Synapse - ichi ... Kuvaka synapse. Huta, tsandanyama uye makemikari synapse

Synapse - a yakajeka kuonana nzvimbo Kubukira masero etsinga uye akasara non-kukakavara uye kukakavara masero kuti anopa kupararira mashoko chiratidzo. Synapse morphologically kuumbwa kunyorera membranes 2 masero. The Kamudzira wakabatana zvinoshandiswa masero etsinga, yainzi presynaptic Kamudzira ane muchitokisi, iyo anogamuchira chiratidzo chechipiri zita rayo - postsynaptic. Pamwe nokuva postsynaptic Kamudzira angava interneuronal synapse, neuromuscular uye neurosecretory. Shoko synapse wakatangwa muna 1897 na Charles Sherrington (Eng. Physiologist).

Chii chinonzi synapse?

Synapse - chivakwa chaiyo iyo inopa kupararira tsinga fibers yacho etsinga chido kune imwe tsinga faibha kana tsinga muchitokisi, uye kuti paiva nezvainoita etsinga faibha kubva Kanotokonya sero (nzvimbo navo mumwe masero etsinga uye dzimwe tsinga fibers), zvinoda masero mbiri tsinga .

Synapse - chiduku muhofisi pakuguma dzouropi. Uchibatsirwa waro kuchinjwa mashoko kubva pakutanga kusvika wechipiri dzouropi. Synapse iri muzvikamu zvitatu masero etsinga. Uyewo synapses vari nzvimbo apo tsinga Sero anouya maererano mumasero siyana kana tsandanyama dzomuviri.

Chii chiri synapse

The nemamiriro synapse ane dunhu iri nyore. It achiumbwa of 3 zvidimbu, rimwe nerimwe vamwe mashandiro anoteererwa panguva date hutachiwana. Saka, mumwe mamiriro akadaro unganzi synapse akakodzera tsinga chikonzero hutachiwana. Zvakananga nedanho mashoko kuchinjirwa sei masero huru mbiri: muchinzwisisa uye kuparadzira. presynaptic zviteshi ari kuparadzira pakupera axon masero (kutanga chikamu synapse). Zvingaita sei sero kutanga neurotransmitters (shoko iri rine zvakawanda zvarinoreva: nevamiririri nevamiririri kana neurotransmitters) - vamwe makemikoro, kwamakadarika pakati 2 Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu chinozoiswa kuchinjwa magetsi chiratidzo.

Synaptic mumukaha uri pakati chikamu synapses - iri nguva pakati 2 zvaanoita masero etsinga. Kuburikidza pakakoromoka ichi uye anopinda masero kuburikidza kuparadzira ane zvemagetsi kufamba kweropa. Chokupedzisira chikamu synapse anoonekwa kuti tigamuchire muchitokisi, riri pamagumo postsynaptic (kukamuka kunyorera masero nedzimwe vasanonoka receptors mu maumbirwo yavo).

nevamiririri synapse

Murevereri (kubva muchiLatin Media - wokutepfenyurisa, murevereri kana pakati). nevamiririri kwakadaro synapse chaizvo kukosha kwemashoko huta zvatinganzwa.

Morphological musiyano pakati inhibitory uye excitatory synapses ndechokuti havana kusunungurwa mashandiro ari neurotransmitter. Murevereri iri inhibitory synapses, uye dzimwe gwenya dzouropi inhibitory synapses anonzi ane amino asidhi glycine. Asi akaputsa kana rinonakidza yezvakaita synapse hakubvi pakutsvaga nevamiririri dzavo, uye enzvimbo postsynaptic membrane. Somuenzaniso, acetylcholine kupa kunobatsira panguva neuromuscular synapse zviteshi (vagus tsinga iri myocardium).

Acetylcholine ndiye neurotransmitter ari cholinergic excitatory neurotransmission (presynaptic Kamudzira iri wakapata kuguma musana injini dzouropi), ari synapse pamusoro Renshaw masero munzvimbo presynaptic chinouraya, ziya omumuviri, medulla nadpochenikov ari ura uye synapse mu ganglia pamusoro tsitsi tsinga. Atsetilholi-nesterazu uye acetylcholine uyewo pana chikamu dzakasiyana zvikamu uropi, dzimwe nguva vakawanda, asi vamwe kupfuura cholinergic synapse pamusoro masero Renshaw haasati kukwanisa kuziva yasara cholinergic synapses. Maererano masayendisiti, rinonakidza murevereri acetylcholine basa nechepakati tsinga ndiyo kunge chaizvo.

