Typical pathological muitiro: tsanangudzo, zviratidzo, mienzaniso

Zvose zvinoitika womunhu muviri pasi dzimwe mitemo. Ivo vanoita stereotypically pasinei mamiriro ezvinhu, saka muviri kuedza kuzvidzivirira kubva "kutyisidzira" muchimiro mishonga kana majekiseni, dzimwe nguva chinombovanetsa pachake. Nei izvi zvichiitika? Uye tingava sei yekurunzira ichi vachida kuti zvakavanakira? Pane vanzwisise randinenge pathological muitiro, mifananidzo, kubatanidza ehupfumi? Panyaya iyi kwemazana emakore, vanachiremba uye masayendisiti vanofungidzira. Vari kuedza kuunza mitemo zvinoitwa muviri, kuongorora basa rake.

tsananguro

Typical pathological mutoo - kupindana sequential siyana kuitika mumuviri semhinduro kwokunze kana zvemukati zvikonzero kukanganisa chakaipa nzira pezvakaitwa zvinokosha. Chero pathological muitiro ane unhu hwakadai mukana wokushandiswa, stereotypy, Poly etiology, autochthonous, equifinality uye akasiyana zvokukura emuchina.

Knowledge zvainyanya anobvumira kuti govera kwese pathological maitiro zhinji siyana zvose kuitika mumuviri miniti imwe neimwe.

Unhu Main of pathological muitiro

Nokuti kwese pathological pezvakaitwa dzinoratidzwa kuvapo matanhatu chaizvo unhu.

1. Stereotyping. Kuwanikwa zvimwe runowanzoitika muitiro, zvisinei nezvikonzero ayo uye localization.
2. Pakawanda. Typical muitiro chirwere ringaumbwa dzakasiyana chirwere masangano.
3. Polyetiology. Etiologic mutumwa chirwere ane chete Starter basa uye hakusi kwechigarire.
4. Autochthonous. pfuma romutoo vave pachavo, kunyange kana causative chinhu usingachashandi.
5. Equifinality. Nzira dzakasiyana-siyana pakutevedzera pathological muitiro kuti tipedzisire chete kukura uye kwemupfungwa.
6. Zvokukura simba. kuvandudzika uku zvigadziriswe pakati murau uye pathological muitiro.

Achiziva maitiro aya, zvinokwanisika kuziva chero kwese pathological kwendangariro. Mienzaniso zviitiko zvakadai: kuzvimba, fivha, hypoxia, kushushikana, kuvhunduka. Uyezve, unogona kunzi azvaiitwa, bundu thrombosis, atrophy, uye vamwe vakawanda.

kuzvimba

Kuzvimba - nzwisa pathological mutoo hunoratidza kuchinja muropa aibuda, yakawedzera vascular permeability akabatana kuwandisa masero uye dzakapoteredza munyama dystrophy. Ine chinangwa kuchaitwa pathogenic anotikurudzira uye kuzoita nyama uye nhengo ushande.

Kuzvimba zvinosanganisira shanu zvinokosha zvinoriumba: kupisa, marwadzo, kuzvimba, akatsvuka, uye dysfunction. Izvi zvinhu anowanzoramba munhu pathological kwacho kunogona kushandiswa nechirwere uye Kusiyanisa chirwere masangano. anogumbura mashandiro kunoitika zvose zvipenyu, kusanganisira majemusi, zvisinei chikungiso zvinhu uye STRUCTURAL zvaidiwa muviri.

Chero kuzvimba unofanira kupfuura mumatanho matatu, izvo zvingava zvikuru kana zvishoma raidudzwa. Danho rokutanga - the shandurudzo. Rinobatanidzwa kuchikuvadza nyama uye masero. Zvichitevera izvozvo, exudation kunotanga apo kubva vascular kupinda dzaparadzwa nzvimbo inotanga mvura mvura chokubuda. Uye yokupedzisira Danho - kuwanda. Izvi rinoita muchitokisi kuwanda uye zvinyama patsva (kuberekwa patsva).

chimhepo

Typical pathological pezvakaitwa zvinosanganisirawo vanomutswa tembiricha uye anoxia. Unogona kutanga fivha. It kunoratidzwa kuramba nefivhiri nokuda zvachinja thermoregulatory mugadziriro. Evolutionarily ichi kuita aumbwa kudzivirira muviri kubva vakafa pasi zvinoitwa kupisa zvinokonzera zvirwere.

Vanechitsama emakore apfuura, vose nezvirwere nedanho pakukura iyo zvinomutsa tembiricha, rinonzi "Fever." Ichi izwi aripo nhasi muzita vamwe chirwere masangano, asi kwete pose pose.

