The kwemifananidzo uye mabhaisikopo: musi. Nhoroondo kwemifananidzo zvishoma

Uyewo painting, mifananidzo uye mabhaisikopo nhoroondo yakatanga nyore chido chomunhu akakunda nguva hwavo, kuti varambe kwenguva refu uye fambisa kune zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi. With kukwanisa zvakarurama bereka mufananidzo papepa kana firimu, nzvimbo idzi mbiri kunge yakatanga muna unyanzvi. Photographers Somuenzaniso, haana kungoita pachavo kuti basa kuumba mufananidzo kuti kungotaura transmits ruzivo pamusoro chitarisiko muenzaniso. Photo yave kugamuchira mumwe shoko, pfungwa kuti uchatamisa hunhu yokutevedzera, ari kufara nguva. Uye firimu, kutanga kuchangamuka ane mumasekonzi shoma, achitungamirirwa nokukurumidza yakatanga, uye nhasi mabhaisikopu ane kukuru zvinogona, kusvikira kuvakwa nyaya extraterrestrial dzomunyika uye mashiripiti nyika. The kwemifananidzo uye mabhaisikopo kwakaratidza dzakatevedzana zvakawanwa uye zvinoshamisa mabasa uri munyika, asi, mukuwedzera, pikicha uye muvhidhiyo zvakasimba muupenyu murume ano. Nhasi, muitiro yokuwana uye processing zvifananidzo, kurekodha uye mavhidhiyo kubudiswa kushandiswa kwezuva nezuva zvava nyore kuti haatarisiri kurovedza chaiyo uye asingauyi kutora nguva yakareba. How kutanga nhoroondo kwemifananidzo? Sei ane firimu indasitiri?

Pakuonekwa rokutanga Photographic mifananidzo

Sei zvakajeka uye wakaiswa papepa mifananidzo zvenyika? mubvunzo uyu ndakazvibvunza pfungwa huru emakore akapfuura. Kubudirira aiva chidzoke paiya inonzi kamera obscura, chinopa mufananidzo nokururamisira yakarurama zvinhu zviri zvokunze nyika, pamwe pacho akatanga kwemifananidzo. Date, zera wokutanga kuedza kuti andobata munhu kuzviita pamusoro pakarepo kuratidzwa mufananidzo, kusvikira chaizvo asingazivikanwi, asi chokutanga vaivhomora tifunge kujairika chiedza kuratidzwa zvinhu kuva Leonardo da Vinci. Zvishoma Papera, Giovanni Porta kuvaka muenzaniso pinhole makamera, izvo zvaishandiswa akatamisa dunhu mapatani padenga kanivhasi noruoko. Sezvo kumumvuri yazvino kamera, kamera, nhamo, haana kupa mikana yakadaro, izvo kwapera pamberi vanhu kamera. The nguva hope mvumo mifananidzo kushandisa unyanzvi aswedera apo uwandu Zvakawanikwa dzakaitwa, uye aikanganiswa chokuita zvakananga ehupfumi kwemakemikari zvinhu kuti kubvumira kutakura uye kugadzira mufananidzo.

mufananidzo wekutanga munhoroondo

Year mifananidzo kuvamba - 1839, apo muvambi French Lui Zhak mande Dagher rakabudiswa mabasa nenzvimbo mugumisiro mufananidzo yaunganidzwa kamera obscura, papepa. In zvakafanana, pamwe chete nawo, pakuvhurwa uye kuwana mifananidzo yokutanga vakashanda Genri Foks Talbot uye Zhozef Nisefor Neps. It Niepce muna 1826 anowana wokutanga wakaiswa kufungisisa uye zvikabva chifananidzo. Ashandire pamwe nokusaina chibvumirano, Daguerre uye Niepce vanotanga basa pakuwana Photographic mifananidzo. Zvakaguma daguerreotypes - kuwana mufananidzo zvakakwana pachena pamusoro edare pamwe marongera yesirivha iodide uchishandisa nemekiyuri mhute. Kubvira ipapo, izvozvo akatora chinguva kusvikira daguerreotypes rakavapo nenzira imwe redhiyo. The vavambi vakambosangana nhamba matambudziko: zviri kurasikirwa nemari, uye kutadza kunzwisisa vamwe, chii chichava chaizvoizvo kubatsira kuvamba mapikicha. Sezvo munguva yemberi yaiva kukura mifananidzo?

