Binders: ehupfumi, kupatsanura, tsananguro, kushanda

Binders vanozivikanwa yavo kwazvo kushandisa pakuvaka indasitiri achigadzirira kongiri uye dhaka yaishandiswa kuvaka zvivako uye zvimwe zvivako. Kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana navo, uye nhasi tichaita muchidimbu bata huru huripo subgroups.

kupatsanura binders

Maererano dzakavapo vanogona kurondedzera kuti makemikari kana inorganic boka. Wokutanga ndezvevanhu siyana asphalt, tars, pitches uye tars. The chikuru munda chikumbiro - mukugadzira denga yokufukidza iyo inogona coiled they kana chidimbu mhando, uye dzakasiyana-siyana asphaltic kongiri uchapupu zvinhu. The chikuru pachena unhu hwavo - hydrophobicity, kureva kukwanisa kunyevenutsa uye kutora uchishandisa mamiriro panguva kudziyisa kana neZvapupu chero makemikari zvokunwa.

boka rechipiri - inorganic astringents - rinoumbwa kwesuko, kupurasita uye simende. Vari zvose zvinodiwa zviri muitiro kubika zvakasiyana-siyana kongiri uye mumaturi. Chitarisiko inorganic binders akauya chigayo pasi zvinhu vane pfuma kusanganiswa nemvura muitiro chijana kupinda mvura-epurasitiki mukanyiwa-kufanana guru, achiomesa kuumba vafuke ibwe.

Chii chinoratidzwa navo

The chikuru ehupfumi pamusoro inorganic binders mavambo - hydrophilicity, plasticity nemvura uye kudyidzana vachikwanisa kutamira yakasimba mamiriro semiliquid doughy. Hazvina ichi chakasiyana boka rokutanga.

Pakazosvika nzira kuomesa inorganic binders funga mhepo, hydraulic, asidhi uye autoclaved. It hunobva pakugona weboka kuti pakaunda refu dzinongoitika okunze zvinhu.

Air binders kuomesa, kuwadzana mvura uye kuumba padombo, anogona kuramba ichi mumhepo kwenguva refu kwenguva. Asi kana chigadzirwa uye zvakagadzirwa yakaitwa dzavo kushandiswa, pasi dzose moisturizing, simba iri richaparara nokukurumidza. Buildings uye zvivako izvi mhando ndiyo nyore kubatwa kukuvara.

Zviri muboka iri? Izvi inosanganisira gypsum magnesian astringents - ivhu, mhepo madota. Kana tikatarisa zvavo makemikari anoumba, rose boka Izviwo, inogona dziya kupinda mamwe mana. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvose mhepo binders vari kana madota (inobva karusiyamu oxide) kana kuti magnesia (kusanganisira avo caustic magnesite) kana gypsum bhainda yakasimbiswa kwakavakirwa karusiyamu sulphate vari kana mvura magirazi - silicate kuti potassium kana yavaibvisa, ari muchimiro nomunhu aqueous mhinduro.

Enda zvokuvakisa "aqueous"

Zvino ngatitarise rimwe boka - hydraulic binders. Avanotarisira kuomesa, uye zvechigarire tiine simba unhu mhoteredzo, kwete chete mhepo asiwo mvura. Makemikari anoumba dzavo panzvimbo yakaoma uye inomiririra mubatanidzwa oxides siyana.

Zvose izvi guru boka, akavapindurawo, unogona kukamurwa simende silicate mavambo ari Zvinoumba izvo vanenge 75% calcium silicates (kunyanya kutaura Portland simende pamwe nemhando ake, boka iri anoumba hwaro kuwanda ano zvokuvakisa) uye mumwe subgroup - aluminate cements kwakavakirwa karusiyamu aluminate (yakakurumbira vamiririri - mhando dzose alumina simende). Boka rechitatu anonzi romantsement uye hydraulic madota.

Chii binders anotaurwa somunhu asidhi nemishonga? Izvi - acid Goldstone simende chipo muchimiro musanganiswa Goldstone jecha chigayo ivhu nesilicon. Akadzivira muvhenganiswa yakadaro aqueous mhinduro kuti yavaibvisa silicate kana potassium.

A maitiro chepfungwa boka asidhi-tichisunga nevasori kukwanisa kwavo, pashure kupfuura kutanga kwekupwanyiwa kuomesa mudenga refu zvakakwana kuti tikurire vanotyaira zvaiitwa acids siyana.

Organics rokuvaka

Other zvikuru subgroup - Organic binders (kureva, Sezvambotaurwa, kazhinji akasiyana Asphalt uye bituminous zvokuvakisa) ane zvakasiyana zvachose hunhu. Chete Asphalt zvinogona chakagadzirwa kana dzinongozviitikira mavambo. In murwiyo zviri hwakakanyiwa bhitumini muchimiro zvicherwa, reraimu, kana sandstone.