Musimboti Fani iyi iri yokuti muviri mushure nokurohwa nayo utachiona unobereka rimwe fuma - keke. mishonga izvi zvinokanganisa thermoregulatory nepakati uye achinakurira setpoint tembiricha chenguva wakakwirira kupfuura dzose. Asi ivo thermoregulatory zvenhengo vaine basa ravo. Ichi chinokosha musiyano fivha kubva hyperthermia, panguva iyo pane kukundikana compensatory zvigadziriswe thermoregulation.

hypoxia

Hypoxia - randinenge pathological muitiro kuti kunoitika nokuda kwokushayiwa neoxygen iri mumhepo kana nokuda kutyorwa makurukuriro yavo mapazi uye munyama.

kusiyanisa:

- hypoxic hypoxia (okisijeni nevezera donhwe ambient mhepo);
- kufema kana kufema (vasingadzoreki chokufambisa reokisijeni kubudikidza chipingamupinyi gematoalveolyarny);
- hematic zvimwe Blutwurst (kwakaderedza kugona ropa kuti okisijeni mamorekuru);
- kweropa (akaderedza kuparadzirwa zvazvingava);
- mumwe jira (zvinoderedza zvinyama okisijeni maonero);
- zadzisa (membranes masero nhego vakuru migweje);
- yakavhenganiswa;
- murume-akaita (anova kana muviri nguva mumamiriro ezvinhu dzakakwirira smog).

Most nehanya kwokushayiwa okisijeni ndiyo huta rinenge cardiac tsandanyama, chiropa uye itsvo masero. Nokuti nokururamiswa hypoxia kushandisa zvinodhaka kuti vawedzere chokuendesa okisijeni kuti munyama kana kuderedza muviri kudiwa negasi ichi.

chisimbwa

Pfungwa kwese pathological pezvakaitwa haagoni kuita pasina kutaura Kurwara. Izvi hypersensitive kwaiita rokuzvidzivirira muviri pakuonekwa muviri wacho maantigen. Kune mhando ina hypersensitivity:

1. Anaphylactic. Munguva kuonana muviri achiumbwa ane antigen zvikuru IgE, iyo wanamatira danda rechikepe masero uye circulates muropa. Akadzokorora neVadzidzi antigen, rechikepe masero vaparadzwa, ropa uye zvinyama kuwira anogumbura nevamiririri anokonzera systemic siyana.
2. Cytotoxic. Antigen iri muchitokisi Kamudzira, akakunda immunoglobulin makirasi M uye G. Zvadaro, masero vaparadzwa nokuda phagocytosis, kana achifuridzirwa mukwanisi mapuroteni, kana dzinongoitika muurayi masero.
3. Immunocomplex. Antibodies chokuita zvachose kune maantigen uye vachabatana kumasvingo tsinga. Masero Vascular endothelial vanoparadzwa nokuda makemikari vakasunungurwa.
4. Kunonoka mhando hypersensitivity (DTH). The antigen anopinda muviri, interacts pamwe macrophages uye mubatsiri T masero nokuita kuti masero kutapata.

kushushikana

Stress - a seboka pfungwa kusanganisira asiri dzakananga kwadzakabva zvigadziriswe dzomuviri vanobatanidzwa nokupesvedzera siyana kwokunze uye dzimwe zvinhu. Govera zvakanaka mupfungwa - eustress uye kunaka - nenhamo. By mhando dzokupisa kusiyanisa neuropsychic, tembiricha, chiedza, nezvimwewo Golodova. Kunetseka.

Vasiri kushushikana chinonziwo mukuru kwadzakabva chirwere (ampiainen). Physiologist Hans Salle yakawanikwa kuti, kunze nekuripira mamiriro mupfungwa, uye pane dzimwe kukuvara mumuviri zvinhu: rutapudzo pamusoro thymus shwanu, kuwedzere adrenal cortex, nemaronda ari nemudumbu.

The nyanzvi iwoyo akaratidza zvinhanho vatatu CCA:

- aramu (kuunganidza vana reserves muviri);
- the kurwisa;
- kuparadzwa.

Makore mashanu mushure Bhuku dzidziso yake, muna 1938, akanga aronga mumwe dzidziso Salie rokuti kwadzakabva.

thrombosis

Typical pathological pezvakaitwa chokuita zvinetso ropa kuparadzirwa - riri hypoxia uye thrombosis. Last ndiye paumbwe clots mukati midziyo ropa muupenyu hwevanhu. Zvichitevera arterial Kukuvara, tsinga, rirambe richibvira mudziyo kana mumwe nhokwe kune nzvimbo atsamwira ose maplatelet izvo akanamatirana pamwe chete uye kuumba chikuru fibrin clot. Anovhara kuremara uye kumisa kurasikirwa ropa kubva vascular pamubhedha.

