Universal isiyo mari muna dzeEU uye Russia

Unconditional mari inzira evanhu kuchengeteka ino, umo vanhu vose uye vaigara munyika dzose kugamuchira mari kubva kuhurumende kana kubva zvimwe ruzhinji sangano kuwedzera zvinobvira mari. Kana zvakadaro inopiwa pachishandiswa zvishoma pane shoma subsistence pamwero, riri kuonekwa kukwana. Unconditional mari chinokosha chezvinonhuwira zhinji yemashoko musika gutsaruzhinji. Vanyori pfungwa inomira Kuvshinov Van pariisi, Eylsa Makkey, André Gorz, Gillel Shtayner, Peter Vallentyne uye Guy Standing.

nhoroondo midzi

The hurukuro pamusoro kudiwa pakatanga yezvisikwa isiyo mari yakatanga muEurope muna 1970-1980 wacho. Zvakanga pamwe nokuda gakava muUnited States uye Canada. Nyaya yakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma kuti munyaya dzose dzakabudirira, Latin America, kuMiddle East uye kunyange dzimwe nyika muAfrica uye Asia. Alaska Permanent Fund anonzi imwe mienzaniso yakanakisisa isiyo kwokuripirwa mari, kunyange kukwana. Similar mugadziriro mumagariro kuchengeteka zviripo muBrazil, Macau uye Iran. Basic mari mutyairi chirongwa vakanga chinozoiswa muUnited States uye Canada ari Kuma1960 uye kwema1970, Namibia (2008) uye mu India (kubvira 2010). MuEurope, pane enyika mhinduro kuedza dzika navo France, Netherlands uye Finland. Muna 2016 muSwitzerland vakabata referendum pamusoro nyaya, asi 77% vanhu akavhotera pamusoro Kuturwa mari kusiko.

manyuko mari

Apo Milton Friedman nevamwe nezvoupfumi kutanga zvinganaka kunaka mari mutero, yakanga vaidavira kuti Proportional ezvinhu kuderedza muboka revatungamiriri uye pakupedzisira kutungamirira kuti kwaita inosimbiswa mari nokuda ose mugari. Vanotsigira pfungwa iyi waitsigira "munyoro", vamwe Socialist, feminists uye anonzi Pirate bato. Vamiririri siyana zvikoro zvoupfumi aida mari chirongwa dzakasiyana. The Socialist vaidavira kuti nechokwadi yezvisikwa isiyo mari zvinogona kuitwa kuburikidza ruzhinji zvarinoroora nzira inoshandiswa uye zviwanikwa. "Mitemo" Somuenzaniso, Friedman aidavira kuti chete vanofanira kupinda Proportional mutero hurongwa. Green akapa pachavo nzira. Vanodavira kuti mari isiyo inogona inotsigirwa tichiregeredza mitero zvakatipoteredza. Pakati nzira manyuko isiyo mari vose vaigona kunzi mberi hurongwa VAT, uye mari kuchinja.

mutyairi wendege zvirongwa

Anobudirira zvikuru muenzaniso kuti kanenge zvishomanana isiyo mari aigona kusumwa, ndiye Alaska Permanent Fund. Saizvozvowo unoshanda kukkaro mhuri marongedzero mhuri murombo muBrazil. Other zvirongwa mutyairi wendege dzinosanganisira:

• Kuedza nezvisingafadzi mari yomutero muUnited States uye Canada ari Kuma1960 uye kwema1970.
• The chirongwa Namibia yakatanga muna 2008.
• Kuedza Brazil kubva 2008.
• Indian chirongwa, yakatanga muna 2011.
• Ipai chairo kutanga muna Kenya uye Uganda. Kunosanganisira kutumira rubatsiro anoyamura Via maserura vanhu vanorarama muurombo hwakanyanya.
• A ongororo kumaruwa ose North Carolina muUnited States.

MuGermany, chirongwa vanobatanidzwa vanhu 26, imwe neimwe iyo hurumende inobhadhara 1,000 euros pamwedzi. Kubva 2017 kusvika 2019 mumwe mugari Finland vacharaswa vabhadhara imwe mari sezvo chikamu kuedza.