Pakuvaka indasitiri Asphalt zvinowanzoshandiswa mugwagwa chivakwa kuvaka uye airfields sezvo musanganiswa jecha, mavhu kana akapwanyika ibwe nebhitumini. Chete sezvamunoita ndiyo Asphalt senzira mvura.

Chii bhitumini? Izvi - zvinhu Organic (kana dzinongoitika kana chakagadzirwa), umo mamiriro - yepamusoro Mahydrocarbon kana nomukaka zvavo zvine senitrogen, okisijeni nesarufa. Yezvinoreva bhitumini rakafara chaizvo uye anoda kubatsira kubva mugwagwa uye dzimba kuvakwa kuti emakambani ari makemikari bhizimisi uye pendi indasitiri.

By tars kunzwisisa Organic binders mu murwiyo iyo - zvinonhuwirira makabhohaidhiretsi mukuru-samolecular uye nomukaka dzayo - sulfuric, asidhi uye senitrogen.

unhu hwavo kubatsira

The zvinodiwa zvinokosha kuti kutsivana Organic mapoka binders ine mukuva yakakwana mwero viscosity panguva nguva kuwadzana ine pose yakasimba kuti aizobvumira pachena mukuru kudzivirirwa zvivako uye wetting kuumbika mvura nemishonga mafirimu. Chimwe chinodiwa - kukwanisa kuramba kunaka mashoko pamusoro yakareba nguva.

binders izvi kuwana kushandiswa paakapa migwagwa yawo uye mumigwagwa guta, vanofukidza dzendege uye migwagwa, kuronga menzira uye uriri mudzimba zvivako uye maindasitiri mafomu.

Zvino ngatikurukurei dzinokosha mhando zvokuvakisa kuva pemapoka maviri dzakanyorwa. Yeuka zvakare - inorganic boka dzinowanzotsigi- akakamurwa avo kuti vanoomesa mudenga uye avo vari kuita izvozvo nenzira aqueous svikiro.

Astringents - zvokuvakisa

Hazvina inozivikanwa ivhu ndiro zvinowanzovapo binders, achiomesa mumhepo. It awana kushandisirwa pakuvaka zvakasiyana siyana muzvivako. Rinomirira ivhu emadhaka, huripo sezvo musanganiswa guruva tudonhwe nemaziso kukura nejecha uye ivhu rakanaka inclusions. Vashoma vavo vanonzi yakanaka. Kunoitawo Kuwanikwa yavo vaaisangana mune nyoro ezvinhu kurichinja kuva mukanyiwa-kufanana fuma. Vysohnuv, ichi vakawanda Mapurasitiki nyore solidifies mune akafanorongerwa chimiro pairi.

Kana chimiro kupisa, kunoguma ibwe chakagadzirwa ane zvakakwana yakakwirira simba. Sezvo vamwe chicherwa binders, nokuda yakasiyana Zvinoumba ivhu kunogona kuva zvakasiyana siyana kwerima guru. Kubva mhinduro kwavo maererano akapinza fireplaces uye Stoves, uyewo kuumbwa zvidhinha. Vanogona kuva dzakaondoroka, zara mafuta uye avhareji. Clay ane refractory fireclay-hunhu, zvisinei chinokosha umhare fireplaces uye Stoves.

Chii madota

Kwazvo kuzivikanwa uye rine zvezvinotaurwa chikumbiro bhainda inonzi aeronautical kuvaka madota uye vakawana kubva pamatombo vaiti choko, dolomite, reraimu uye reraimu. Huru oxide kungava zvakasiyana, zvichienderana mhepo kwesuko chinogona kukamurwa dolomite, magnesian, karusiyamu. Miti All vatatu, ichipfuta muchoto reraimu runoenzanirana mavambo.

Air ingava madota kana quicklime kana slaked (kana hydrate). The yokupedzisira achiumbwa panguva blanking mumwe matatu kumusoro.

Kana kutarira huripo madota woruchiva, unogona kutora kuna Komkova kana upfu. Quicklime iri zvakakwana guru porous nemavhinga. Panguva richipedza nemvura zvinonzi aumba kubva madota putty. Kuti "wana" kubva Komkova madota upfu, vanofanira pave hydration muitiro (richipedza), kana ukuye nemavhinga. Rinogona kushandiswa sezvo yokuvirisa, uye pasina navo. Yokuvirisa uyewo vashumire gang, vanoshingaira mamineral Goldstone jecha mavambo.

All of chakakandirwa

Zvinotevera zvinhu - plaster, aizivikanwawo gypsum. It rinobudiswa nokubata thermally yakapwanyika gypsum. Gypsum solidifies, kupfuura vatatu zvenguva danho zvinosanganisira nayo, zvichiteverwa nemukuparadzwa uye ipapo kolloidatsiey crystallization. Kana kupfuura Danho rokutanga, imwe zvine mhinduro kubva dihydrate gypsum. Kuomesa, izvozvo anowedzera uye inova mvere chena penyika.

