Ascension Monastery yemapako muNizhny Novgorod

Pamuganhu weVolga shore, makiromita matatu kubva pamadziro eNizhny Novgorod Kremlin, kune Ascension Monastery yeMapango , sekare kare semashoko echokwadi uye nhau zvokuti kwemazana emakore ave achiimba mhare dzichibva kune iri rwizi rukuru rweRussia. Zvakavanzika zvakawanda zvinochengetedza zvikomborero zvekare zvechitendero chechikoro, uye dzakawanda zvezviitiko zvekare zvinokwanisa kutaura nezvezvinyorwa zvakachengetwa mazviri. Kuvhura, tinopinda munyika inoshamisa yeRussian Middle Ages.

Pechersky vatongi pamahombekombe eVolga

Kubva mumabhuku ezvinyorwa zvakaitika kwatiri kwatiri tinozivikanwa kuti mumakumi maviri ezana remakore reXIV yevahedheni veKiev-Pechersky vakauya munzvimbo idzi, pakati pavo paiva nemupristi wechidiki Hieromonk Dionysius, uyo, mushure mekutsanya kwake kwakaropafadzwa, akaverengwa sevatsvene. Kusarudza nzvimbo yakanakisisa, iri nechokumusoro kweNizhny Novgorod, vakamera mumapako pamakomo uye, vachigara mukati mavo, vakazvitsaurira mazuva avo ekutsanya nekunyengetera.

Kutevedzera muenzaniso wehukuru hwekare, Dionysius akatanga nheyo yepamusoro pamhenderekedzo yeVolga, yakarongerwa maererano nemitemo yehupenyu hwehupenyu, ndiko kuti, "hupenyu hupenyu." Iyi fomu yedhiyo yakanzi cinematography. Yaiva rudzi rwemasimba, rwakakonzera kukanganisa kwakakwana kwevatenzi kubva pfuma yavo, kubatana pamwe chete kwekuchengetwa kwemadhora uye kuenzana kwevanhu vose, pasinei nemamiriro ezvinhu, mumabasa ehupfumi. Inowanzofungidzirwa kuti Ascension Monastery yeCaves yakatangwa muna 1330.

Urwere uye huduku hweSt. Dionysius

Nezvehuduku nekuyaruka kweDionysius ruzivo rwakanyanya zvikuru rwakachengetedzwa. Kubva pamagwaro evanhu vemunharaunda inozivikanwa chete kuti akazvarwa muna 1300 pedyo neKiev uye mubhapatidzo dzvene yainzi Dhavhidhi. Kubvira achiri muduku mukomana akaenda kumusha wemasitori eKie-Pechersky, kwaakadzidza kuverenga nokuverenga, uye mushure mokunge asvika mumakore ekukura, akatora kutora nezita raDionysius ndokugadzwa kuva mupristi. Kubva ipapo, achikumbira chikomborero kubva kuna abbot, akaenda nemamiriki akawanda kusvika kumiganhu yakakura yeVolga.

Kutanga kwekuvakwa kwemamongi

Iro runyerekupe pamusoro pekuzvidzivirira kwevatongi nevanokurudzira kwavo mumweya vakakurumidza kufamba-famba kunharaunda, uye vanhu vazhinji vakazvipira kuhupenyu hwemararamiro vakatanga kusvika kumapako ari pamabanki eVolga. Vakagamuchirwa zvakanaka uye vakagadzirirwa mumasero evhu, ayo munguva inenge asisakwanise kugarisa vose vanouya. Mukuwedzera, hupenyu mumapako akaoma uye emvura akanga ari pasi pesimba revanhu vashomanana chete. Kuti varege kuramba zvakare kune vanyori vauya, pane rimwe remaketani makomo akatanga kusungirirwa kwemasero ematanda nezvimwe zvivako zvechivako, iyo yekutanga yaiva kereke muzita reAkcension yaShe.

Kubva kuchechi iyi yekutanga yematanda zita rinonzi Voznesensky Pechersky Monastery rakaendawo. Izwi rokuti "Pechersky" rinobva kuChechi yeRussia "pecher", kureva kuti, "mubako". Izvo zvakachengetedza chiyeuchidzo chemapako, zvinyorwa zvitsva zvitsva zvitsva mumatope akaoma mavanga emhenderekedzo yeVolga.

