Shorthand - chii? Shoko rokuti "shorthand." Stenographer - ndiani ichi?

Shorthand - nhoroondo acho chaiwo vatambi pfupi. Vane mudimbudzirwa yakadaro unobvumira zvichiberekana papepa kunyange matauriro avanoita. Pakukurumidza yakabereka tsamba, 4-7 nguva kupfuura dzose.

Shorthand tsanangudzo anogona kupiwa siyanei. Pfungwa iri tichienzanisa unyanzvi kunyora. Muchiitiko chino, zviri zvokuti kutsanya, kuti haisi muduku kutaura akurumidze. Sei kuzadzisa Somugumisiro yakadaro? Kuti vawedzere kumhanya kunyora, achinyora zvakananga yakagadzirirwa chinangwa ichi nyore vatambi. Muchiitiko chino, mabhii uye namashoko inozviisa zvaikosha reductions. Verbatim Zviratidzo zvinogona kuponesa makumi mashanu muzana nguva zvichienzaniswa dzose tsamba.

nyaya

Anopfuura zviuru 2 years ikoko shorthand. Meaning weshoko, iro rinoreva kuti pfungwa kuti rinoshandurwa kubva pane rechiGiriki - "narrowband". Nemamwe mashoko,

Rinotsanangura duramazwi Dahl rinopawo tsanangudzo rokuti "shorthand." Zvazvinoreva sezvinotevera: ". Rakapfupikiswa tsamba, kurzive, kufambirana matauriro" Asi yakakurumbira munyori Charles Dickens akadana nzira iyi rinozvibereka mashoko asinganzwisisiki uye anokudzwa nounyanzvi.

Kunyora akaonekwa zviuru nemakore vasati munhambo yedu. kuvamba Its waiva mugumisiro ari shingirira pakutsvaka mumwe munhu kutaura. Panguva kutanga kwekupwanyiwa kunyora zvakanga pasi. Users wokushandura pfungwa dzavo achibatsirwa nedzimwe zvinhu zvinhu. Gare gare, kunyora zvava rairatidza. Panguva iyi, iyo nzira kuparadzira pfungwa vakava mifananidzo, vatambi, uye, pakupedzisira, arufabheti, iyo iripo nhasi.

Shorthand dzakabuda mutauro nevakawanda zvakanyorwa. Zvino panguva yokutanga chaizvo padanho kutanga tsika dzevanhu, apo yakasiyana vanhu akasika nokudiwa hutachiwana yakarurama yokutaura kuburikidza kukurumidza uye muchidimbu zvinyorwa.

VaIjipiti vekare vaishandisawo shorthand. Chii nokukurumidza tsamba okugadzirisa vekare? Achibatsirwa akanyorwa mashoko guru vamiririri.

Maruva chikuru shorthand yakasvika muRoma uye Ancient Greece. A mupiro chaiwo kuvandudzika mukuru nokukurumidza kunyora uye akaita munyori muranda ari mumiririri mukuru Cicero - Tyrone. Aiva munyori Latin shorthand. chinyorwa ichi vachiri kunzi tironovymi manotsi.

VeMubatanidzwa nearufabheti shorthand

Panguva kutanga kwekupwanyiwa zvakanga zvakafanana kurzive. Zvinorevei? Nokuti shoko rimwe nerimwe rakanga dzakabudirira chiratidzo. Izvi zvinoomesa zvikuru basa. Kuridza inopangidza kudiwa rakamuka nomusoro akawandisa vatambi. nhamba yavo yakasvika 13000. Pano akanga shorthand ichi. Chii nhamba pazvinhu zviri nyore chaizvo kuti rangarira, zvaiva pachena kuti vose. Kugadzirisa yakawanikwa muzana remakore rechi17. Panguva kuti wokuEngland Willis hwakagadzirirwa earufabheti shorthand hurongwa. nokukurumidza shorthand ichi akava akakurumbira zvikuru munyika dzakawanda pasi pose.

Speed kunyora muna Russian

Shorthand kushandiswa muPskov uye Novgorod kare 15-16 emakore. MuMoscow, tsamba mukuru-nokukurumidza yave kushandiswa rokutanga Romanovs. Maiva muzana remakore rechi16. Heino nhoroondo refu munyika yedu ane shorthand. arufabheti Russian rave kushandiswa itsva chepakutanga ezvinhu yakatanga Ivaniv muna 1858. The zvinyorwa nzira ichi chokutanga chakaitwa muna Russia March 19, 1860 Zvinonzi kuburitswa nharo pakati Kostomarov muzvinafundo uye academician Pogodin. dingindira wake waiva mubvunzo kwakabva Russia.

Verbatim zviratidzo mumutauro wokuRussia vave achishingaira kushandiswa yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19. Vaifanira nevamwe venhau, vanyori, nyanzvi, uye vadzidzi.

