TCP-zvengarava. List kuti TCP uye UDP zviteshi

In kombiyuta network, chiteshi ndiye pfungwa maererano iri uchishandisa hurongwa. Izwi iri kushandiswa Hardware mano, asi Software ane pfungwa mamiriro, iyo rinozivisa chaizvo muitiro kana mabasa.

Port anogara chokuita IP-Kero chehondo mhando pakukurukurirana dzakati uye nokudaro rinopedzisa kero yavaive chapera. It inoziviswa mumwe kero uye dzakati tichibatsirwa ane 16-yati nhamba, soMunyengetero chengarava nhamba. Dzinenge nhamba chiteshi dzinowanzoshandiswa kuziva chaizvo mabasa. Vezviuru akanyorwa 1024 rinozivikanwa pachiteshi nhamba zvakachengeterwa maererano chibvumirano kuti kuona zvariri mhando mabasa ari hondo. Protocols, izvo kazhinji akashandisa zvengarava vanoshumira kuti muitiro kudzora (semuenzaniso, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) uye User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Internet dzakati kubva Kit).

ukoshi

The TCP-zvengarava havadi yakananga Links akadai "anotaura kunongedzera", apo makombiyuta nechimwe mugumo unogona kushanda pamwe chete kushanda panguva. Vakava zvakafanira pashure motokari vakakwanisa kuita zvinopfuura chimwe chirongwa panguva, uye vakanga chokuita ano packet-kushandisa network. In muenzaniso, rimwe yeGmail.END_STRONG-Server chikumbiro mapurani, zviteshi uye nomumbure nemakasitoma kuchiwana kuti kudzidziswa basa, zvinopa multiplexing mabasa, pashure kwokutanga kupanana umboo chokuita rinozivikanwa nhamba port, uye anosunungurwa nokuchinja mumwe chiitiko zvikumbiro kushumira dzakatsaurwa mutsetse. Pane kubatana chairo nhamba, uye nokudaro zvakawanda vatengi inogona vakashumira pasina kunonoka.

mashoko

Data Link Protocol - Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) uye User Datagram Protocol (UDP) - kushandiswa kutaridzwa kuenda chengarava nhamba uye ndimo mune headers dzavo zvikamu. The chiteshi nhamba iri 16-zvishoma unsigned integer. Saka, zvinogona kuva zvinobva 0 kusvika 65.535.

Zvisinei, TCP-zvengarava havagoni kushandisa nhamba 0 kuti UDP Source Port ndiye tingasarudza, uye kukosha zero, zvichireva kusavapo ake.

The kwacho chinobatanidza ayo chiyamuro kana goho mugero kuburikidza neindaneti panosangana (mhando descriptor faira) nokuda chokufambisa dzakati, chiteshi nhamba uye IP-kero. Izvi zvinozivikanwa se ndichisunga, uye rinoita date yedzimudzangara uye kugamuchira Via nomumbure.

Network uchishandisa hurongwa Software anokonzera outbound kupararira mashoko kubva zvose chikumbiro zvengarava vari paIndaneti uye Redirect inbound nomumbure omumasherufu (nokuita zvinenge zviri IP-kero uye nhamba dzorunhare). mumwe muitiro chete anogona kusungira chairo IP-kero uye chiteshi anofambidzana kushandisa chete senga Protocol. General chikumbiro chako, dzimwe nguva inonzi chengarava kusawirirana simuka kana zvirongwa akawanda vari kuedza kutaura pamwe chete chiteshi chengarava nhamba iri chete-chete IP kero, kushandisa chete Protocol.

Sei anoshandiswa

Mafomu pakutevedzera zvakafanana mabasa vanowanzoshandisa zvikuru yakachengeterwa uye rinozivikanwa ndandanda TCP uye UDP zvengarava kugamuchira basa zvikumbiro kubva vatengi. Izvi zvinozivikanwa sezvo kuteerera, uye kunosanganisira kugamuchira chikumbiro kuna inozivikanwa chiteshi uye kumisa kukurukurirana pakati server nemhosva "mumwe-kune mumwe", pamwe nhamba chiteshi vemo chete. Other nemakasitoma anogona kuramba chokuita - zvinokwanisika, sezvo TCP kubatana anozivikanwa somunhu cheni zvinosanganisira kure uye nemakanzuru kero uye pachiteshi. Standard TCP uye UDP zvengarava takatsunga pesungano aidzorwa Internet Mugove Numbers Authority (IANA).