Kushandisa pigments kungapa nyaya chipi ruvara kukandira gypsum. Panovira kwacho ari bhainda ichiita rinotanga pashure kwemakore 4 maminitsi kubvira pakatanga nokusanganisa. Kuguma solidification kuitika zvinobva 6 30 maminitsi kwapera.

In muitiro achirapa musanganiswa gypsum uye mvura kunovhengana Rami nayo hakubvumidzwi kuitira kudzivisa ngozi kurasikirwa kubatanidzwa zvatariswa. gypsum pezvitsiga kune vazhinji, ivo runotaurwa zvakasiyana nhamba, zvinoratidza mwero compressive simba.

Inotengeswa mumapepa muhomwe pamusoro inosiyana. Gypsum inoshandiswa rinonyanya ari mukati edzimba uye zvimwe zvivako zvinoshandiswa nevoruzhinji. Kubva chive refu akatorwa kuumba-siyana rakamonana chimiro nguva. Ramba kuva bedzi mune yakaoma kamuri, dzisina pasherefu upenyu nokuda zvichibvira kurasikirwa simba sezvo chikuru anobatsira yepamusoro.

Uye zvakawanda pamusoro chakakandirwa

Kuvaka varinamire anotarira akaita upfu ruvara kubva wachena kuti rakajeka chena. Kana kusanganisa nemvura, tsika maitiro kunotanga, musanganiswa iri kushata. The gypsum anoendeswa kuwedzera chaiwo zvokuvakisa, kunzi zvinoyamura chengetedzo, chinangwa iyo - kuvandudza kusachinja-chinja uye kubata panguva plastering uye zvishoma vawedzere nguva nokuomesa.

Kuwedzera uwandu zvinhu pasina kurasikirwa zvivako, vari dzakabatwa fillers (semuenzaniso, rakawedzerwa perlite, kana Mika). Special mukuru-simba gypsum iri calcined panguva mukuru tembiricha iri nekristaro mvura iri kubviswa pairi. Ake nokuomesa izwi yakawedzera kusvika maawa 20, uye hasha dzechiso kwakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura dzimwe mhando.

Varinamire akaiswa mushonga wokuuraya kupa machena (rakajeka chena, zvishoma nezvishoma kuomesa uye kushandiswa plastering mukati hukawanika), pamwe zvaAtemisi siyana chakaunzwa mariri fillers uye anobatsira chengetedzo. Pfungwa huru dzakawanda yokuvirisa izvi - kushanda retarder. Kuitira kugadzira ayo omukati plasters wakagadzirira nesuko michina pamwe zvinokwanisika kuwedzera zvimwe fillers, akadai jecha.

Kubva uyu akawana Drywall kana varinamire chivakwa mapuranga, gypsum rinoshandiswawo nokuda ichizadza majoini pakati pavo. Kazhinji gypsum putty rine ehupfumi zvakafanana.

Taura pamusoro cements

Ndezvipi zvimwe zvivako zviri hydraulic binders? Pfungwa nokuomesa, iro rakatanga mudenga, runosvika mumvura, uye simba ravo riri kuramba uye kunyange vachiwedzera. Typical uye kupfuura inonyatsozivikanwa vamiririri vemhuri hydraulic binders Chokwadi, cements. Vari kunzi zvichienderana nesimba uye muchiso imwe mharidzo kunotemwa nokutanga mutoro muganhu pamusoro vachikotama uye compression. Uyezve, mumwe nomumwe ivhu rinofanira kuitwa munyika vakagamuchira inorwara ejecha jecha uye zvakaitika mumwe bvunzo nguva mazuva 28.

Speed kuisa simende, zvakare, unogona kuva zvakasiyana - kunonoka, zvakajairika kana kutsanya. Saizvozvowo, zvichienderana mwero nokuomesa angava ramazuva simende, mukuru-mangwanani kana mamwe kutsanya ezvinhu.

Somuenzaniso, boka iri zvinogona kunzi Portland simende, iyo iripo wakanaka pfumbu upfu pamwe zvishomanana greenish tint kuti zvinobvira okusuma yokuvirisa, izvo zvinogona kuva granulated gang (gang).

About achiomesa zvazvingava

kunaka bvunzo (uye kugadzira) binders inoitwa zvaidiwa vakawanda mitemo. Nokuti mumwe nomumwe aivapo mapoka yakagadzirwa mwero pakutsvaga nemirayiro kuisa pakutanga uye pakupedzisira, tichiverenga kubva nguva kusanganiswa nemvura.