Izvi zvakanaka divi rikurumidze. Zvisinei, pasi zvimwe zvinhu (kurasikirwa muhombe ropa, kukundikana kuchinja zvenhengo yakakwirira ropa lipids), clots ropa anogona kuumba uye pasina kukuvadza muropa. Clots tenderera kuburikidza muropa uye zvinogona kuzadza diki (kana makuru) midziyo, zvichikonzera ischemia nenyere necrosis.

Pane kuti pave thrombosis matatu zvinhu, m. N. Virchow kuti vanamwari vainamatwa vari vatatu:

- hypercoagulation kana thrombophilia (chirwere kunokonzerwa vaberekwe vakaremara kana wakawedzera kuda kuti kutapata);
- mucosal kukuvara vascular masero (kunotevera, kuvhiyiwa, chirwere);
- kutyorwa ropa kuyerera kusvika nzvimbo zvinokuvadza (ropa stasis nokuda zvemwoyo chirwere).

mota

sayenzi yezvokurapa inogona kunzi sezvo bundu yokuenzanisira pathological muitiro. Definition of pfungwa iyi ichi: ndiro rinenge kuti akaumba somugumisiro kuchinja majini midziyo muchitokisi. kuchinja izvi zvakakonzera nokuvhiringidzirwa kukura kwavo uye Kusiyanisa.

namamota All vanokamurwa muzvikwata zviviri: benign uye akaipa. Pane shanu zvinhu ndezvemamiriro namamota zvose:

- atypia (zvinyama kana sero);
- organoid mamiriro;
- Progress;
- kuzvionera;
- risina parinogumira kukura.

For benign kunonoka kukura. Havazivi kuumba metastases uye hauna kunaka rokuchinja nhengo yose. Asi panguva confluence yezvinongoerekana zvaitika zvinogona akaipa bundu.

atrophy

Typical pathological pezvakaitwa zvinosanganisira atrophy uye degeneration. Atrophy - zvinoderedza kukura zvomukati uye munyama nokuda rokudya. Panguva atrophy vakachengeta kuderera pakukora ari tsandanyama fibers, zvinoderedza pakati actin uye myosin, epurasitiki zvinhu. Muna myocardium ngapaonekwe necrosis nzvimbo, uye pamusoro mudumbu lining - imwe urikanwi. Atrophy ikabuda imwe nguva apo mumwe murume aneta ne chirwere kwenguva refu kana kumanikidzwa kuita mubhedha kunyatsoteerera zororo, akadai pashure kutsemuka kana chomwoyo.

Migumisiro atrophy nyore kugadzirisa, kana nenguva chidzosai motokari basa. Saka, zvakanga akafunga kurera murwere kuvhiyiwa ari postoperative nguva iri yevanenge - kuti vaite physiotherapy uye kufema kurovedza.

In dzisiri ezvokurapa, shoko iri rinoshandiswa, kana vachida pfungwa kurasikirwa njere kana kugona.

dystrophy

Dystrophy - randinenge pathological mutoo, munhu metabolic chirwere inozivikanwa panguva zvinyama pamwero, iyo inotungamira avo STRUCTURAL kuchinja. At moyo izvi kutyora simba masero. Zvigadziriswe pakati trophic zvinyama uye nhengo akakamurwa intracellular uye extracellular.

Intracellular zvigadziriswe dzinosanganisira:

- senga pamusoro metabolic zvigadzirwa kuburikidza neropa uye node;
- intercellular mesenchyme;
- neuroendocrine murau.

Kutyora mumwe kubatana nomumwe, kana zvose pamwe chete ndiyo imwe mhando zvokudya zvinovaka muviri. Secrete puroteni, mafuta, carbohydrate uye chicherwa dystrophy, uyewo refu.

atherosclerosis

Zvaipesana lipid muviri ndiko hwokufananidzira pathological kwendangariro. The pathophysiology iri ezvinhu ndiyo akarondedzera muviri kwemafuta uye dzavo deposition ari mudziyo masvingo. Lipids vakaderera uye chaizvo yakaderera arambe achirema akaiswa mushonga wokuuraya endothelial masero achiumba atheromatous plaques. Muchikamu chinotevera Danho panzvimbo yavo chinokura connective zvinyama kuti imbibiruetsya karusiyamu ions. Mudziyo masvingo vari akaremara, yakamanikana uye zvinogona tsinga zvachose. Izvi zvinotungamirira ischemia nenyere dysfunction.