Chinoumba nemambure mabasa (kunyanya, WorldWideWeb), kazhinji anoshandisa vashoma zvengarava - asingasviki 1024. In zhinji anodawo hurongwa zvinoda ropafadzo chaidzo kuti chikumbiro kusunga kwavari, nokuti kazhinji kuonekwa kutsoropodza nokushanda network IP anotsanangura. Ukuwo, zviri yeimwe kuguma nemhosva, sezvinoita mutemo, zvinoshanda vazhinji vavo, vakasarudzwa kuti pfupi kushandiswa rokuti, zvisinei, pane anonzi ephemeral zvengarava.

mamiriro

TCP-zvengarava zviri encoded mune packet Header ari chokufambisa dzakati, uye vanogona nyore kududzirwa kwete kutumira nokugamuchira makombiyuta, asi zvimwe zvinoumba pemambure kwezvivako. Akanyanya firewalls, kazhinji configured kusiyanisa pakati omumasherufu zvichienderana dzinorwadza kana kuenda kuchiteshi nhamba. Redirect ndiwo chaiwo muenzaniso weizvi.

Tsika kuedza kubatanidza kuti zvakawanda zvengarava mune kutevedzana pakombiyuta inozivikanwa kushanda pakuvheneka yavo. Izvi kazhinji nokuda kana ruvengo kuedza anotadza kana nemambure vakuru kutsvaka zvichibvira kubatsirwa kubatsira kudzivirira kurwiswa zvakadaro.

Zviito zvainanga sei kuvhura TCP-pachiteshi, kazhinji aidzora uye akanyorwa vachibatsirwa makombiyuta. Nzira iyi inoshandisa dzinoverengeka kupembedza kubatana kuitira kumeso kubatana kusvika Server.

mienzaniso kushandiswa

Muenzaniso kukosha, apo zvikuru kushandiswa TCP / UDP zvengarava, ndiye Internet tsamba hurongwa. The Server rinoshandiswa e-mail (kutumira nokugamuchira), uye kazhinji zvinoda kuminamato maviri. Basa rokutanga chinoshandiswa kutakura tsamba nezvimwe servers. Izvi zvinoitwa Via Simple Mail Kutamisirwa Protocol (SMTP). Kazhinji, kushanda basa anoteerera pamusoro TCP-SMTP chengarava nhamba 25 kuti ribude kuuya zvikumbiro. Imwe basa iri POP (zvakazara - Post Office Protocol) kana IMAP (kana Internet Message Access Protocol) izvo zvakakodzera kuti yeGmail.END_STRONG zvikumbiro kuna e-mail vanoshandisa 'michina kugamuchira e-mail Server. POP akarova Services makamuri pamwe TCP-pachiteshi 110. The pamusoro mabasa anogona vose kumhanya pamusoro chete hondo kombiyuta. Kana izvi zvaitika, chiteshi chengarava nhamba chinosiyanisa basa akakumbira pedyo kure zano - mumwe rokushandisa PC kana mumwe tsamba Server.

Nepo Server kuteerera chiteshi nhamba iri zvakanaka kunorondedzerwa (IANA anovadana anozivikanwa zvengarava), kuti nemhosva sarudzo iri kazhinji kusarudzwa kubva simba siyana. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, vatengi pachedu uye Server nyatsosarudza TCP-zvengarava akatumirwa IANA. Muenzaniso wakanaka DHCP, apo mutengi dzose nyaya vachishandisa UDP 68, uye Server - UDP 67.

Application The URL-kero

Port nhamba dziri dzimwe nguva zviri kuonekwa paIndaneti, kana zvimwe yunifomu Resource Locator (URL). By default, HTTP anoshandisa TCP-chengarava 80 uye https - 443. Zvisinei, pane zvimwe zvakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, kuti URL-kero http://www.example.com:8080/path/ kunoratidza kuti Web Browser zvakabatana kuna 8080 panzvimbo HTTP Server.

