Bone murume. Anatomy: pfupa romunhu. Human marangwanda ainzi pfupa

Chii Zvinoumba pfupa romunhu ane zita ravo dzakasiyana-siyana marangwanda uye mamwe mashoko uchadzidza kubva zvinhu inopiwa nyaya. Uyezve, isu vachakuudza sei vari interconnected uye chii chinosara rinoitwa.

Vhuṱanzi

Akauya nhengo yomuviri rinoumbwa munyama anoverengeka. Anokosha izvi mafupa. Saka, ngatikurukurei pamwe murwiyo mapfupa evanhu uye muviri zvivako.

Bone rinenge rinoumbwa zviviri zvinokosha makemikari: Organic (ossein) - vanenge 1/3 uye inorganic (calcium, phosphate madota) - 2/3. Kana muviri kwakadaro kuti afumure iine acid mhinduro (semuenzaniso, nitric, hydrochloric, nezvimwewo)., The madota munyu kuiparadza nokukurumidza, uye kuramba ossein. Iye icharega chimiro mafupa. Zvisinei, uchava zvakawanda raichinja-chinja uye munyoro.

Kana pfupa pisa zvakanaka, kuti makemikari zvinhu apise uye inorganic zvinopesana, zviripo. Vachamanikidza vaine pezvakaita marangwanda yayo neukukutu. Kunyange zvazvo izvi pfupa romunhu (Photo munyaya ino) ichava kusimba chaizvo. Masayendisiti dzakaratidza kuti elasticity kwomuviri kunobva ossein zviri mukati, uye hasha dzechiso uye elasticity - kubva chicherwa munyu.

Features mapfupa evanhu

Tikafunga Organic uye inorganic zvokuvakisa pfupa romunhu anoita simba rakakura uye vakashinga. Izvi zvikuru hunogutsa uye kuchinja zera-ukama. Pashure pezvose, vana vaduku ossein zvikuru kupfuura vakuru. Panyaya iyi, mafupa avo kuzivikanwa zvikurukuru aida kuchinja uye saka kwazvo haiwanzoguma pasi. Kana vanhu vakura, vane nhamba inorganic uye Organic zvinhu zvichisiyana achitsigira yaimbova. Ndokusaka murume akwegura pfupa hunowedzera pfava uye zvishoma kwakavharwa nenyama. Somugumisiro, pane zvakawanda kare mitswe kunyange zvishoma kukuvara.

Anatomy mapfupa evanhu

Structural Unit muviri, izvo zvinoonekwa yakaderera magnification maikorosikopu kana rinokudza girazi, ndiye osteon. Izvi mhando ezvinhu mhou ndiro iri concentrically kunhivi nechepakati kupa utano hwake uye tsinga.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti osteons havasi yakabatana mumwe kunyatsotevera. pane nemaburi pavo, izvo zvinogutswa nezvinhu pfupa interstitial lamellae. Muchiitiko chino, osteons hadzina akaiswa randomly. Vakanga zvakazara zvinoenderana dzichipfekeka mutoro. Saka, muna mapfupa refu osteons dlinniku mapfupa pakuenzanisa cancellous - perpendicular kuti tote akabatana. Uye sandarara (semuenzaniso, a dehenya) - vari TOUR kana newokuti kwayo pamusoro.

Izvo akaturikidzana muri mapfupa evanhu?

Osteons pamwe chete interstitial mahwendefa vanoumba huru pakati rukoko repfupa. Inside zvinonzi yakafukidzirwa ane rukoko yomukati pfupa ndiro, uye kunze - kunze. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti yose okupedzisira rukoko iri rakapinda nokuda midziyo ropa, vanomhanya kubva periosteum kuburikidza chaiwo makwara. Sezvineiwo, zviri osteons umbwa uye hombe zvenyaya marangwanda dziri chaioneka akashama ziso riri radiograph kana akaputswa.

Saka, ngationei kuti ehupfumi pfupa akaturikidzana panyama:

• The rukoko wokutanga - pfupa simba.
• Wechipiri - panaakabatanidzwa pamwechete, anofukidza kunze mafupa.
• Third rukoko - iri anongoremberera connective zvinyama kuti anoshumira rudzi "nguvo" midziyo ropa kuti vari yakakodzera mafupa.
• Wechina - ndiyo shwashwa kufukidza kumigumo mapfupa. Izvi apo mitumbi izvi zvinowedzera kukura kwavo.
• The rukoko wechishanu rinoumbwa tsinga harinzwi. Kana kukundikana maatomu akafanana izvi yakakodzwa yepakutanga chiratidzo receptors uropi.