Special budiriro shorthand muRussia vakagamuchira mukutanga remakore rechi20. Kana wakaumba, State Duma. With pakasikwa simba iri panodikanwa kuti kunyora misangano inoitwa. Kugadzirisa nyaya iyi akasikwa shorthand Bureau, vashandi nevanhu vanoverengeka dhazeni vanhu.

Nezvemabasa Simplified awedzera pamwe vasvike Bolsheviks kuti simba. Muna 1925 chakaitirwa All-Union Conference pamusoro shorthand nyaya. MuSoviet Union nayo yakabudisa rinokosha magazini - ". Mibvunzo pamusoro shorthand" Anouya 20-ies wekupedzisira remakore. Panguva imwe chete iyoyo, zvakatanga pachena yepamusoro stenography mapoka. Zvadaro, kumhanya kunyora akadzidzisa dzimwe kuzvikoro Soviet uye mumayunivhesiti. Basa stenographer makumi ezviuru zvevanhu vaiva munyika.

Saka, muna Russian mukuru-nokukurumidza kunyora tiri kushingaira kushandiswa kwemakore zana. Munguva iyi vakaona chiedza vakawanda mabhuku uye mabhuku kurayirirwa ichi.

Forms hurongwa kutsanya yakarekodwa

Kwagara mu kudiwa shorthand. Chii tsamba zvavakaitwa? Nokuti anopfuura rimwe remakore, nezvenhoroondo mhando iyi nani uye dzakabudirira. Somugumisiro, nzira dzakasiyana-siyana kuti yaitwa maviri nehurongwa. Mumwe wavo - the geometric uye yechipiri - kurzive. Chokutanga kunobva yakarurama mutsetse uye denderedzwa pamwe nhengo dzayo uye pfungwa. Chechipiri Hurongwa unotora chikamu denderedzwa uye tsamba inoshandiswa kwakajairika kunyora.

MuFrance uye muEngland, rakajairika ndiye geometric shorthand. Zvichireva munyika ino inogona kuiswa pa imwe wemishonga kururamisa mitsetse, madenderedzwa (kana nhengo dzayo) uye pfungwa.

Kurzive shorthand inoshandiswa kunyanya kuGermany. ino ndiyo yakanaka mumagadzirirwo uye zvakakunakira kunyora.

Verbatim arufabheti rine mabhii kuti zvakasiyana yakatenuka uye kureba thickening uye tsoka, etc. Uye kusiyana ichi kunogona kuonekwa zvose hurongwa.

Kana ano shorthand, rinotsvaka kubatanidza ose pamusoro kwemarudzi. Chinangwa chikuru chemusha nokukurumidza tsamba ino Danho iri kuunza huripo hurongwa kupinda chimwe. Uyezve shorthand anotsvaka ayananise pfungwa Kupfupika uye kusachinja-chinja.

Ndiani anofanira kukwanisa kukurumidza Letters

Shorthand - chii? Uyu chaizvo kunzwisisa chirango. Uye vamwe vanhu vanoshamisika kuti rava kuiswawo pakati pemazita rokubva nyaya idzodzo kuzvikoro apo Somuenzaniso, vakadzidziswa munyori basa. Chokwadi, yazvino zvigoneke kubudisa zvokurekodhwa uchibvunzurudzwa kana mharidzo kuti wezvaiitika. Zvisinei, nguva yakawanda inodiwa kuti dzinoona mashoko. Mukuwedzera, kwete yose inogona kunzwika nokuda vachivavhiringidza siyana. Chimwe chinhu - the shorthand. Meaning mashoko, zvikamu zvemashoko uye kutaura zvose zvinogona kushandisa nzira iyi yave kuonekwa nyore, sezvo paainyora kuipa rwezuva. Verbatim zviratidzo anonzwisiswa nyore zvikuru kupfuura manyoro.

To musi, mukuru-nokukurumidza tsamba akabvunza muminda siyana. Shorthand zvinonyanya kudiwa vaya vakabatikana mupfungwa basa. Hazvishamisi kuti kunyora mashoko panguva ramangwana vanyori vakadzidziswa kushandisa chaiwo zviratidzo. Chokwadi, vamiririri basa zuva nezuva nezvinoda huru Vhoriyamu ruzivo, uye nhaka shorthand dzinovabvumira aivabatsira zvikuru basa kwete pachavo chete, asiwo maneja.

ukoshi kurzive

Shorthand mu kudiwa kwete chete nokuti mukuru kunyora nokukurumidza. Kunoitawo kuti kunyora mashoko zvakarurama sezvingakwanisika. Munhu ane nzira iyi inogona shorthand kukurukurirana kunokosha chaizvo kune rokupedzisira zvizere. Nesimba mutungamiri akashandisa kushanda pane imwe hwokumhanyamhanya, achafara pamwe munyori wake, achikwanisa kunyora mashoko ose panguva Nhaurirano kana misangano.