Chimwe samende - Aluminous - zvinoreva anokurumidza kuomesa hydraulic bhainda. Tichifunga upfu ichi yakanaka shava, kuchena, greenish kana dema (zvichienderana kubudiswa nzira uye pokutangira zvinoriumba). Maererano fineness zviri zvishoma kupfuura Portland ejecha kunoda yakati kurei Vhoriyamu mvura.

Mhando Mixed pakati binders - avo anogona kuomesa uye mudenga, uye aqueous svikiro uye zvinoshandiswa pakugadzira mumwe kongiri isiri yanyatsosimba kana dhaka.

Nebhitumini kwavo kwakaita

Kana zvikuru nevanhu Organic binders, mhuri dzavo rinosanganisira siyana nebhitumini tara, namavara kubvira mutema shava. Traditional nharaunda umo binders akadaro kushandiswa, - the mvura kuita. Ichi kuvaka zvinhu ndiyo mvura nemishonga, isapinda, husingakwanisi weathering uye zvikuru kwakavharwa nenyama. Kunyevenutsa uye kutamira nemvura ezvinhu boka iri rinogona kuva binders kudziyisa. With kudzikira tembiricha, avo viscosity kunowedzera uye inogona kurasika zvachose.

boka iri kazhinji rine bitumens rwokuzvarwa mavambo, uye kuwanikwa mafuta yokucheneswa. makemikari anoumba yavo - mukomboni mamorekuru okisijeni, sehydrogen, sarufa senitrogen. Pakuvaka mafuta bhitumini kudiwa (emura, yakasimba uye Semi-chikukutu).

Maererano yavo chinangwa sezvo vanogona kunzi kune mumwe mapoka matatu - nemakadhibhokisi, kuvakwa kana mugwagwa. Kubva kuzvinhu dzakagadzirira impregnating sezvamunoita denga remba uye zvibereko zvakawanda mastics siyana.

Industrial nebhitumini zvikukutu uye elastically durum pave mukuru-Vacuum achinatsa nzira chete mamwe matanho, panguva iyo mafuta mamota panguva pamatunhu tembiricha. Zvikurukuru husingakwanisi kudziyisa uye kuchitonhora vanoonekwa differential oxidised. Panewo wemisanganiswa nebhitumini pamwe Polymers kufurira mwero viscosity. A maitiro chinoratidza zvose zviri kukwanisa kushandura kusachinja-chinja, zvichienderana tembiricha, pamwe maitikiro akasiyana kunogona Alternate kakawanda. Kwakavakirwa namira ehupfumi veimba bituminous binders.

Zvavari zvinokosha

The kuwedzera nhamba bhitumini pasi yakakwirira tembiricha kugara achienzaniswa zvicherwa zvinhu ndiyo 20-30 nguva zvikuru. Chinokosha unhu hwavo - mvura nemishonga, kuramba munyu, alkalis, acids uye kungatikanganisa effluents. Somuenzaniso angava munyu, riri akarisasa pana migwagwa yechando chando itye.

Akaderedza nemishonga bitumens zvinoita zvokufembedzwa, mafuta uye mafuta, kubva chiedza, kudziya, mhepo okisijeni, izvo oxidize chinoumba nhengo dzavo. Kana neshungu, zvinyoronyoro nezvimedu sasana, uye pose anoomesa bhitumini.

Zvakanakira yakaderera flammability, kureva mashoko haisi zvinobata moto. Petroleum asphalt havasi utano uye vasina semhosva zvakadaro. Pakati pezvimwe zvivako, unogona kutaura thermoviscous, mukuru kuputira, zvakanaka wetting.

Pokuoma bhitumini chigaro kudzama kupinda pakati tsono achinyatsotaurira nazvo (zvinonzi akayera mune hundredths ane millimeter) ane normalized mutoro imwe nguva mune imwe tembiricha. Kuchinja pakati yakasimba uye mvura mamiriro kwavari ari zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope uye pakutsvaga kunyoroveswa pfungwa yakaderera tembiricha. Mukuwedzera, vari dzinoratidzwa anonzi kukundikana pfungwa - ichi izwi anoratidza tembiricha panguva iyo bhitumini rukoko bendable makatsemuka kana hwatsvuka.

nezvimwewo

Ndezvipi zvimwe binders pamusoro makemikari mavambo anganzi? Carbonaceous pekami anomirira viscous kana zvikukutu dema fuma uye kushumira chigadzirwa DISTILLATION kuti tara akaiswa mushonga wokuuraya nemakadhibhokisi. Izvi zvinhu kune ngozi chaizvo uye neVadzidzi ganda kunogona kukonzera kutsva. Shanda zvakanakisisa naro matenga mazuva kana muchiedza pasi.

Coal tara iri fuma vasunungurwa somunhu byproduct kuti chemubhotoro kugadzirwa. Iye akawana chikumbiro yaro kugadzirwa yemastic nokuda nemakadhibhokisi uye mugwagwa kuvakwa.