Bhabheri rekutanga reimba yemamongi

Dionysius akasarudzwa kutanga abbot muimba yevatemberi yakatangwa naye. Nemuenzaniso wake pachake, akashinga akaisa mukati mehama mitemo yakakwirira yekuzvipira uye yezvokwadi yemasitori. Vaviri vevadzidzi vake - Evfimiy naMakarii - vakazotanga matamoni matsva uye vakaverengwa sevasande.

Nemafambiro ake ekunamata, Dionysius akakodzera rudo kwete chete rwehama dzechimhonasi, asiwo avo vanoita, avo pakati pavo vaiva vapfumi zvikuru uye vane simba-vanhu vadiki nevakuru vakuru. Kushanyira Pechersky Kukwidzika Kwembaresi, vakapa michero yakawanda, kuburikidza kwaakawana simba uye akawedzerwa.

Zvinowanzotenda kuti muhupenyu hweSuzdal-Nizhny Novgorod nyika St. Dionysius yakaita basa rakafanana saMonk Sergei weRadonezh kuMoscow. Kungofanana nemukoma wake mukuru munaKristu, akanga ari munhu anokanganisa uye anonyanya kutendeuka wechitendero. Achitenda kushanda kwake kusina basa, Nizhny Novgorod Pechersky Ascension Monastery yakava hukuru hwehupenyu hwomudzimu kwete chete kweguta, asi yehuwandu hwemunda.

Pachigaro chepiscopal

Muna 1374, muhupenyu hwaArchimandrite Dionysius, chiitiko chinoshamisa chakaitika - akakwidziridzwa kusvika pachigaro chebhishopi weSuzdal nemurairo weMetropolitan weMoscow Alexis, umo Nizhny Novgorod aiva pasi. Kubva ipapo, imba yake yaive iri muNizhny Novgorod Kremlin. Pasinei nechinzvimbo chakakwirira uye basa rakanyanyisa, mutsvene haana kuregeredza nzvimbo yakagadzirirwa. Nechikomborero chaDionysius uye nekubatana kwake zvakananga mumiriri wemamoni Monak Lavrentii akasika mhembere yekare, iyo yakaenda munhoroondo se "Laurentian Chronicle" uye inotaurira nezvekurwisana nejeri yeHorde.

Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti kubudirira uye kubudirira Ascension Monastery yeMapata muNizhny Novgorod yaiwanzoiswa pasi muvengi kuparadza. Iko kune ruzivo rwekuti muna 1378 na1379 rakapambwa uye rakapiswa nevaTatar. Zvakafanana zvakaitika kwaari uye muna 1550, makore maviri Ivan the Terrible akatora Kazan uye nokudaro akagumisa kuparadza kwavo kweropa.

Mamiriro ekufa kwaBhishopi Dionysius anorwadza zvikuru. Muna 1384 akashanyira Byzantium, apo Mutungamiri weConstantinople akakwira kumusoro kweMetropolitan yeRussia yose, iyo yakamuisa iye mukuru weChechi yeRussia Orthodox. Mumakore iwayo, mukuru wemhuri muRus akanga asati atosimbiswa, uye nokuda kwekukwirira kusvika kune iyi yakakwirira yakasvika kuConstantinople kusvika pakuwa kwayo muna 1453. Asi mutsvene haana kudzokera shure. Ari munzira kuenda kumba akabatwa nemukuru weLithuania uye, mushure mekunge apedza gore mujeri, akafa.

Kuwa kwegomo

Mumakore mazana maviri anotevera, Pechersky Ascension Monastery yakaramba ichiwedzera kubwinya kwayo uye kusimbiswa nemipiro kubva kuNizhny Novgorod kukudzwa uye kubva kune vanhuwo zvavo, avo vakauya kumatemberi ake mune vazhinji. Upenyu hwakadzikama uye hwakayera hwakavhiringidzwa nedambudziko rakaoma, rakatumirwa nemamoni muna 1597. Gore raJune usiku, kwaiva nokuwa kwegomo, pamucheto waro waiva neimba yemamongi. Simba guru revhu rakaderera pasi, richiparadza inenge yose yakaoma yakawanda.

Kunamatira kwaMwari chete hakuna kuuraya chero wehama uye vakagamuchira kukuvadzwa, asi vanhu vakaramba vachiparidza kuti njodzi yacho yakaitika ishure rekutambudzika kwemunguva yemberi. Nenzira dzakawanda, huporofita uku hwakanga hwakarurama mumakore akatevera rufu rwaTsar Fyodor Ioannovich, mumiririri wekupedzisira wemhuri yeRurik, uye akawana zita reZuva reMatambudziko munhau.

