Anhydrous aldehyde. Kugadzirira kwe formaldehyde

Formic aldehyde, kana formaldehyde, iine gasi risina kujeka rine inopinza, isina kunaka, inonhuwira chaiyo. Iyo inoputika zvakanaka mumvura, pamwe chete newaini. Formaldehyde inonyanyisa uye inogona kukonzera kuchinja kwemuviri mumuviri womunhu. Mukuwedzera, anoonekwa sekenzajeni.

Formaldehyde - nhengo yekutanga ye- homologous series, iyo inosanganisira aliphatic formic aldehyde. Formic acid inoratidzawo maitiro eboka iri.

Makemikari zvinhu

Formaldehyde inokwanisa kupinda maitiro ose anowirirana neana homoousous series of aliphatic aldehydes. Kusanganisira nucleophiles. Iyo inosungawo kumagetsi. Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika nokuti iyo formaldehyde ine uwandu hwepasi hweatoni. Nokuda kwechimiro ichi, ino nyore nyore kupinda mumagadzirirwo emakemikari kunyange neine simba risina simba. Izvi zvinotsanangura chokwadi kuti mune zvinogadziriswa zvinogadziriswa zvakaitwa aldehyde zvinowanika mu hydrated nyika.

Kurejera kwekugadzira

Ichi chinhu chakasarudzwa nyore nyore. Formic aldehyde mumakemikari mumitauro inoita seiyi: HCHO. Iyo inoshandiswa pakugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri ekugadzirwa kwayo inonzi oxidation ye methanol. Izvi zvinogadziriswa uchishandisa svondo inoshandiswa. Kuda kunoda kunosvika 650 degrees. Kuchengetedzwa kwemashanol kunowanikwa pamhepo yekumhepo.

Iyi nzira yekugadzira zvinhu yakashandiswa kwenguva yakareba kose-kose. Akanyatsoziva. Inenge 80% ye formaldehyde inobudiswa ne-oxidative reaction ye methanol. Zvisinei, iyi haisi iyo nzira chete. Imwe nzira yakanyanya kuvimbiswa ichangobva kuumbwa. Inobva pakushandiswa kwesimbi-molybdenum catalysts. Muchiitiko ichi, huwandu hwehutano hunoda hudonho kusvika pamadhigirii 300, uye iyi inenge hafu yehafu.

Uyewo inozivikanwa ndeimwe nzira yemabhizimusi - iyo inokonzera methane. Mhinduro yeiyo iri nyore: formula formalhyde inowanikwa pakamanikidzwa kwema 1-2 MPa pane kutonhora kwema 450 degrees. Icho chinokonzera is aluminium phosphate.

Kushanda

Methandiol inogadzirisa zvinogadziriswa zve formaldehyde, izvo zvinokonzera kuderedza mapuroteni. Ichi ndicho chimiro chayo chinokubvumira kushandisa chinhu ichi sechinhu chinopisa tsvina mukugadzirwa kwematehwe ezvigadzirwa. Akawanawo zvakazara mukushanda kwefirimu. Nemhaka yemaitiro ayo ane simba, formaldehyde inozivikanwa seanoriseptic. Inoshandiswa pasi rose mukurapa. Inobva pakugadzirwa kwemishonga yakadai se "Formagel" uye "Formidron". Sekare kwenguva yakareba, formed aldehyde inoshandiswa mu biology kuchengetedza biomaterials, somuenzaniso, nhengo kana zvitunha zvemhuka.

Pari zvino, kugadzirwa kwe formic aldehyde kunobatsira kushandiswa kwehuni uye, hongu, kumashandisi emitambo. Inoshandiswa pakugadzira melamine-carbamido-formaldehyde resins. Iyo inoshandiswa mukugadzira chipboard, plywood uye zvimwe zvinhu zvokuvaka.

Paunenge uchichengetedza formal aldehyde, inofanirwa kufungwa nezvayo kuti pamasikati ekudzivirira pasi pedhigirii 10 mhinduro inova inoputika uye mhepo yakachena inooneka. Uyewo formaldehyde inobatanidza neoksijeni. Somugumisiro, mamwe mavambo emaketani anoumbwa nekuda kwebazi rakaora.

Inotyisa

Saka, formaldehyde inokonzerwa nehujidhi ye methanol uye methane. Pasina mubvunzo, ine zvakanyanyisa zvehutsinye. Formic aldehyde inonyanya kukanganisa mazita ekuberekwa. Kubva kunhengo iyi inobereka vana vanotambura. Asi, zvechokwadi, kukundwa kwepurogiramu yokufema, ganda uye mucous meso yakawanda.

Formaldehyde inotyisawo nokuti inobvisa zvakaipa pamutemo wenheyo.

Formaldehyde haisi yega inopisa - 60-90 ml yezvisikwa (zvichienderana nehutemi hwemuviri) iyo inopinda mukati, inokonzera rufu. Zviratidzo zvehupfu hunotevera:

• Kuparara kwemazana emasimba;
• Kureba kweganda ;
• Kusanzwisisa;
• Kudzvinyirirwa kwepakati yenheyo system;
• Kupfupika kwemhepo;
• Kuchema musoro;
• Kushungurudzika, kunyanya usiku.