Human pfupa, kana pane zvose zvayo nzvimbo mukati izere mwongo (tsvuku yellow). Red wakabatana pfupa inotungamirwa uye hematopoiesis zvakananga. Sokuziva, zvinonzi zvapararira chose nemidziyo ropa uye tsinga kuti zvokudya kwete pachake chete, asi vose yomukati akaturikidzana muviri dzinomiririrwa. Yellow mwongo inosimudzira kukura marangwanda yayo kusimbiswa.

Ndezvipi Zvekare zvimiro zvemhashu mapfupa?

Sezvo vanogona kuva, zvichienderana nzvimbo uye basa:

• Long kana tubular. zvinhu izvi vane cylindrical pakati mugove ane mhango mukati uye miviri paupamhi miromo iyo akafukidzwa gobvu paiva shwashwa (semuenzaniso, munhu gumbo mapfupa).
• Wide. It pectoral uye pelvic uye dehenya mapfupa.
• Short. zvinhu izvi zvakasiyana kwemashifiti, multi-faceted uye woita nezvimiro (semuenzaniso, chiningoningo mapfupa, vertebrae, uye zvichingodaro.).

How zvakabatana?

Human marangwanda (anonzi pfupa takawana pazasi) rinomiririra muzvizhinji nomunhu tsanga, izvo zvine chokuita nomumwe. Kana kuti murayiro mashoko zvinhu kunobva zvavo zvakananga mabasa. Kusiyanisa discontinuous uye kuramba kubatana mapfupa evanhu. Ngationgororei navo zvizere.

Chinogara chichingoitwa akakura. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

• Fibroids. Mapfupa womunhu nomuviri interconnected pachishandiswa gobvu connective tishu lining.
• Bone (kureva mapfupa akanga aporesa zvachose).
• Shwashwa (intervertebral discs).

Discontinuous akakura. Izvi zvinosanganisira synovial, ndiko kuti, pakati kuberekesana zvikamu zviri glenoid mhango. Mapfupa inoitwa pachishandiswa munhu namahwindo Kamudzira uye anotsigira nemarunda uye tsandanyama tishu.

Nemhaka iyi inobudisa ruoko, mapfupa maoko nemakumbo maduku uye hunde vakawanda vanokwanisa kubereka womunhu muviri kufamba. Zvisinei, locomotor basa vanhu hakubvi chete pane aripo yeimwe, asiwo etsinga harinzwi uye mwongo huri mhango pakati mashoko.

skeletal basa

Kunze zvemaziso mabasa inotsigira muviri womunhu chimiro, kuti marangwanda runoita kufamba uye kudzivirira nhengo dzomukati. Uyezve, mapfupa hurongwa anomiririra achitandadza hemopoiesis. Saka, muna mumwongo masero matsva ropa aumba.

Mukuwedzera, marangwanda rudzi dzigare mairi kuzhinji muviri calcium phosphorus. Ndokusaka inoita basa rinokosha iri muviri zvicherwa.

Human marangwanda ainzi pfupa

Adult marangwanda chinosanganisira anenge anopfuura 200 zvinhu. Uyezve, chikamu chimwe nechimwe (musoro, maoko, makumbo nezvimwewo.) Includes dzimwe mhando mapfupa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zita uye panyama yavo maitiro zvakasiyana-siyana.

mapfupa musoro

The dehenya yevanhu ine zvikamu 29. Uyezve, mumwe dhipatimendi musoro kunosanganisira chete zvimwe mapfupa:

1. Funga dhipatimendi randinogara zvinhu sere:

• ari frontal mapfupa;
• achikanganisa;
• parietal (2 hrs.);
• occipital;
• epanyama (2 hrs.);
• latticework.