Bulgaria

Pakapera March 2013 Fund The Blue Bird Foundation vakadzidza nezve "kutanga wezvizvarwa European nokuda isiyo mari" uye takasarudza kupinda kudanidziro. Tony Badzhdarov zvinganaka misoro muenzaniso kuBulgaria. Kunobva mari nokuti kunofanira kuva changamire mari, kudzoka VAT uye excise basa. The chikwata akasika panzvimbo yayo uye mapeji pamusoro network. Mushandirapamwe yakanga kuzoona paredhiyo yenyika uye pevhu. Fund akakwanisa kutsigirwa shamwari dzakawanda uye zvokutengeserana mibatanidzwa. Initiative ari paIndaneti kuvhota vakatsigira chinyorwa nhamba yevanhu. Muna December 2014 paiva bato wokutanga enyika, raisanganisira Kuturwa mari isiyo papurogiramu yacho. Zvakanyorwa kunzi "Bulgarian Union kuti yakananga kusununguka" uye vachirwira kodzero dzose munhu zvine mutsigo upenyu.

United Kingdom

MuUK, imwe isiyo inokosha mari wese - hazvina vagara nyaya kukurukura. Nokuti akaita Dennis Milner ari 1920s. Nhasi, vakawanda mapato kana United Kingdom regai funga pfungwa iyi, kana kuti kuhuramba. Zvisinei, pane vatsigiri mari kusiko. "Scottish National Party" pane musangano muchirimo 2016 kundodana yokutsiva aripo munzanga kuchengeteka hurongwa. "Nokuti," vakaitwa uye vamwe vezvimwe enyika. Pakati pavo vane "uswa", wokuScotland Socialist uye "Pirates" the United Kingdom. In February 2016 Dzhon Makdonnell akati kuti kutanga kumboenda mari anonzi ari Labor Party.

Germany

Germany zvakare kubva pakutanga 1980s, funga nezvokuti sei yokusuma ane kusiko mari. Germany bedzi vachangotanga kushandisa chirongwa, umo 26 vanhu muchirongwa. Mumakore kuti Kuturwa mari isiyo munyika kwaingova masayendisiti shoma, akadai Claus Offe. Zvisinei, mushure kuchinja dzataurwa nokuda cabinet Gerharda Shredera muna 2003-2005 gore, muGermany mune zvakawanda vatsigiri pfungwa iyi. Panguva 2009th musangano Paramende akaita pamusoro Suzanne Vayst - amai vemba, mumwe yaiye yawana 52973 mavhoti. Muna 2010, Germany nepaImba kuratidzwa mashomanana kwakakwana mari, chikuru - muBerlin. Sezvo 2011 "nokuda" mavambo chiito, "Pirate Party". Nhengo nomumwe nemamwe mapoka ezvematongerwo enyika batsirai pfungwa kusiko mari.

Netherlands

Unconditional mari nesimba nharo kubva 1970 kusvika 1990. Pakutanga, yaikurukura anosarudza Economist Leo Yansenom muna 1975. Kuturwa mari isiyo waibatanidzwa nesarudzo purogiramu Political Radical Party. Mumakore 10 apfuura, mubvunzo akamutswa kamwe chete. Muna 2006, mutungamiriri "munyoro" Femke Halsema rakabatanidza Kuturwa mari isiyo papurogiramu yake sarudzo. Guta Utrecht, wechina pakukura nevanhu munyika, yakatanga mutyairi wendege chirongwa. Zvisinei, Mhedziso mari inofanira kubhadharwa chete nemapoka evanhu vari kare ubatsirwe. maguta About 30 pari uyewo kufunga mukana pakutevedzera chirongwa chakadai.

Unconditional mari Finland

"Center", mumwe mana makuru mapato munyika, uyewo "Left Alliance" uye "Green League", muchifarira pakatanga pfungwa iyi. Muna May 2015, gore rokutanga hurumende yakasarudza yokusuma ane kusiko mari. Finland ichava nyika yokutanga iyo zvose vachagamuchira kwemakore maviri mari kubva 2017.

France

An isiyo mari inokosha runoonekwa sechinhu pfungwa kubva kwema1970. Zvisinei, chete muparamende romunharaunda pamusoro Aquitania muna 2015 akavhotera kwayo kuitwa. Muna January 2016 ruzhinji vanobva muviri pamusoro digitaalinen nyaya yakabudiswa mushumo nayo yakarumbidza kuitisa kumwe kuedza. A ongororo yakaratidza kuti vakawanda vemo akanga achitsigira Kubhadhara isiyo zvinokosha mari zvose zvenyika.

