Architecture nounyanzvi Russia yekare. Mifananidzo yeRussia yekare Religious

Kukura unyanzvi uye mapurani werudzii temberi Russia yakatangira ari makore anosundwa nguva. Muna 988 Kievan Rus 'pamwe kuitwa chiKristu ndaiva nhaka huru tsika Byzantine Empire, iro rinobatanidza zvinhu nomunondo unopenya Runako East West hwokuzvinyima chisingachinjiki. Panguva kwetunhu multi-uri manyorerwo uye yepakutanga uri akaumba yakananga mapurani nounyanzvi Russia yekare.

Zvaiitika zveefa yepakutanga kwokukurukurirana mapurani nounyanzvi Russia yekare

Arts yeRussia yekare sezvo shongwe tsika chiKristu hatizvizivi masayendisiti ano, uye chivezwa ichi nguva chinomiririrwa shomanana womuti yakanyungudutswa zvifananidzo. The chete mamiriro ezvinhu ane mapurani Zvivako zviri pre-Christian Russia, zvichida, nokuti vakanga vakaita matanda uye vasina akachengetedzwa zvevakomana.

Painting muRussia vakatanga kuona nokukurumidza kukura kwayo rechi10 remakore, apo, pashure pakatanga kushandiswa iri nharaunda muRussia necheSalvic arufabheti Cyril naMethodius zvibvire kuti kupanana ruzivo pakati Russian uye Byzantine nemhizha uyo kukoka pashure pemakore 988 ari Russian muguta Prince Vladimir.

Nechekwokutanga kwezana remakore rechi11, mamiriro ezvinhu mune zvematongerwo enyika uye munzanga mabhora ose Old Russian mamiriro kwakasimbiswa nenzira yakadaro kuti wechihedheni rechitendero zvinoriumba goho kutanga nechisimba kutonga kirasi kubva mabhora ose oupenyu paruzhinji. Saka, mavakirwo nounyanzvi Russia yekare yakatanga kukura kwayo nokuti wakati vakabatana Wednesday Byzantine nhaka.

Prerequisites nokuti kukura manyorero zviri mapurani

Architecture nounyanzvi Russia yekare senzira RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA Style Ensemble akauya pasi zvakananga kwomudzimu Byzantine mapurani, inova synthesized chimiro zvivako zvetemberi yekare, zvishoma nezvishoma wezvamatongerwe yaizivikanwa 10th remakore mhando pamuchinjikwa-domed chechi, kwakasiyana chaizvo kubva basilicas vechiKristu vapakuvamba. Tama semicircular rising pamusoro dzakaoma yehombodo munhu quadrangular mujinga tembere, uchishandisa ichangoburwa yakataurwa "dzengarava" rising kutsigira hurongwa uye aivabatsira wayo kumanikidza pamasvingo, Byzantine ezvivako makawana kunonyanyisa nokuwedzera womukati nzvimbo yetemberi uye akasika mutsva mhando Mumachechi chechiKristu.

The pamusoro anorondedzerwa Magadzirirwo zvinhu chokuita temberi, mujinga unova vanonzi "muchinjikwa rechiGiriki", inova shanu akaenzana vakaronga equidistant nepedyo.

Zvikuru gare gare - muzana remakore rechi19 - mu Russia akaumba vanonzi "ekunyebera Byzantine" manyorero zvivako zvetemberi, apo munhu squat rising siyana dziri pamusoro rezasi ngoma, belted hwindo arcades uye mukati metemberi vanowanzochema nzvimbo, kwete dzakaparadzaniswa mbiru uye nemuchinjikwa hwakavigwa mumakamuri.

Prerequisites nokuti kukura manyorero zviri mufananidzo

Arts yeRussia yekare senzira yoga mhando romubati kushongedzwa netemberi vakatora chimiro pashure ndima kuti pashure kubhabhatidzwa Rus akauya iconic ruzivo akakumbira vatenzi vavo Byzantine. Saka, vakawanda murals uye Pamifananidzo machechi echiKristu mangwanani pre-Mongol nguva indistinguishable muchiRussia uye Byzantine mavambo.