Mhedziso ye formaldehyde pamuviri womunhu

Kushandiswa kwema formaldehyde mukugadzirwa kazhinji kunokonzera dhigirii dzakasiyana pakati pevashandi vebhizimisi. Nechiremera chinonzi inhalation lesion, kureva, nekugadzirisa chinhu, conjunctivitis uye chimiro chakaoma chebronchitis, iyo dzimwe nguva inotungamirira ku pulmonary edema, inoonekwa. Zviratidzo zvinokonzerwa nekugara kwenguva refu ku formaldehyde zvingowedzera chete. Pashure penguva pfupi pachava nezviratidzo zvekukundwa uye kuora mwoyo kwepakati penheyo system. Ichazove yakaratidzwa mukuzununguka nguva dzose, pachava nekunzwa kwerutya, ruzivo ruchazununguka, uye usiku, munhu angave akave nemakumbo.

Kana uroyi hunenge hwaitika kuburikidza nemuromo, chiratidzo chekutanga chinopisa chemukati wechipfuva chegumbo. Ichazviratidza pachavo muhutano hwekutambudzika, kupisa mumutsipa uye pamwe chete nesophagus. Munhu wacho anonzwa kusuwa kwakasimba, uwandu, hwakabvarurwa nedumbu, huchava neropa. Mumatambudziko akaoma, laryngeal edema inokura uye kumira kwakasimba kwokufema kunoonekwa.

Nekugara kwenguva yakareba chekuisa chepfu, munhu ane kurasikirwa kwakakura, pfungwa dzakashata, kuvhiringidzika kunoonekwa, kusuruvara, uye kupererwa kwepfungwa.

Kunya chepfu ne formaldehyde vapor

Formic aldehyde inowanzowanikwa mumhepo. Vashandi vemabhizimisi anobatanidzwa mubasa rinoenderana nekugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa zvemajini, pamberi pekugara kwenguva refu uye kwenguva yakareba ne formaldehyde vapor, chepfu inogona kuitika. Kazhinji kacho kare mumazuva ekutanga okushanda munhu ane dermatitis inoratidzika pane chiso, maoko. Kuvapo kwe formaldehyde mumuviri kunogona kuonekwa kubva pakuparara kwemamiriro ezvinhu echipikiri - vanoderedza uye vanoita brittle.

Eczema uye dermatitis inogona kuve yeropaji. Mushure mekunge munhu atora chepfu, pane iyo simba guru rinoumbwa kuita formaldehyde. Pane uchapupu hwokuti formaldehyde inopesana nehutano hwekuita kwehutano hwemuvirikadzi.

Kushandisa formaldehyde muzvipfeko

Zviri mubhuku re formaldehyde rinobvumirwa sekuchengetedza mune zvigadzirwa zvemucheka, asi kuiswa kwayo hakufaniri kudarika 0.1%. Formic aldehyde inogona kunge iripo mune mazino, muviri, chiso uye maoko.

Uyewo mune zvem pharmacology, mune dzimwe nzira dzinodzivirira kupfupa kwakanyanya, formaldehyde inogona kuwanikwa. Mamiriro ayo akaregererwa ari 0.5%. Ichi chinhu chinonzi antiseptic yakanaka, kunyange mune zviduku zvishoma izvo zvinogona kuparadza zvipembenene. Yakarambidzwa zvachose kushandisa kune chiso chemafuta chero ipi zvayo, kana ine 5% formaldehyde. Izvi zvakazara nechitarisiko chedermatitis uye zvinokonzerwa nemagetsi. Uyewo, formic aldehyde haisashandiswi kuchengetedza michina yezvinotapira, kana inotengeswa seaerosols uye sprays.

Zvose zvinogadzirwa pazita ravo rinofanira kunge zvine ruzivo rwezvakanyorwa zvezvinhu izvi zvinotyisa, kunyange kana chikamu chacho chiri 0.05%. Izvozvi, kusvikira nhasi hazvina kugadziriswa kuti sarudzo ye formaldehyde inokanganisa sei ganda, asi inozivikanwa kuti mumhuka iyo inoputika uye inopisa.

Carcinogenicity of formaldehyde

Iyo inozivikanwa kuti formaldehyde inobatanidza nesenienium nekubatanidzwa kwepamusoro-soro sulfuric acid. Somugumisiro, sulfoether-4-tetradecylidioxane inoumbwa. Izvi zvine zita rakaoma mushure mekurapwa ne hydrated barium oxide inova yakanakisa kubvisa. Zvingaita sokuti, chii chiri ngozi? Asi formaldehyde inorongwa sechinhu chinokonzerwa necarcinogenic properties. Kunyange zvazvo chiyero chechiitiko chacho chisati chasimbiswa, munhu haagoni kukanganwa kuti formaldehyde inouraya kumhuka. Maererano nehurumende yezvemasayenzi enyika dzakawanda, ukama huripo pakati pekushandiswa kwema formaldehyde mukugadzirwa kwepende, resin, zvigadzirwa, mapurasitiki uye kuonekwa kwezviremera zvekenza mukati mevanhu zvakaratidzwa. Kunyanya kukwirira dambudziko rekushaya kanopharyngeal.