The Bretton Woods Hurongwa: Ayakaita

Mumwe siyana nyanzvi anoziva kuti nguva asati kwaiva Bretton Woods ezvinhu, nyika yaiva nguva mureza goridhe, kana pondo raigona akasununguka vaipanana goridhe. Britain panguva iyoyo yaiva simba renyika simba, saka nezvaaigona kwacho. Zvisinei, zvose zvakachinja muna 1914, apo panguva 1st World War ari mari munhandare rakasvika US mari, izvo apararira North uye Latin America.

Muna 1922, kuti kuedza chakaitwa kusika kuchengeterwa mari uye nendarama mureza pachishandiswa pre-hondo yokutevedzera. Muna 1925, England anotanga goridhe mutemo paundi, yakasimbiswa goridhe uye kuchengeterwa mari (US madhora). Zvisinei, muna 1929, muna America paiva kwokuputsika riri Stock Exchange, uye muna 1931 mavhunduka akatanga muna London pamusika zvemari, izvo pakupedzisira akatora paundi yechipiri basa mushure dhora. Muna 1931, 1933 muUK uye USA azvaitwa vakanga chabvisa goridhe mureza, kureva, Exchange vakatanga zvinoyangarara, waimira sehwaro ramangwana Forex enyika. Kuedza kusika munhu goridhe convertible mari munyika European vakakundikana (muna 1936, kuparara "Golden Block", raisanganisira dzakawanda, kusanganisira France, Netherlands uye nevamwe.).

By pakuguma forties remakore rechi20 nokuda mari nematambudziko ari thirties uye Hondo Yenyika II, munyika pane kudiwa kukuru updating mari ino. Uye Panyaya iyi, iyo Bretton Woods musangano, panguva iyo kwakasarudzwa kuti anchor the mari kunyika 44 kuti dhora, uye mari yakanga yaunganira muna 1944 - nendarama pa mwero $ 35 chete Troy magiramu (31.1034 magiramu). Pashure peHondo Yenyika II, US akava chikuru mugove yendarama munyika, iyo akapa nyika mujinga utungamiri nyika. Muna December 1944, vakuru Bretton Woods maitiro yakatanga basa rayo.

Panguva musangano muna 1944 rakaitirwa urongwa kuti achaita supervisory mashandiro, uye kupa nyika pakagadzwa masangano maviri - vatori chesungano zvinoreva kuti Kudzikamiswa National mari. Ndivo International Monetary Fund uye International Bank kuti Zvokuvakazve uye Development. The Bretton Woods maitiro envisaged kuti kwokupedzisira kushandisa vachibhadhara dzakawanda chinoramba ndarama mumba mari vaitengeserana pachena, kuti nyika dzeEurope vane mwero yatarwa kuti dhora, sezvo nechepakati mabhanga vaine mwero ichi (+ - 1 muzana).

Zvisinei, pakazosvika makore 70 Matura goridhe vakanga redistributed kune dzimwe nzvimbo zvemari (Europe, Asia), uye nokudaro rwakavhunika theorem no Triffin kuti nyaya mari inofanira vakayerwa nehwemweya ndarama yacho, iyo yakaita nyaya iyi. The Bretton Woods Hurongwa vakatanga rirasikirwe kwayo, izvo awedzera zvokufungidzira, volatility vemamwe mukutsinhana zviyero pakati pokuita nyika, currency dambudziko 1967. Izvi anosika preconditions kuti vachinje aripo nyika mari ino, izvo United States kwemakore akawanda kutsigira nechisimba, sezvo reserves goridhe, rakaenzana akabuda emadhora, vane makore mazhinji ipapo.