Kudzorerwa kwechimbadha mune imwe nzvimbo itsva

VaMonks vaifanira kuvaka zvakare. Asi sezvo nzvimbo yakadzika yegomo iri ichiri nengozi yekuwa, yakasarudzwa kuendesa zvivako kune imwe nzvimbo, makiromita mashomanana nepamusoro peVolga. Munzvimbo imwechete iyo mabako ekutanga akanga ari vatsigiri vemunharaunda, mukurangarira kweiChechi yeKushandurwa kwaIshe yakagadzwa. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti mumwe wevabatsiri vekuvakwa kweimba itsva yevatenzi aiva baba vemunguva yemberi yevaRussia, Kuzma Minin.

Munzvimbo itsva, yakagadziriswa kuvaka matombo, kana zvichibvira, asi pakanga pasina zvipo zvakakwana zvekuvakwa kwavo. Zvakanga zvakakosha kuti abb muAristamritrite Raphael aende kumba kuMoscow uye ikoko kuti akumbire rubatsiro kubva kumambo. Basa rokugadzira dombo rakaiswa nguva yakareba uye rakapedzeredzwa zvachose chete pakati pezana remakore rechi17. Mune maitiro ayo akapera, Ascension Pechersky Monastery (Nizhny Novgorod) yakapfuurira kusvikira nhasi.

Imba yakangobva kuvaka

Izvo zvakaoma zveimba yemasitori, yakaiswa munhamba yeunyanzvi hwekuvakwa kwetemberi yeRussia, inoshamisa ziso nehukuru hwayo uye panguva imwechete nechisingadikanwi. Yakagadzirirwa kuonekwa kubva kune rumwe rutivi rweVolga, uye kubva kune rumwe rutivi rwegomo. Kubva pane chero chipi zvacho chavanotarisa, inoratidziro yakagadzirirwa, iyo yakagadziriswa iyo yekuvakwa kwevashanu-domed Ascension Cathedral.

Kufanana nemamwe madzimambo muRussia, Ascension Monastery yePechersk yakanga ine shongwe yake chaiye, kubwinya kwaro kwakakwezva zviuru zvevafambi mairi. Yakanga iri mufananidzo wePechersk Amai vaMwari, iyo yaiva yakanyatsorondedzerwa kubva pane chiratidzo, icho chakanga chaonekwa muAssumption Church yeKie-Pechersk Lavra munguva yekare. Imwe nguva iyo yakaendeswa kumabhandi eVolga nemuvambi weimba yemamongi, Saint Hierarch Dionysius.

Vagari venharaunda iyi vakatendeukira kune chiratidzo ichi chinoshamisa mumamiriro ezvinhu ose evanhu nevanoshungurudza vanhu. Iko kune zvakawanda zvinozivikanwa, apo Amai vaMwari, kuburikidza neminyengetero, vakatendeka kuna Iye nenzira yakatendeseka, vakatumira zororo kumatambudziko. Nyasha Nenyasha dzaMwari dzakabuda kubva kwaari nemaune.

Basa reimba yemamhuri muhupenyu hwepakati pevanhu

Iko Nizhny Novgorod Ascension Monastery yeCaves yakanga iri pfuma yakawanda. Pfuma yake, haana kushandisa chete kubatsira varombo nevarombo, asiwo akagovana navo nechipo nehurumende, apo paive nekushaiwa. Zvinyorwa zvinoratidza kuti muna 1619 kubva pfuma yevatariri vemadhorobha mari yakawanda yezvinodiwa zvehondo yakatamiswa, uye munguva yehondo neSweden zvichitsvaga kuti imba yemamoni yakagadzirirwa hondo. Kazhinji panguva yakaoma, vatongi, vachinja matambudziko avo kune zvombo zvehondo, vakasimuka vari pakati pevadziviriri veBabaland. Semuenzaniso, muna 1646 musungwa, wakaumbwa zvachose kubva kuhama dzechioni, wakatumirwa kuSmolensk kudzivirira guta kubva kunopinda kweCrimean Tatars.