Katelhominy (dopamine, norepinephrine uye epinephrine) vanoonekwa adrenergic nevamiririri. Epinephrine uye norepinephrine vari synthesized mu okuguma tsitsi etsinga muuropi adrenal muchitokisi, uropi uye musana. Amino acids (tyrosine uye L-phenylalanine) sezvo kutanga nefuma uye kwetunhu adrenaline chokupedzisira chigadzirwa. Zvenguva fuma, izvo zvinosanganisira norepinephrine uye dopamine, uyewo kuita mashandiro neurotransmitters vari synapse, vakasikwa harinzwi ari tsitsi tsinga. basa iri vangava munhu akamedura (intestinal secretory shwanu, sphincters anoverengeka uye Árbol anotsvedzerera tsandanyama, uye ura) kana excitatory (kumeso tsandanyama sphincters uye vamwe nemidziyo ropa, myocardial synapse - norepinephrine, mune chepfungwa nuclei podkrovnyh - dopamine).

kwakakwana kana basa ravo synapse neurotransmitters, catecholamine yokuita zvinoitwa presynaptic tsinga nekuguma, uye transmembrane chokufambisa kunobatanidzwa. Panguva Absorção de Água nevamiririri synapses vanodzivirirwa vakurumidze kuparadzwa pamusoro refu uye ishande.

Synapse: Mhando dzinokosha uye mabasa

Langley muna 1892, zvave kuti synaptic kupfuudzwa iri autonomic ganglia kuti mhuka haisi zvemagetsi hunhu, uye makemikari. Pashure pemakore 10, Elliott awanikwa kuti adrenaline kubva adrenal mumasero vakawana kubva chete anokonzerwa sezvo kweiyi aimunzwira tsitsi tsinga.

Zvadaro vaifungidzira kuti adrenaline vanokwanisa secreted ne Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu pamusoro excitation uye aburitswa tsinga nemagumo. Asi muna 1921, Revhi akaita ruzivo, iyo akagadza hunhu makemikari kupararira pa synapses pakati vegetative mwoyo uye vagus tsinga. Akazadza datya mwoyo midziyo pamwe sesaline uye kwakamutsa vagus etsinga, kutanga kunonoka kurova kwehana. Kana mvura iri kubva kuna chinovatadzisa cardiac dzishande nestimulirovanoe moyo kurova zvishoma nezvishoma. Zviri pachena, kurudziro kubva vagus etsinga akaita kusunungurwa retard mumiririri mune mhinduro. Acetylcholine zvakazara bereka zvinokonzerwa fuma iyi. Muna 1930, basa acetylcholine ari synaptic hutachiwana iri ganglia pamusoro autonomic tsinga akagadza Feldberg uye tsvimbo yake zvachose.

mushonga synapse

Makemikari synapse yakasiyana hutachiwana kutsamwa achibatsirwa murevereri pamwe presinapsa pamusoro postsinaps unopfuura. Naizvozvo, musiyano iri Morphology pakati makemikari synapse. Makemikari synapse zvakawanda zvakajairika vertebrate CNS. Zvinonzi ikozvino kuzivikanwa kuti dzouropi anokwanisa patsanura uye synthesize peya nevamiririri (nevamiririri coexisting). Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu dzinewo neurotransmitter plasticity - kukwanisa kushandura chikuru murevereri panguva kukura.

Neuromuscular synapse

synapse ichi transmits excitation, asi ukama uyu anogona kuputsa zvakasiyana-siyana. Kuchinjwa rinoguma panguva ejection yacho blockade iri synaptic mumukaha acetylcholine, uyewo panguva yevasungwa ake kupfuura nzvimbo postsynaptic membrane. A muzvizhinji kuti chepfu uye zvinodhaka sei kubatwa, goho iyo kwakabatana acetylcholine receptors ari postsynaptic Kamudzira, nepo tsandanyama synapse kutigumbura nokupfuuridzirwa excitation. Nhengo anofa munguva kutadza kufema uye kumira kufema netsandanyama.