Nemuromo, mifananidzo yakanaka kuzvidhori, mifananidzo yeRussia yekare nokufungidzira Cathedral of Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, basa iro kupendwa kubudikidza Byzantine vanatenzi. Temberi kwanga kusina akachengetedzwa, asi kushongedzwa rayo mukati unozivikanwa kubva rondedzero kuti kwave kubudirira muzana remakore rechi17. Kukokwa Painters akagara wemamongi uye nheyo kudzidza ndege yake. Seane uchenjeri Alypius uye Gregory vaiva vemifananidzo vokutanga Russian vakasiya chikoro ichi kuvake kupenda.

Saka, muri, mifananidzo, mifananidzo yeRussia yekare inoitisa yokungotaura uye methodological chamazuva kubva ruzivo rekare yokuMabvazuva vanatenzi.

Specificity mapurani uye kuvakwa mhando zvezvivako dzinogarwa uye temberi Ancient Russia

Culture Ancient Rus, kupenda, iconography uye mavakirwo ndiro imwe Ensemble, zvishoma kukanganiswa mavakirwo paruzhinji uye dzinogarwa zvivako, izvo kuramba kuita chero kwese Terem nezvivakwa kana nhare. Byzantine mapurani mitemo hadzina vaifungidzira chero anobatsira kudzivirira zvivako, kana mumwe wavo oga kubva kurwisa muvengi. Art Ancient Rus, unyanzvi uye mapurani, izvo zvinogona kuratidzwa pachishandiswa muenzaniso muPskov uye Tver wemamongi zvivako, pfungwa dzavo STRUCTURAL kuchengeteka, aivabatsira rising chivako maksimalnnym thickening akatakura zvivako.

Iconic Old Russian kupenda

Culture Ancient Rus, vane unyanzvi vafambira mberi pasi Comprehensive kwomudzimu Byzantine unyanzvi, atora chimiro pakazopera remakore rechi15, wakati zvakawanda zvaari zvose zvikuru yakajeka uye akananga wakafananidzwa ne yepakutanga Old Russian unyanzvi unyanzvi. Uye kunyange vamwe unyanzvi siyana, dzakadai unyanzvi nomusoni nehuni mundiro dzakavezwa zvaizivikanwa Old Masters, iri kushandiswa yainyanya uye yakatanga pachipfuva dzechitendero iwe vakagamuchira chete pashure pakasvika chiKristu kuRussia.

netsika Orthodox kweRussia yekare, kupenda anomirirwa murals kwete chete mutemberi uye iconography, asiwo chiso uye kusona shinda, uchiratidza zvitendwa uye rakashandiswa muupenyu vanhu kwenyika kwave avasakadza yomukati kushongedzwa zvivako uye kushongedzwa mberi.

Akasiyana-siyana uye sezvamunoita

Dzemamongi uye kamufananidzo-painting mumawekishopu yeRussia yekare yaiva nzvimbo wevasungwa rezvinhu kwesayenzi uye kuedza zviri kemisitiri, sezvo ivo ruoko zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana anobudiswa pendi.

The vakasiyana kupenda kwemifananidzo pamusoro yematehwe uye tenzi advantageously kushandiswa chete ingi. Vaiva cinnabar, nedhaimani, ocher, kutungamirira chena, uye vamwe. Saka, zvechokwadi ayo unyanzvi hunoshanda hwakaramba mufananidzo weRussia yekare: wekare art Byzantium vaisagona zvachose kutsiva nzira yomunzvimbomo kubudisa ruvara.

Zvisinei, mune imwe neimwe kunyanya unyanzvi kuti kupenda vaiva uye vari kufarira nzira dzake uye nzira - sei kugadzira kuti pendi pacharo uye nzira kwayo chikumbiro pemvura.

Maererano novogorodskomu chinyorwa kamufananidzo-painting remakore rechi16, vakawanda Zvinosarudzwa vanatenzi inoshandiswa cinnabar, Lazor, chena, prazelen. Munguva chinyorwa kokutanga sokuti mazita mavara aya - yellow, tsvuku, nhema, girini.

White ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa ruvara, kazhinji kushandiswa blends ruvara, raishandiswa pokushandisa makwanza uye "razbelivaniya" mamwe mavara. White anogadzirwa Kashin, Vologda, Yaroslavl. Nzira gadzira yaiva oxidation mutobvu micheka mimwe acetic asidhi nokugeza zvichiguma chena caramel it.

The chikuru chezvinonhuwira "tsamba pachake" kuti iconography rino zuva ocher.

Arts yeRussia yekare, uyewo yaro Byzantine mureza kunosanganisira kushandisa dzakasiyana-siyana ruvara palette kwemashoko kunyorwa mufananidzo dzvene.

Mumwe zvinowanzoshandiswa mavara dzinokosha yakanga cinnabar - nemekiyuri sulfide sarufa. Cinnabar akanga mined ari ukurumbire Europe Russian Nikitinsky munda. Kugadzirwa ingi chakaitika panguva cinnabar trituration nemvura, zvichiteverwa Kuparadzwa panzvimbo concomitant uye pyrite mhangura pyrite. Cinnabar inogona kutsiviwa isingadhuri minium yaunganidzwa calcination mutobvu oxide.

Lazor sezvo chena, rakagadzirirwa kunyora Makwanza uye zvibereko pasi nevamwe mavara. Kare, chikuru tsime nedhaimani vaiva Afghanistan dhipoziti. Zvisinei, kubvira muzana remakore rechi16, vakawanda nzira vabereke yebhuruu ruvara kuti nedhaimani.

Kuwedzera zvinokosha madhayi izvi, dzave kushandiswa Russian iconography bakan, rima tsvuku, prazelen, mutema, verdigris, Krutik ( "Sinilo") stuffed makabheji, sankir (brownish Matauriro) gaff, Reft, mutambo. yekare painter kuti mazwi ose mavara mashoko akasiyana.

Art werudzii yekare kwemifananidzo Russian

Mumwe territorially chinokosha hurumende kushamwaridzana kunoitika mumwe nenzvimbo romubati uye aesthetic mitemo, mamwe kurasikirwa zvimwe chokuita nezvezvinotaurwa mharidzo. Kwakadaro nyayawo uye kuzvipira kuva munda kuratidzwa National uye netsika unyanzvi Russia yekare. kupenda Ancient kupfuura mimwe nzvimbo ounyanzvi pasi hwokugadzira uye ziso kuchinja, saka anofanirawo akati pamusoro mamiriro ayo kufanana mavakirwo uye kunyora nzira.

Mongol kubvuta vakaparadza zvakawanda tuore iconography uye Monuments of Russia yekare, vachichera uye kumbomira muitiro achinyora mabasa matsva. Zvisinei, mumwe mufananidzo kare zvinoita nokudzosazve vakasara magwaro uye kunyatsoteerera matongo nzvimbo.

Izvi, zvinozivikanwa kuti nguva pre-Mongol nechisimba akakura mufananidzo weRussia yekare aiva chinokosha kukanganisa iconography dzako unyanzvi - Kupfupika pamusoro rinoumba kuvakwa uye kwakakwidibira kwakasara ruvara - asi remakore rechi13, ruvara anotanga kupa nzira yakajeka mavara kudziya. Saka, magadzirirwo Byzantine mifananidzo remakore rechi13 uye kuri nedanho kuitwa kuti refraction yakadai okuberekwa Russian National unyanzvi mitoo sezvo freshness uye chaipenya mavara, mutinhimira anoumbwa nevazhinji marongerwo uye chiripiripo ruvara mashoko.

Munhambo ichi, yakakurumbira zvikuru tenzi basa, donosshie kuti panguva art Ancient Russia - zvishoma mazita ichi inogona anomirirwa Moscow Metropolitan Peter, Archbishop Theodore pamusoro Rostov, St. Andrei Rublev uye Daniil Black.

Zvinoumba Old Russian tuore

Mural kupenda muRussia haana kurarama asati asvika chiKristu uye yakatorwa zvachose kubva Byzantine netsika nedanho kuitwa uye kuvandudzwa Byzantine kunatsiridza huripo unyanzvi uye midziyo wandei.