Kunopfuura kamwechete Imba yeMoznesensky Pechersky, nechishuvo chezviremera, yakava nzvimbo yekuvharirwa kwechechi inokosha uye mhirizhonga yehurumende. VaMusketeers vakapandukira vakapandukira Mambo Peter I vakatapwa ikoko, vakapedza gore mushure mekuvakira masvingo ane simba, mushure mezvo vakadzoserwa kuMoscow kuisa misoro yavo ipapo. Pano, mumakore mashoma, mutateguru wenyika yemberi Nikon, munyori wekugadziriswa kwechechi yakakurumbira, akatanga chechi schism, kuteerera.

Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti iyo Ascension Monastery yeMapanga kubva kare kare yakakurumbira nokuda kwe sacristy yayo, iyo yakava kukosha kunokosha kwemabasa emasangano echechi. Ukuru hwebasa nemitambo yaisada kungoita mabhuku echechi akashongedzwa zvakanaka, mifananidzo, mhando dzose dzemidziyo yemitambo, asiwo micheka yakadhura. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, imba yemamoni yakagara mienzaniso yakasiyana yeEvhangeri tsvene yakagadzirwa mumazana emakore akapfuura, migwagwa yeatari, vashandi nemamwe mabasa akawanda ekunamata.

Mugumo wekuita zvakanaka

Munguva yekutonga kwaChmer Catherine II, Pechersky Ascension Monastery (Nizhny Novgorod), pamwe nevose vedzimba dzekuRussia, vakatambura nekunamata kwake (kukunda) kwezvimwe nyika dzenyika. Izvi zvinopedzisa kugadzikana kwehupenyu hwake. Panzvimbo yemari yakawanda yakauya kuhovigiro yake, akatanga kugutsikana nemari shoma inobhadharwa nehurumende. Somugumisiro, zvivako zvemamoni, kuchengetedzwa kwekusina mari, kwakagadziriswa, uye nhamba yehama yakanga ichiderera. Pakati pepakati pezana remakore rechina reXIX yaive nekuoma kwakaoma kuti zvivako zvechivako zvakadzoserwa pakuonekwa kwavo kwepakutanga uye nhamba yevatongi vakawedzera.

Makore erima uye kuparadzwa

Nekuuya kwesimba rehurumende inotsvaka Mwari, Pechersky Ascension Monastery (Nizhny Novgorod) yakaparidzira mugumo weimwe mimwe mitemberi: yakanga yakavharwa, uye mamiri akapararira akapararira, uye pamwe akatumirwa kutapwa. Bhabheri weimba yemufundisi Bishop Lavrenti (Knyazev) akafuridzirwa. Maitiro akachengetwa mumusha wematare akabatwa, uye zvivako zvakashandiswa seimba yeimba uye nzvimbo yevashandi. Nekubvumirwa kweGubmuzey kutonga, iyo yaigadziriswa imba yevahedheni, vakatumira kune kugadziriswa kwetemberi dzakasiyana-siyana mabheji, michinjikwa yakagadzirwa uye lattices. Apo hupenyu hwemweya hwaive huchizadza, rima nekuparadzwa zvakatongwa kwamakore mazhinji.

Kuvandudzwa uye hupenyu hwemazuva ano hwemuzinda wemamongi

Izvo chete nekutangira kwema democracy uye kuchinja kwehurumende yenyika kuenda kuChechi yeAccount Monastery yeCaves (Nizhny Novgorod), uyo ane chinyorwa chinowanikwa munyaya yacho, akakwanisa zvakare kuita mabasa ayo. Mariri, kudzorerwa kukuru uye basa rokudzorera rakaitwa, rakaitwa zvose nemari yeChechi yeRussian Orthodox, uye nemipiro yakawanda yevamwe. Usaramba uri kure uye uchitungamira masangano ehurumende, uchifunga kuti ndiwo mutoro wavo wekubatsira pakudzorerwa kwechitendero uye tsika yemararamiro eRussia.

Nhasi, sezvakaitwa mumakore apfuura, yakazarura mikova yayo kune vose vanofambira mberi uye vatashanyi saAscension Monastery yeCaves. Purogiramu yemasangano akachengetwa mumatemberi ake haasi akasiyana zvikuru neaya anowanikwa kune mamwe madzimambo. Pa7: 00 - pakati pousiku; Muna 7.45 - liturgy nemamwe mabasa ezuva rino; Pa17.00 - Great Compline uye Matins. Pazororo kunogona kuve nekushandurwa, izvo zvinozofanotaurwa mberi kwewebsite yevafundisi.