2. Face dhipatimendi ine mapfupa gumi nemashanu:

• palatine pfupa (2 hrs.);
• opener;
• zygomatic pfupa (2 hrs.);
• hwepamusoro shaya (2 hrs.);
• nasal pfupa (2 hrs.);
• rezasi rushaya;
• lacrimal pfupa (2 hrs.);
• repasi turbinate (2 hrs.);
• hyoid pfupa.

3. mapfupa pakati nzeve:

• sando (2 hrs.);
• imwe panhera (2 hrs.);
• stirrup (2 hrs.).

hunde

mapfupa evanhu, vane mazita anenge nguva anoenderana nzvimbo yavo kana pakuonekwa, ndivo vakawanda nyore kudzidza nhengo. Saka, mitswe siyana kana zvimwe pathologies zvinoratidzwa zvakarurama nokukurumidza tichibatsirwa kuti chirwere nzira sezvo X-ray. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti rimwe zvikuru mapfupa evanhu ndiyo mapfupa muviri. Izvi zvinosanganisira yose vertebral mbiru, chine 32-34 kuparadzanisa vertebrae. Zvichienderana mabasa uye nzvimbo mugove:

• thoracal vertebrae (12 hrs.);
• Mutsipa (7 hrs.), kusanganisira epistrophe uye Atlanta;
• lumbar (5 hrs.).

Uyezve, mumwe mutumbi mapfupa anorondedzera sacrum, coccyx, ari thorax, mbabvu (12 × 2) uye breastbone.

zvinhu zvose izvi zviri marangwanda yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira zvomukati kubva zvichibvira Kufurirwa nevamwe (mavanga, anorovera, punctures uye zvichingodaro.). Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kuna chakasimba mitswe magumo mapfupa anogona kukuvadza zvinyoronyoro nyama dzomuviri nyore, zvichiita kuti simba womukati ropa, zvichitungamirira kazhinji rufu. Uyezve, nokuti Fusion miviri yakadaro vanoda yakareba kupfuura avo kuti dziri munzvimbo dzakaderera kana repamusoro nemakumbo.

okumusoro nemakumbo

Mapfupa ruoko rwomunhu zvinosanganisira kupfuura nhamba diki zvinhu. Nokuda akadaro rokumusoro muzvidimbu marangwanda vanhu vanokwanisa kusika zvinhu, kuzvishandisa, uye zvichingodaro. Sezvo nomuzongoza, maoko evanhu vari muzvikamu akawanda:

1. yokumusoro muzvidimbu bhanhire ine mashizha (2 hrs.) uye clavicle (2 hrs.).
2. The vakasununguka mugove rokumusoro muzvidimbu une zvikamu:

• Papfudzi - humerus (2 zvidimbu).
• Honokono - the ulna (2 zvidimbu) uye TOUR pfupa (2 zvidimbu).
• Brush, izvo zvinosanganisira:
  - mumwe chiningoningo (8 × 2) raiumbwa scaphoid, lunate, mativi uye pisiform pfupa uye trapezoid pfupa, mapfupa trapezoid, capitate, uye hamate;
  - metacarpus raiumbwa metacarpal mapfupa (5 × 2);
  - mapfupa minwe (14 × 2), rine phalanges matatu (proximal, nechepakati uye distal) neimwe munwe (kunze thumbs, ine phalanges maviri).

mapfupa nechipiriso All yevanhu, izvo zvakaoma kuyeuka zita, kubvumira kutanga injini unyanzvi uye ruoko kuita nyore kufamba kuti zvinokosha muupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti constituent zvinhu okumusoro Mbabvu vari pasi kutsemuka kana zvimwe kukuvara kazhinji. Zvisinei, mapfupa aya fused dzichimhanya kupfuura vamwe.

dzikisa migumo

Human gumbo mapfupa zvinosanganisirawo vakawanda vashoma zvinhu. Sezvo vari rakakamurwa anotevera zvikamu zvichienderana nzvimbo uye basa:

• Bhanhire rezasi richiripo. Izvi zvinosanganisira pelvic pfupa, chine mashoko ilium, ischium uye pubis.
• The vakasununguka Chikamu rezasi kumugumo, zvinosanganisira muhudyu (femur - 2 zvidimbu; mbiya - 2 zvidimbu).
• Shin. Inoitwa pakati tibia (2 zvidimbu) uye fibula (2 zvidimbu).
• Stop.
• Taso (7 × 2). Inoitwa zvidimbu zviviri pfupa rimwe nerimwe: chitsitsinho, talus, navicular, medial achikanganisa, achikanganisa serin'i zvenguva, lateral achikanganisa serin'i, cuboid.
• Metatarsus zvinosanganisira metatarsal mapfupa (5 × 2).
• Bone nembambo (14 × 2). Ndivo: pakati phalanx (4 × 2) uye proximal phalanx (5 × 2) uye distal phalanx (5 × 2).

