Talmud chii? Nhoroondo uye chinangwa cheTalmud

Kusvika parizvino, munhu wese akadzidziswa anoziva kuti Talmud ndiyo dzidziso yakawanda-zhinji, iyo inounganidza zvidzinza zvechiJudha zvechitendero uye chepamutemo mune imwe fomu yekukurukurirana inotenderera yakabva pakutanga-Mishnah. Mune mamwe mazwi, basa iri rakakosha zvikuru rakarongeka uye rakaenzana nhoroondo yeOral Torah.

Talmud chii?

Haisi chakavanzika chokuti mumutauro chaiwo kubva muchiHebheru "Talmud" inodzidzisa kana murayiridzo. Iri zita ndiro ndiro guru, rakagamuchira rechipiri, zita risati razivikanwa zvikuru, kunyanya "Gemara." Nokudaro, leitmotif yerugwaro urwu ndiko kukurudzirwa kwevechizvarwa zvechiJudha zvezvizvarwa zvose zvekudzidza nekuvandudza nyika yavo yemweya.

Nzira yekunyora bhuku haisi nyore, uye mharidzo pane zvakaoma kunzwisisa.

Kana iri mutauro wekunyora, Talmud inoshandiswa mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana yeAramaic, inosanganiswa nemashoko echiHebheru uye ebhaibheri, inclusions rechiLatin, Persian uye Greek.

Zviri mukati uye magwaro edzidziso yekare

Mabhuku eTalmud haana zvinyorwa zvemashoko ezvematongerwo enyika, asiwo mazhinji akawanda anofadza nezvezvenhau uye nhau dzezvakaitika. Tsvimbo tsvuku kuburikidza neshanduro yose ndiko kududzirwa kweTanach, chikamu chikuru pane izvo zviri muTorah.

Pakutanga, dzidziso iyi yevafungidzi vechiJudha yakanga isati yakagadzirirwa zviratidzo zvokugadzira. Nemhaka yeizvi, pakange pasina kuonekwa kwakakwanisa kuparadzanisa ndima dzakasiyana kubva kune mumwe, saka kwakava nekuoma mukuverenga, zvichiita kuti mumwe munhu asinganzwisisi nheyo dze sayenzi.

Nhoroondo yezvidzidzo uye nguva yekubuda kwemudzidziso mutsvene

Zvinyorwa zveTalmud mune tsanangudzo yavo yakawedzerwa yakaunganidzwa mugore rinosvika 210 AD, kuburikidza nekuedza kwaJehuda ha-Nasi. Iri kokorodhe rainzi Mishnah, iyo yakazonyorwa zvakare uye inotsanangurwa nevateveri vayo.

Vatsigiri vezviito izvi vaiva vaAmori, avo vakasika tsanangudzo yavo pachavo yeMishnah yekare ane zita rokuti "Gemara". Zviito zvokunyora basa iri zvakaitwa panguva imwe chete munzvimbo mbiri, iyo muBhabhironi nePalestina. Kubva pane izvi, shanduro mbiri dzakasikwa: Bhabhironi Talmud pamwe chete neJerusarema.

Tsanangudzo yeTalmud yekare uye zvinyorwa zvayo

Zvakakosha kutaura chokwadi chisinganzwisisiki uye chakajeka kuti kune murairo wekupemha mabasa ose nekuchengetedzwa kwepaji kuverenga kwezvinyorwa zvepakutanga, izvo zvakabudiswa nechinangwa chaDhaniel Bromberg. Nokudaro, chero shanduro yeTalmud inochengetedza kuverenga, iyo 2947 mapepa kana kaviri pamapeji. Saka, kana zvichidiwa, unogona kuwana tsanangudzo kune chikamu chinodiwa cheTalmud.

Semuenzaniso, iyo yekutanga yeTalmud, iyo yaivapo munharaunda yeRussia Empire, yakanga iri shanduro yehama Shapiro muSlavuta. Chimwe chezvinyorwa zveTalmud zvakaitwa nevaRabhian rabbi uye yakanyorwa muna 1880.

Talmud neTora: chii chakasiyana?

Zvinotanga kutanga nekududzirwa kwezvinyorwa zvose, kuitira kuti anzwisise zvakakwana kusiyana kwavo.

Talmud ndiyo inonyanya basa revakuru vechiJudha vanofunga, iyo inyori yakanyorwa yezwi remuromo weTorah. Mukugadzirwa kwayo mune mazwi uye kutonga kwevanhu vakawanda. Panguva imwecheteyo, vanhu vechiJudha ndivo muturikiri uye muturikiri wezvinyorwa zvinowanikwa zvose muTalmud uye muTorah. Maererano nemaonero evanhu vevanhu vakachenjera zvikuru vanofamba mavari mavara maviri ezvinyorwa zvine tsvuku tsvuku, mumwe mumiririri wenyika ino anofanira kudzidza Torah. Iko ndiko kuti, Talmud inokura kukwanisa kudzidza uye kuwedzera kukura kwayo.

Tsanangudzo yeTorah uye nheyo dzayo dzinokosha

Torah ndiyo inonyanya kukosha uye yakanyatsogadzirirwa kuunganidzwa kwemabasa eMosesi, ayo aripo ose muzvinyorwa uye mune zvinyorwa zvinyorwa. Icho chidzidzo cheMagwaro Matsvene ndicho chirevo chechiJudha. Pakati pemitemo yechiJudha ndeye mirairo miviri: kudzidza Mutora kune umwe neumwe wevaJudha nekuzvidzivirira uye kuremekedza vateveri varo vose. Mushure mezvose, zvinokosha kuti munhu wose atore nguva yekudzidza Torah. Mhedziso yeAboriginal ndiyo yekudzidza Tora nevarume, asi kuvakadzi basa iri harina kurambidzwa, asi, kusiyana, chero chinhu chipi nechipi mune izvi chinogamuchirwa.

Kurambidzwa Torah Torahs

Kudzidza kweTorah kunorambidzwa zvachose kune vamiriri vemamwe marudzi, kunze kwevaJudha. Asi izvi hazvina hanya nemirairo minomwe yevana vaNowa. Tinogamuchira kudzidza kwemirairo tsvene-tsvene uye ndima dzavo, zvinyorwa zvadzo zvinoshandiswa mune chero mabhuku. Uyewo, taboo ichangotaurwa ichishanda kune avo vanogadzirira kugamuchirwa kwegyur.

Nzira dzekudzidza mabhuku matsvene echiJudha chekare

Mukuwedzera kune nzira inoshandiswa yekudzidza Talmud kana Torah, pane nzira dzakaoma dzinobatanidza chaizvo zvinonakidza uye zvinobudirira maitiro.

Sezvo Talmud iri dzidziso, yekubudirira kwechikonzero chakanakisisa uye chinonyatsobudirira zvinokosha kuti uzvinzwisise muchirevo neTorah, mune vanhu vaviri, izvo zvinotova vanhu vaviri. Kudzidziswa kwakadaro kune zita rakanyanya reHawrut. Kutenda kune nhamba mbiri, vanobatsirana uye vachitaura zvinyorwa zvayo.

Nzira yechipiri ndeyekunzwisisa dzidziso dzeMagwaro Matsvene kuburikidza nekududzirwa. Iyi nzira yainzi gematria. Semuenzaniso, nekuda kweiyi nzira, zvinokwanisika kushandura mazwi nemafuta, asi nhamba yezviratidzo inofanira kunge yakafanana neyekutanga.