padanho salinity 38-42 ‰. Kazhinji, murwiyo chegungwa mvura yeGungwa Black nevamwe vazhinji pamusoro chete. Zvichida, chokwadi kuti vari chokuita zvose.

Vamwe vanoti kuti mvura gungwa rine 5 ‰ munyu. Asi mufananidzo uyu apo neapo, chete chicherwa madhamu. Somuenzaniso, zvakadini Azov gungwa salinity - 11 ‰, Black - 18 ‰, Red - 41 ‰, uye Vakafa - 300 ‰.

tembiricha

Kungava kuchenjera kuti kudavira kuti mufananidzo uyu ndiye yose zvomumvura mvura munyika. Mhepo tembiricha munzvimbo pedyo nematanda, iri kutura kuna shoma nhanho. At neequator, nekusiyana, nguva dzose pane akatsiga inopisa ekunze. Asi kuwanda nokuchinja tembiricha mvura zvikuru yakaderera, izvozvo anoda kubva -2 kusvika 30 ° ^C. The paavhareji yose munyanza ari 3,73 chete ° ^C. Uyezve, panguva mvura kanoverengeka inodziya kupfuura kudzika 2-5 zviuru. m.

Zvingasafadza kuvhiringidza ndechokuti tembiricha mvura yegungwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo iri akatura kuna -2 ° ^C. All kuziva kuti pana ⁰ ° C H ₂ O anova chando. Zviri, asi gungwa mvura, sezvataona, rinosanganisira tsvina kuti kuchinja unhu ayo, uye kusanganisira yakaderera oma pfungwa. The yakakwirira ari chikamu salinity, rezasi inoenzanirana. Somuenzaniso, apo munhu hwakanyatsorwisa shoma munyu mumvura (24,7 ‰) nechando tembiricha akaenzana -1,33 ^° C

arambe achirema

The kuchangotanga shanduko chakarurama izvi zvinokonzera mvura rwokufamba achitungamirira chitarisiko kuyerera tote uye zvido zvevanhu. Ndokusaka arambe achirema mvura mugungwa vari kudzidza chero oceanographic tsvakurudzo. It unotaurwa makirogiramu / m ³ uye rinomirira uremu muzana chikwata vhoriyamu.

Density mvura yakachena pa ⁴ ° C uri 1000 makirogiramu / m ^3, uye gungwa ari salinity 35 ‰, - 1027,81 makirogiramu / m ^3. Musiyano uyu unomuka kubva netsvina constituent. The zvakawanda munyu iri mvura mugungwa, dzakanga Indekisi arambe achirema. Kazhinji, ukoshi hwayo anoda kubva 1025 kusvika 1033 makirogiramu / m ^3.

Uyezve, arambe achirema mvura gungwa dzinosiyana-siyana zvichienderana udzamu ari pedyo pamusoro, saka zviri pazasi. Asi pane kusaina. Somuenzaniso, apo kwemvura kusimba chokuita yakakwirira tembiricha pamusoro pemvura salinity inowedzerawo. Nokudaro, arambe achirema yegungwa uye okumusoro akaturikidzana anowedzera.

makemikari anoumba

Sezvo isu akatsanangura kumusoro, huwandu nouipi nemvura gungwa anenge chete. Asi kworudzii nyaya inoita kuti chii?

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti yazvino makemikari anoumba yomugungwa rakaumbwa anenge mabhiriyoni 1 apfuura. Kunyange ipapo rukava wakawanda sezvazvakaita zvino. Hazvina kunyanya kubvuma zvisingashamisi inoita R. Quinton, uyo muna 1904 akazivisa kuti zvicherwa Zvinoumba mvura yegungwa, uye ropa riri nehasha chete. Muna 1910, AB Mallun akasimbisa fembera ichi. In maonero ake, uye kuva makemikari ari mugungwa mvura iri nguva apo mhou wokutanga uye hove cartilaginous, rakafanana neropa remhuka zvose. Asi kusvikira zvino, pfungwa iyi ane vatsigiri uye vaimupikisa.

Yomugungwa rine zvakasiyana siyana zvinhu, nhamba unopirwa mu muzana zvinotevera tafura.

Pamazita Izvi zvingava siyanei munharaunda dzakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, chikamu Sea Black gungwa mvura nomuti rehydrogen sulfide, sezvo sulfate-kuderedza utachiona vari kushingaira kunyanya.

Apo munyu vanobva?

Tatoona chii murwiyo mvura yegungwa chikamu. Asi apo kuita zvose izvi zvinhu uye nei penyanza manakire?