The inonyanya mapfupa chirwere

Nyanzvi kare yakasimbiswa kuti osteoporosis. Zvinonzi nokutsauka kunowanzokonzera kamwe mitswe uye kurwadziwa. Zita ndibatsireiwo chirwere akapa unorira "mbavha chinyararire". Izvi imhaka yokuti hosha anoenda kucherechedzwa uye anononoka chaizvo. Kubva mapfupa leaches karusiyamu zvishoma nezvishoma, zvinoita kuti vasanyanye arambe achirema yavo. Sezvineiwo, osteoporosis zvakawanda zvakajairika zera vakwegura kana pakati.

kuchembera mapfupa

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, zviri yekare yevanhu skeletal hurongwa ari kuwana kuchinja. Kudivi rimwe, uye mapfupa kurasikirwa anotanga zvinoderedza uwandu pfupa ndiro (iyo inosvitsa kutanga osteoporosis), uye kune rimwe - wandisa inotungamirwa wakaratidzwa muchimiro pfupa nodules (kana inonzi osteophytes). Uyewo, pane calcification pakati articular nemarunda, nemarunda uye shwashwa achitandadza kutyira miviri iyi.

Kuchembera osteoarticular midziyo anogona kuona kwete chete zviratidzo chirwere, asi ndinoonga kuti nzira iyi chirwere, sezvo X-ray.

kuchinja chii kuitika somugumisiro atrophy pakati pfupa fuma? mamiriro pathological dzakadaro dzinosanganisira:

• Deformation vagari misoro (kana inonzi kunyangarika dzavo wakatenderera, micheto uye stitching pakuonekwa unoenderana pamakona).
• Osteoporosis. At rokuongorora pamusoro X-ray dzevanhu murwere pfupa rinowanika zvakawanda segirazi pane ari mutano.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti varwere kazhinji inoratidza kuchinja pfupa majoini nokuda kwazvo madota deposits mu pedyo shwashwa uye connective munyama. Kazhinji, zvarakasiya aya pamwe:

• X-ray aienda rwakashodoka mumukaha. Izvi kunoitika nokuda calcification pamusoro articular shwashwa.
• Diaphyseal pfuma ruyamuro. munhu pathological ezvinhu akadaro aine calcification yacho nemarunda pa nzvimbo mapfupa kuda.
• Bone kunozvikurudzira kana osteophytes. The chirwere achiumbwa nokuda calcification pamusoro nemarunda kutoda kutyira mafupa. Zvinofanira kusimbiswa kuti kuchinja kwakadaro aonekwa kunyanya tsime ruoko nomuzongoza. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika marangwanda kunogona kurondwa 3 chikuru radiologic zvinoratidza kuchembera. Izvi zvinosanganisira osteoporosis, kuderedza rwakashodoka makatsemuka nokusimbisa mapfupa ruyamuro.

Vamwe vanhu vari kukwegura zvingaratidza kuitika mangwanani (kumativi 30-45 years), apo vamwe - Papera (makore 65-70), kana ndisipo zvachose. kuchinja zvose izvi zvikuru musoro kuratidzwa dzose mubasa mukuru muzera skeletal hurongwa.

Zvinofadza

• vanhu vashoma vanoziva, asi hyoid mapfupa ndiyo chete mapfupa ari mumuviri womunhu, iyo ine chokuita nezvimwe. Topographically riri mu mumutsipa. Zvisinei, kare, zvinoreva kuti chiso munharaunda dehenya. Saka, sublingual marangwanda nhengo uchishandisa tsandanyama rinenge riri ambomiswa mapfupa uye hwakabatana pamwe dokeriro.
• The chakarebesa uye simba marangwanda mapfupa ndiyo femur.
• Zviduku bvupa womunhu marangwanda iri mukati nzeve.