Chokutanga, ngationei kuti tsika Russia yekare, kuti kupenda iyo isati yavambwa muchimiro mosaics, kuchinja kushandisa nesuko pakati regadziriro zvinhu, kushandisa podmozaichnoe reraimu pasi pasi seinäkartta, uye mugumo remakore rechi14 paiva kuchinja kubva yekare Byzantine unyanzvi kunyora uye kugadzirwa nezvinhu - itsva primordially yemichato Russian Fresco.

Pakati zvikuru achinja kugadzira pezvakaitwa zvigadziko uye pendi zvinogona kusiyaniswa chitarisiko varinamire hwakagadzwa kungobva yakachena reraimu, kutanga rakasanganiswa kuti nesimba Goldstone jecha uye machena Chips. Kana Russian kupenda tuore varinamire chawo - gesso - zviri kunoitwa refu incubation madota mu admixture pamwe miriwo mafuta uye guruu.

Old Russian hwezvaizoitika nezvakarukwa

Pashure pemakore 988, pamwe veMubatanidzwa vizantiyskiyh tsika iri uri Russia yekare, unyanzvi rekare kwakapararira munzvimbo kapoka tsika nzvimbo, kunyanya mu pauzima kusona.

A yakawanda yakanga akasimudzira Tsaritsyno okudhindira anoshanda pasi auspices roMunyori duchesses Sofi Paleologa Solomon Aloetic, Queen Anastasia Romanova uye Irina Godunov.

Exterior kusona somunhu uri Russia yekare yechitendero ane zvizhinji nevakawanda zvinoumba uye zvakajeka zvinhu pamwe icon. Zvisinei, chiso nezvakarukwa - iri seboka basa, aine kuparadzira pachena mabasa creators. Icon painter anofananidzirwa pamusoro kanivhasi chiso, zvinyorwa uye zvimedu zvipfeko, N'anga - zvirimwa. The kumashure akanga basa kwazvakarerekera ruvara; chiso uye maoko - sirika shinda ganda pasi, kusanganisira ukama akaiswa pamusoro pemitsara achitevedza contours chiso; Zvipfeko uye dzakapoteredza zvinhu kana dzakarukwa nendarama nesirivha shinda, kana multi-mavara sirika.

Nokuti simba zvikuru chinokosha underlay kuitawo kanivhasi kana jira, riri vakasungirira pasi lining pakati nyoro tishu wechipiri.

Kunyanya kuoma iri bidirectional nomusoni pamusoro mireza uye mireza. Muchiitiko chino, sirika uye ndarama neshinda rinobaya kuburikidza.

Front nomusoni ane wakafara kushanda - guru uye mhepo pelona wakashongedzwa temberi, akaisa pasi kuzvidhori, aritari rakanga, rakaiswa pamusoro mireza. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, micheka nemifananidzo nevatsvene zvakabatanidzwa pamasuwo temberi kana mumuzinda, uyewo mukati nokugamuchirwa horo.

Miganhu kusiyana ounyanzvi yekare

Culture Ancient Rus - kupenda, iconography, mapurani - ane zvimwe miganhu variantivnost kukanganisa vaviri kushongedzwa mutemberi, uye mapurani uye kuvakwa zvimwe zvezvivako.

Somuenzaniso, unyanzvi Russia yekare, unosanganisira kushandiswa uri sechinhu kushongedzwa mukati kereke kana mosaics, kana Pamifananidzo, zvakakwana chinoratidzwa nokushandisa muenzaniso Cathedral of St. Sophia. Pano pane akasununguka mubatanidzwa uye waMosesi uye seinäkartta mifananidzo, yakaratidza zviviri lähikuva rukoko pasi ongororo temberi. The Church of Chitarisiko vomumusha Vyazemy Large zvose varinamire chawo chakaitwa yakaisvonaka madota pasina fillers. Uye muna Spassky Church Spaso-Andronievskogo wemamongi semabhiriji varinamire gesso kwakaratidza ropa sealbumin.

Saka, tinogona kugumisa kuti mumwechete uye yokusiyana uri yekare yacho miganhu wezwi uye munhu zvatinoda uye unyanzvi nenyanzvi Russian kununura ruvara uye hunhu pfungwa maererano nemitemo yenyika yayo.