budiriro urongwa

The kuchinja munhoroondo mifananidzo zvinofanira kufungwa negatives kuvamba. Izvi yakashamisa mikana mitsva: Zvino tichibatsirwa munhu Photographic akaipa aigona kuwedzera zvifananidzo uye kuakopa, uye rakanga ipapo pakanga chaizvoizvo munhu ano kuvamba mapikicha. Musi uyu chiitiko chinoshamisa - muna 1841 - ndiko kuwana yokuBritain muvambi William Henry Fox Talbot bvumidzwa kuti nzira calotypy - kuwana pepa kunaka, zvichiteverwa kutaura chifananidzo zvakanaka papepa hloroserebryanoy. Several anotevedzana zvakawanwa: nyoro collodion muitiro kuvandudza developability pamusoro emulsion, basa riri Photographic zvinhu uye nokugadzirwa riri mufirimu 1887 godu - akurumidze kukura kwacho uye nyore yasikwa mufananidzo. Mugumo remakore rechi19 vakapa vanhu mukana pazera kukurumidza uye nyore nzira kuti fotografichesih mifananidzo, uye, hapana mubvunzo kuti kwemifananidzo pachayo yakachinja munhoroondo art.

Wedzera kupenya!

The mufananidzo wekutanga Photographic wabatwa ruvara, rwaiwanikwa pachishandiswa matatu seti. Ndakatanga kushandisa kubereka ruvara mifananidzo Dzheyms Klark Maxwell, uye migumisiro basa rayo pamusoro kupfura uchishandisa ruvara filters rutsvuku, zvitema uye mitema mavara akarova vanhu. Basa iri inobva zvakawanikwa, rinoti wemishonga izvi zvitatu mavara anogona kupa chero achida Hue. Zvisinei, asati nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa ruvara mifananidzo yaiva kure kure: kwacho inoramba zvakare nguva. Pakutanga Photographers remakore rechi20 kwese akashandisa unyanzvi colorize mifananidzo vatema uye chena, asi chaizvoizvo nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa ruvara mifananidzo rava chaicho nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa ruvara firimu muna 1935. pashure pegore, pasero ruvara firimu 35 mm, uye yakanga ipapo kwakauya tiguu ruvara mapikicha, zvikuru kutenga avhareji mutengi.

Kubva "firimu" kuti "digit"

Kunenge kuti chii inomira zvichiri kurota? The kwemifananidzo - mumwe mukuru Zvakawanikwa munhoroondo. Asi murume aida kupfuurira husava nguva chionekeso, uye kudhinda mapikicha. Chikamu kumumvuri nezvokubudirira wokutanga uye kugamuchira pakarepo Photo - ichi kamera kuvamba "Polaroid", iro pakarepo Prints mapikicha papepa. Asi muitiro kushanda makamera aya akanga kuoma nechido kuwana magazini kushandiswa nokuda mifananidzo, uyewo vashomanana kwepfuti. Asi nokukurumidza, masayendisiti vakazivisa pano nezvokubudirira, uye paiva idzva "digitaalinen" nokutangwa kwemifananidzo. Date - 1975 - ndipo apo kamera chokutanga dzakabudirira, iro akakwanisa mufananidzo uye kunyora mufananidzo uri rinobva tepi. wokutanga mufananidzo chisarudzo ndiyo 100 bedzi 100 pixels, uye rinobva tepi ane uremu makirogiramu anopfuura matatu! Chokutanga chaiva kukura chitsidzo kamera ne Sony akadana "Mavika", uye ipapo yakasvika nokuda akawana nezvimwe Developers. Makambani vaikwikwidzana kuwana yepamusoro chisarudzo, kuwana mukana kunyora mifananidzo ari oga faira zvingangoita kwohumwe kuchengetedzwa. A tiguu chaiye, uye kushandiswa kwakapararira digitaalinen ruvara makamera akatanga mukupera remakore rechi20 uye mangwanani rechi21 remakore.

