Terms of chokuendesa Incoterms 2010

Terms makurukuriro - ndiyo mitemo inodzora sei uye panguva ipi nhumbi achaiswa kumativi sezvo zvichava kubhadhara, inishuwarenzi, anopinda vakachengeteka paneimwewo padanho zvokufambisa uye nezvimwe.

A chinokosha venyika wezvokutengeserana chakaita kuti dzakawanda zvokutengeserana, iyo pave kudiwa kubatana pakati mitemo chingoro kwenhumbi pasi mitemo yenyika. Nokuti chinangwa ichi kwemakore anoda kusvika 80 makore, nekanzuru International anotonga kuti dudziro dzaishandiswa mazwi (Incoterms), izvo zvine zvazviri makurukuriro.

Ndinofanira kutaura kuti kushandisa Incoterms munyika yedu ndiko kunonzi kurumbidzwaka uku. Asi kana pane panotaurwa inokosha ezvinhu yakataurwa chibvumirano mitemo, abvume kunova fanira. Vamwe zvinofanira kutungamirirwa chikamu wechina Civil Code, izvo akanyatsojekesa zvinofanira kushandiswa zvimwe tsika bhizimisi (Article 1211).

Pari, kutengeserana inoshandiswa mashoko ari Incoterms 2010. Mitemo iyi zvine gumi chikuru zvokudya, izvo anoratidza uye mazwi makurukuriro. Vamwe vavo Musashandira imwe mhando pakufamba, uye nokuda kwose pachiremera vatakuri. Kubva yapfuura magazini (2000) mitemo yakasiyana pakuti akazviratidza Forums dat uye DAP, iyo yakatsiva okuti makurukuriro DAF, DDU, DEQ uye des.

The izwi DAF pasi mitemo wekare zvaireva kuti nerubatsiro nenhumbi rinoitwa mutengesi kuti mutengi panguva ainzi pfungwa uye nenzvimbo panguva wokumusoro (asati kutamira nhumbi tsika pamuganhu divi mutengi). Kana chigadzirwa ichi kwapfuura tsika nzira nokuda ekisipoti uye usati zvakabviswa motokari. Saka, kukurukura chinhu vachange vachiri pasi tsika nzira kuti kupinzwa.

Incoterms mitemo (chinyorwa 2010) rine nomwe Maitiro zvinokosha kuti modes zvose yokufambisa uye zvina kurapa nokuda kure negungwa gang chokufambisa uye nepagungwa zvifambiso. Yokutanga mitemo zvakasiyana zvinosanganisira: DPP (nhumbi zvakakumikidzwa kuripwa mari), DAP (Delivery pa kuenda), dat (nhumbi zvakakumikidzwa tsika chinouraya), EXW (pakukurukura Aimbova-mabasa), FCA (Shipping Free Carrier), uyewo muistisiru uye CPT, izvo mumutsetse wokutanga kukurukura mamiriro anoratidza kuti chacho uye inishuwarenzi inobhadharwa imwe nzvimbo, uye ari wechipiri ngoro kuti akabhadhara chete imwe pfungwa.

Terms makurukuriro FOB, sezvo FAS, CIF uye CFR anoratidza kuti nhumbi anosiya chiteshi uye akasvika pachiteshi chengarava. Mitemo iyi kunge zvaiitikawo pakati yapfuura shanduro, asi shanduro itsva wakatangwa rokuti "Board" iyo yakatsiva rokuti "njanji" sechinhu pfungwa makurukuriro vose nyaya zvimwe pane FAS. Terms makurukuriro wekupedzisira kodzero kufunga kuti mashandiro rinoitwa, kana mutengesi azadzika anodiwa tsika zviyero kuti ekisipoti, vakauya nhumbi dziri yakabvuma kondirakiti chengarava wakaiswa naye parutivi mudziyo panguva dhoku, chikepe uye nevamwe. Dzokuvhiyiwa pamusoro imupota, kusanganisira kuripwa netsika mabasa, pano vavimbisana mutengesi.

FOB nzira yokuti ari mutengesi kwakaunza nhumbi muchikepe ari mudziyo chibvumirano, CIF - kuti mutengesi munorwira nhumbi mungarava, unoripa chokutakura zvinhu kunzvimbo kuenda uye inishuwarenzi (kazhinji pamwe risingamboshandisi cover), uye CFR - kuti mabasa nokutengesa zvinosanganisira chete nhumbi pakusununguka dzakananga chiteshi kubhadhara chokutakura zvinhu. kupa Kurongeka vakasarudzwa muna nechimwe, sezvo mumwe chiteshi anosarudza mamiriro ezvinhu ayo unogona kushanda nezvikepe siyana uye cargoes.