Zvanga zvine utachiona uhu - microbial toxin ari synapse, izvozvo inoperera nokupfuuridzirwa excitation, zvachose munzvimbo presynaptic chinouraya mapuroteni syntaxin, aine zvibereko mune synaptic mumukaha acetylcholine. Several rwisana zvine chepfu kuroora pharmacologic yomuchipatara (neostigmine methylsulfate uye neostigmine), uyewo zvipembenene kuvhara conduction kuti excitation ari neuromuscular synapse uchishandisa inactivate acetylcholinesterase - imwe enzayemu kuti anotanga acetylcholine. Naizvozvo, pane kuunganidza acetylcholine munzvimbo synaptic Kamudzira nzvimbo zvinoderedza aikanganiswa murevereri, yakaitwa kubva postsynaptic membranes, mumvura iri cytosol Kanotokonya chikwata. Acetylcholine riri basa, uye synapse kukurukurirana kwacho.

Synapse huta: zvinhu uye zvinoriumba

Synapse - kubatana kuonana pfungwa pakati maviri masero. Uye mumwe nomumwe wavo yacho electrogenic membrane. Huta synapse ine zvikuru zvitatu zvinoti: Mweya postsynaptic Kamudzira, synaptic akatsemuka uye presynaptic membrane. Postsynaptic Kamudzira - tsinga nekuguma, izvo runosvika kune tsandanyama uye kutura kupinda tsandanyama tishu. Munzvimbo yacho presynaptic vesicles ndiko - a namahwindo mhango ine murevereri. Vanogara munyika zvitange.

Achisvika Kamudzira tsinga harinzwi vesicles batanidza nayo, uye murevereri muwisira synaptic mumukaha. Mune imwe quantum neurotransmitter vesicle rine mitochondria uye (vava zvakakodzera kuti kwetunhu neurotransmitter - chikuru simba source), mamwe acetylcholine iri synthesized kubva choline uye pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu enzayemu atsetilholintransferrazy muzvikamu atsetilSoA).

Synaptic akatsemuka pakati mushure mokumuka uye presynaptic membranes

In siyana synapses ukuru pakakoromoka zvinosiyana. nzvimbo iyi izere interstitial fluid umo murevereri. Postsynaptic Kamudzira chinofukidza nzvimbo kunyorerana etsinga nokuguma iri innervated muchitokisi mionevralnom synapse. Mune dzimwe synapses ari postsynaptic Kamudzira pave peta rakawedzera kuonana nharaunda.

Zvimwe zvinhu zvaisanganisira mune postsynaptic Kamudzira

Munzvimbo yacho postsynaptic Kamudzira rine zvinotevera pakugadzira:

- Kanotokonya (acetylcholine Kanotokonya mu mionevralnom synapse).

- Lipoprotein (ane mukuru kufananidzwa ne acetylcholine). mapuroteni ichi aripo electrophilic magumo uye Ion musoro. Head anopinda synaptic mumukaha, imwe kudyidzana pamwe cationic musoro acetylcholine. Nokuda nekuita uku kuchinja mune postsynaptic Kamudzira depolarization ipapo kunoitika, uye akazivisa vanokwanisa kubatsirwa Na-migero. Depolarization of Kamudzira hakunganzi somunhu kuzvipira anowedzera muitiro;

- Gradualen zvinogona wayo postsynaptic Kamudzira kunoenderana nenhamba nevamiririri, kuti kunoratidzwa ne pfuma zvinogona vomunharaunda excitations.

- Cholinesterase - vaiona kuva puroteni chine enzymatic ishande. Maererano Chimiro zviri zvakafanana choline Kanotokonya uye zvakafanana zvivako pamwe acetylcholine. Cholinesterase anotanga acetylcholine, chokutanga munhu chokuita cholinergic receptors. Pasi zvinoitwa acetylcholine Kanotokonya kunobvisa acetylcholine esterase vakaumba repolarization pamusoro postsynaptic membrane. Acetylcholine unodokwairira choline uye acetic asidhi zvakakodzera kuti tsandanyama tishu trophism.

Ane chikonzero chokufambisa unoratidzwa pamusoro presynaptic Kamudzira choline, rinoshandiswa synthesize mumwe neurotransmitter itsva. Pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu neurotransmitter zvachinja permeability pamusoro postsynaptic Kamudzira, uye cholinesterase nehanya uye permeability unodzokera kwokutanga ukoshi. Chemoreceptors vanokwanisa kutaura pamwe nevamiririri itsva.