Art kwemifananidzo

The kwemifananidzo akapa vanhu okusika mumwe mukana mutsva kuti kuzvidzora okuti. Kufanana Painters, Photographers kuedza sezvamunoita uye nemaonero, ruvara uye chiedza, kuedza 'yokubatawo' yakanakisisa bara, uye dzimwe nguva kutendeuka pikicha yako ive mufananidzo chaiwo. Enni Leybovits, Helen Levitt, Stiv Makkari, Erich Salomon - mazita nomukurumbira Photographers mazita kunogona refu kwazvo, uye mumwe nomumwe wavo akava nomukurumbira chaizvoizvo, wepedyo Genre mifananidzo. To musi, munhu wose ari munyika vanogona kanenge kamwe kuedza rwake somunhu mifananidzo. Art kunoda kuzvitsaurira uye imwe pfungwa yokuti munyori anoda kuudza vateereri kwayo. Zvakaoma kutanga filming pachako?

Tips nokuti beginners vatenzi

• Kuti uvhure dzinonakidza mufananidzo unofanira kuisa pfungwa sezvamunoita, vakapfeka pamatanda. Kuti aite izvi, unogona kudzidza mitemo nziyo dzinoshanda painting, kana kuedza, runobereka yayo nevamwe zvinhu kupfura.
• Hazvina zvakafanira pakudzinga mabikirwo uye vanotsvaka kutenga kupfuura zvinodhura uye ano kamera. The optimum kusarudza kuti mutsva aizova senzira iri nyore, izvo zvinoita kuti kuwana zivo inokosha mapikicha, unogona kuedza zvokuvakisa, akadai kubvisa zvinhu vachishandisa firimu kamera.
• Nechigadziko, izvo zvinofanira kuva akasununguka kushandisa chero mifananidzo - ruzivo kudzika munda, ambient chiedza, akafanana, basa pamwe diaphragm. Gare gare, unogona kutanga kusika tichibatsirwa chiedza uye mumvuri, kuwedzera basa siyana filters, uyewo kudzidza nounyanzvi kubata mifananidzo nhengo mapurogiramu.

Wokutanga firimu

The kwemifananidzo muchidimbu pamusoro munyaya, uye chii kutaura nezvenhoroondo kukura sinema? The vanotanga remakore rechi19 akaongorora hurongwa kuti aizosika zvine upenyu kupinda, uye vokutanga akabudirira ichi, vanova hama Lumiere. Kuratidza wokutanga pfupi vhidhiyo youduku 35 mm vanoda "Kusvika chitima", "Exit kubva fekitari," mapiyona kuti mabhaisikopo vakagamuchira pachena kurumbidzwa uye mberi mukana kuva nzvimbo iyi ounyanzvi.

Kugadzirwa sinema

The kuchinja munhau mabhaisikopo kwaiva kusunungurwa firimu "The Jazz Singer" muna 1927, apo firimu rakaitwa uye akazivisa. Pakuzadzisa - iri vapfurwa ruvara firimu "Gone ne Mumhepo" muna 1939, uye kuchinja zvakazara ruvara filming kwakaitika kare 60s remakore rechi20. A Muitiro yerudzi rutsva ari unyanzvi akatotanga apa mafirimu zvikuru Genres siyana. Chokwadi kuti muzana remakore rapfuura sokuti zvikuru hazviiti uye shamisa, nhasi mudzidziso nokushandisa mazano uye kombiyuta Graphics. chikwata zvikuru nyanzvi munyaya pakusikwa mafirimu kuti kusika kwokupedzisira chigadzirwa. The yakanakisisa mabhaisikopu nguva zvose zvechokwadi kuzivikanwa so "Nosferatu" (1922, DIR. F. Murnau), "Manomwe Samurai" (1954, DIR. A. Kurosawa), "Pulp Ngano" (1994, DIR. K. Tarantino), "Apocalypse zvino" (2003, DIR. F. F. Koppola) uye dzimwe mafirimu akawanda.

budiriro tarisiro

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti zvino firimu indasitiri ari kutsvaka zvitsva negadziriso kupa pfungwa uye misoro, kukudziridza unyanzvi mhinduro uye nzira kombiyuta kugadzira. An dambudziko anokosha mabhaisikopo ano ndiyo chinetso Copyright uye piracy, free kuparadzira rapera chigadzirwa paIndaneti. Chii zvakashamisa mabhaisikopu mune ramangwana uye chii levers zvichabviswa mano kudzora chigadzirwa ounyanzvi? nguva chete ichapindura mibvunzo iyi.