List kuti TCP uye UDP zviteshi

Sezvambotaurwa, Internet Mugove Numbers Authority (IANA) ndiye anokonzera pose Kufambisa pamusoro DNS-Mudzi, IP-kero nezvimwe Internet dzakati zvinhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira kunyoresa inowanzoshandiswa pachiteshi nhamba rinozivikanwa Internet mabasa.

The chiteshi nhamba rakakamurwa neeSultan zvitatu: anozivikanwa vakanyoresa uye simba, kana muchivande. Yaizivikanwa (aizivikanwawo gadziriro) - iri rine nhamba kubva 0 kusvika 1023. Zvinodiwa Kuti pakugadza itsva Range ichi zvakawanda inoomesera kupfuura dzimwe nyaya.

Kuzivikanwa mienzaniso

Mienzaniso kuti vari pasi ichi zvinosanganisira:

• TCP chiteshi 443: HTTP Akachengeteka (https).
• 21: File Kutamisirwa Protocol (the ftp).
• 22: Kuchengeteka Shell (SSH).
• 25: Simple Mail Kutamisirwa Protocol (SMTP).
• 53: Domain Name System (DNS).
• 80: Hypertext Kutamisirwa Protocol (HTTP).
• 119: Network News Kutamisirwa Protocol (NNTP).
• 123: Network dzakati nguva (NTP) ..
• 143: Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)
• 161: Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 1.
• 94: Internet ataure Chat (IRC).

Vakanyorwa Zvengarava zvinosanganisira nhamba kubva 1024 kusvika 49151. IANA anoramba pamutemo ndandanda kuvazivisa uye vakanyorwa zvisungo. Dynamic kana private - kubva 49152 kusvika 65535. Mumwe kushandiswa nokuda ichi Range ephemeral zvengarava.

History chokusika

Port nhamba pfungwa akasikwa mangwanani ARPANET Developers pasi kurongwa pamwe vanyori-software uye maitiro vakuru.

Shoko rokuti "pachiteshi" harina kushandiswa kwechinguva. Rezinesi hwendefa nhamba nokuti kure hondo yaiva nhamba 40-wedzeredzei. The 32 matomu vokutanga vakanga yakafanana nhasi IPv4-kero, asi vaiva anokosha 8 nematomhu vokutanga. Muduku zvinokosha Chikamu nhamba (nematomhu 33 kusvika 40) rinoreva mumwe chinhu, wainzi AEN. Ndiyo kumumvuri yazvino chiteshi nhamba.

March 26, 1972 akatanga zvekuti nokuumba Directory pakati panosangana nhamba RFC 322. Mudzviti Network inonzi tsanangura mumwe zvachose nzvimbo mabasa ayo uye nomumbure mabasa. pamabhuku aya akanga dzakwidzwa rakabudiswa sezvo RFC 433 muna December 1972, uye raisanganisira pasi wehondo, chengarava nhamba dzavo uye runoenzanirana basa kuti kushandiswa pane mumwe raiva pedyo nebundu iri pemambure. Muna May 1972, mukuru rwendo chiteshi nhamba kekutanga rakanyorwawo, nomumbure mabasa, uye inopa chinokosha administrative basa kuramba yokunyoresa ichi.

The mazita TCP-pachiteshi 256 AEN rokutanga vaiva netsika dzakanga akakamurwa zvinotevera neeSultan:

• 0 kusvika 63: mureza zviri mhiri samambure
• 64 kusvika 127: Inochengeta-chaizvo mabasa
• 128 kusvika 239: dzichengeterwe kushandiswa ramangwana
• Kubva 240 kusvika 255: chero experimental chinhu.

Telnet basa akave nokugamuchira yokutanga basa rehurumende netsika 1. mazuva ARPANET rokuti AEN uyewo zita panosangana waishandiswa ne yokutanga dzakati kubatana (MSP) uye chezvinonhuwira nemambure utariri chirongwa (NCP) mangwanani. Saka NCP aiva akatangira yanhasi Internet protocols vachishandisa TCP / IP zvengarava.