Kutaura zvazviri, munyu huri kwete mvura mugungwa asiwo yakachena zhinji. Chete wevasungwa zvicherwa, pane yakaderera kuti hazvigoni kuzivikanwa pasina chinokosha kuongorora. River akageza kubva ivhu pamusoro wako munyu nzira izvozvo gare gare kuwira munyanza. Pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu tembiricha regungwa mvura runopwa uye zvicherwa vakasara panzvimbo.

Asi kunyange kana izvozvo muitiro inotora makore akawanda, mvura gungwa aisazova munyu zvakakwana. Chokufamba vakaisa basa kuputika kuitika pasi goko. Magma kusiya pemvura, hazvina yakavhenganiswa nemvura uye inonyorovesa nokuripisa siyana chicherwa zvinhu. Ndokusaka makemikari anoumba nyanza dzakaumbwa anenge bhiriyoni apfuura apo kuputika basa kwaisava vanoshingaira.

Ndinogona kuinwa?

Zvirokwazvo mumabhuku kana mumafirimu iwe ndamboona okuti hazvibviri kunwa mvura kugungwa kuzvidzosera? Asi nei? Ndicho mvura chete, sezvinoita mamwe, chete shoma tsvina. Kutaura zvazviri, nemhaka yavo ndiyo undrinkable.

Huwandu munyu saka guru yomugungwa kuti kubviswa kwavo kubva muviri vachada kakawanda kupfuura H ₂ O, rwaparadzwa kupfuura pakutanga. Ndokusaka pashure chero vava zvokudya nyota kudaro. Zvino mvura mugungwa, sezvataona, avhareji salinity anenge 35 ‰. Ndizvo chaizvo.

Munguva 1950s, chiremba uye chikamu-mufambi Alain Bambara kwakaratidzei ruzivo, kuti anogona kuva wakadhakwa vhiki gungwa mvura pasina kukuvadza utano. Asi tarisa pachayo mashoko aya hakusi zviripo.

Asi vakaita zvose mvura iri mumakungwa uye zvaparadzwa zvachose haagoni kushandiswa nokunwa? Pamwe, asi chete pashure desalination rikurumidze.

Sei kubvisa munyu?

Takazoziva zviri mugungwa mvura. Asi kuitira kuti zvava akakodzera kunwa, uwandu nouipi mairi inofanira kuderedzwa kusvika ka70. Asi sei kubudirira mugumisiro ichi?

Pane nzira dzakawanda desalinate mvura: .., Ion Exchange, DISTILLATION, electrodialysis, etc. The inonyatsobudirira ndivo avo kuti zvinoda mudukusa simba uye mari yokufambisa. Nzira inonyanya wakajairika DISTILLATION, asi hapana zvishoma dzakakurumbira uye neizvi osmosis. Muchiitiko chino, yakakwirira kumanikidzwa mvura okuchenesa. The mugumisiro - 16 000 litres chete $ 1.

Electrodialysis nzira, sezvo zita rinoreva, rinoitwa pachishandiswa electrodes. Panguva iyo inrush ano cations uye anions, izvo takakurukura pakutanga ino, vanowanzotevedzera azvaitwa kune cathode uye anode kuburikidza rinokosha membrane. zvishoma nezvishoma The mvura pakati electrodes desalted.

Kubatsira mvura yegungwa

Kazhinji, vaya vanotambura zvirwere zvokufema, vanotumirwa pazororo kusvika kumhenderekedzo. Ndizvozvo, nekuti mvura gungwa ane zvainoita mumapapu, principales nemarunda anobatsira. Mineral-vapfumi emura disinfects uye anoparadza utachiona. Chiizve inobatsira?

Kugara nepagungwa okunze uye kugeza saltwater pane muviri tonic maturo, uyewo kuvandudza kushanda kwemakemikari anobudiswa hurongwa. The Mugumisiro - yakawedzerwa kutapata.

Huri muna yomugungwa Bromo, iodo calcium zvinobatsira nokusimbaradza mazino enamel uye mazino panguva rinsing. Nokuti migumisiro yakanakisisa, sukurudza muromo wako unofanira kuva kakawanda pavhiki kwemaminitsi 2-3. Chokwadi, nokuti zvinangwa izvi rakakodzera chete zvikuru kucheneswa gungwa mvura, iyo inogona kuwanikwa pana chemishonga. Asati kushandiswa, inofanira kudziyirwa mumba tembiricha.

Sea mvura yakanaka akambozvishandisa kuuraya utachiona. Zvinokurudzira maronda diki uye abrasions, kunoderedza kuvaviwa kubva zvipembenene ikaruma.