Switzerland: referendamu

An isiyo mari zvinokosha yagara ichikurukurwa munyika. Switzerland ine kushamwaridzana bien-Switzerland uye boka Grundeinkommen, vari nyasha pakutevedzera pfungwa iyi. Muna 2006, nyanzvi Zhan Zigler akadana isiyo mari muSwitzerland, zvikuru mberi pfungwa. Muna 2008 Daniel Hani uye Enno Schmidt akaita firimu umo akaedza kutsanangura zvikomborero Implementation kuti pfungwa iyi. Zvairatidzika vanopfuura zviuru 400 vanhu. vanhu zvikuru nekuvongwa iye kunyange zvakawanda German- uye chiFrench nyika vava vatsigiri pfungwa. Muna April 2012, mari Mhedziso muSwitzerland aiva nyaya yakakurumbira zvemitemo danho. Campaign akakwanisa kuunganidza zvakakodzera 126.000 vakasaina. A referendamu muSwitzerland iri mari isiyo rakaitirwa June 5, 2016. Vanopfuura 77% vagari vakaramba kugamuchira 2500 mafranc pamwedzi.

Russia

Vakawanda vaigara wokuRussia akarova nhau kuti Swiss akaramba kugamuchira mari nyore. Pakarepo mubvunzo akasimuka kana mari kwakakwana muna Russia kunobvira? Pakati zvazvakashatira yakadaro kwegadziriro mumagariro kuchengeteka haisi chete nokuwedzera mutero mutoro pamusoro vomunyika uye rutapudzo nechido basa, asiwo vachiwedzera vatama. Switzerland akaita akafunga Kuturwa isiyo Mari 2,500 mafranc, iri hafu avhareji mubayiro. Kana ukashandisa ichi kukarukureta nzira kuti Russia, pano kungava anenge 10,000 rubles. Sezvo July 1, shoma muhoro achava chete 7500, mutengo mupenyu ndiye kunyange yakaderera. Naizvozvo, pane vazhinji vanoda "kugara kumba". Maererano nenyanzvi, Kuturwa mari isiyo muRussia anogona chete kukurudzira mitengo, nokuti kubhadhara Haingaropafadzwi munhu zvichienderana uye nangananga kune vanotambura zvikuru nevanhu. Zvisinei, pane imwe pfungwa. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti Kuturwa mari isiyo achabvumira vanhu kuita ravo guru. Uye unogona kuva chihombe kubatsirawo kwenguva refu. Pamwe vanhu richatanga kuita tsvakurudzo zvakawanda zvinokosha. Uye Russia achaita kumirira nokukurumidza rwokugadzira chinja. Kana isiyo mari kunogona kubatsira vanhu kuita zvakawanda zvakasikwa. Saka, zviri here kuitisa Kuedza Russia mukati muguta kana chipfuro chete boka rimwe.

tsoropodzo

German Parliament, Komisheni akakurukura pakatanga waifarirwa uye isiyo mari vaiona unfeasible chirongwa. It akaisa mberi zvinotevera nharo:

• Achaita kuchikosha zvinoderedza chido kushanda pakati vanhuwo vagari, izvo zvaizoitawo tungamirira nezvimwewo yakaipa emari.
• Tinofanira kupedza kugadzirisa mitero, zvemagariro kuchengeteka uye mudyandigere mari, izvo zvichaita kuti zvinokosha mari.
• The kuitika German kwava yakatonyanya nokuti zvimwe munhu zvichienderana. Huwandu rubatsiro haina kuisa zvakasimba uye zvinoenderana nemari nzvimbo yomunhu. Nokuti mamwe mapoka vanoshupika isiyo mari kungasava zvakakwana kurarama.
• Implementation basa iri hunotungamirira chinokosha mutsika vatama.
• Achaita kunotoreva rokuwedzera mumvuri upfumi.
• The runoenzanirana yakawedzera mitero kuchaita kuti kusaruramisira kukuru yakafanira kusvetukira mu mitengo zvokudya zvinokosha kuti zvichaita achiipa mari nzvimbo varombo vanhu.
• Nepo muGermany haana kuwana zvimwe nzira mari pakatanga nokudenga kusiko mari.

Sezvaunogona kuona, Germany nedzimwe nyika dzakawanda, kusanganisira Russia, mubvunzo unoramba yakazaruka.