The pakuunganidza yaibatsira unyanzvi

Sei kudzidza stenography Chokwadi? kurzive zvidzidzo kunyora kuvaka mune imwe kutevedzana. Chokutanga, pakudzidza ari pasi arufabheti.

Zviratidzo wokutanga akadzidza manotsi akanyorwa mukabhuku ane rakamanikana mutsetse. Izvi zvinokosha nokuti kukosha kukurumidza kupinda hunhu kukwirira uye ruoko vanofanira zvishoma nezvishoma vajaire nayo. Zvishoma Papera, unogona kuenda machira pamwe senguva mutsetse. Zvaakanga pakugona Nzira zviri stenography zvizere kurekodha vari pachena bepa nerazlinovannoy. Muchiitiko chino, mumwe nomumwe shorthand waakaudzwa kanoverengeka pamusara. Zvikuru inoshanda kana kunyora kukosha kwayo zvicharehwa. Muchiitiko chino, kurzive kunyora unyanzvi zvichabviswa kukudziridzwa nokukurumidza. Nepo kuverenga manotsi kuti mavanga kuti kuzodzosera akatema akapoteredza penzura.

Dzinokosha ane tsamba kukurumidza

shorthand Hurongwa anoshandisa nzira umo vanopfuura rinoitwa mavhawero. Mumwe kuvake vanobatanidza avo mubatanidzwa tsamba iyo kuitika inonyanyoshandiswa, uye kunyanya zvakajairika mabhii. Somuenzaniso, zvakadai kuvhara mashoko sezvo -tsiya, -tsa, uye -ntsiya -ktsiya, munhu shorthand notation achava mumwe chete. Ane chokuita, muti, mashoko akadai sokuti "chakapatsanurwa", "pamuganhu", "chiteshi" uye "nyasha."

Mamwe mifananidzo yakanyorwa anowanzoshandiswa idioms uye mashoko. Mukudzidzisa shorthand huchaitwa kunyoresa kanoverengeka, achidzokorora pfungwa kukosha. Nokuti zvakareruka nomusoro idioms uye mashoko akanyorwa ari oga mukabhuku. Panguva iyoyo inofanira kuchengetwa earufabheti. Duramazwi iri vanofanira kugara taurira wodzokorora uye kuverenga. Chinangwa chechikamu chino ndechokuti kuunza muitiro kunyora manotsi kuti automatism uye kukura kukwanisa kuverenga nyaya yavo nevamwe vanhu pamwe chete nokukurumidza sezvo dzose rwezuva.

Kwapera nguva inopedzerwa mukurovedza, zivo vakawana vanofanira zvishoma nezvishoma kutanga kushandisa. Kuti izvi zvidaro, pakutanga shorthand zviratidzo rakapinzwa zvavo tsamba. Zvishoma nezvishoma kuchinja kuti yakavhenganiswa chinyorwa kurzive.

Zvino shorthand anoramba akakodzera uye akakurumbira. Kuridzidza kunogona kuva inokosha mapoka. Kazhinji kuripo mana zvedzidzo maawa.

Hunhu kumhanya kunyora

Shorthand, yakavakwa pamusoro nearufabheti musimboti, ane nhamba zvinhu. Chokutanga, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, izvozvo kunoratidzwa kupfupika tracings. Uyezve, achisarudza kushandura kunyora shorthand zvisingabviri. Vane mwero. Tose tinoziva kuti ari kwagara kunyora tsamba iyoyo inogona kunyorwa imwe nzira dzakawanda iripo. rusununguko rwakadaro shorthand wairambidza. zviratidzo zvose zvinofanira zvachose kunorondedzerwa chete mucherechedzo hurongwa.

Features stenographic arufabheti

In kurzive zviratidzo zvinoenderana nemavara, inofanira kunyorwa panguva necheparutivi makumi matanhatu madhigirii kuti mutsetse kunyora. Kana izvi zvaitwa zvakanaka pamateru. zviratidzo zvose zvinofanira kunyorwa mudzinza kunyora. Ushe inokosha, iyo rinoitwa kana tsamba verbatim: zvaidiwa pamateru, chimiro uye chaiyoiyo kukura mumwe notation. Kana kuputswa, zvinyorwa haigoni kuverengwa.

Size verbatim zvinoratidza anotsanangurwa avo yakakwirira. zvifananidzo zvose ndivo emakonzonendi vari rakakamurwa diki, hombe, uye mumwe-dimensional. Muchiitiko chino, nekukwirira dzavo vari imwe reshiyo. Nokudaro, akagamuchira mari mumwe-dimensional mavanga - 3 mm. Small rokuti ndeimwe muzvitatu kureba kwembiru imwe-dimensional.

Verbatim zviratidzo zviri rakakamurwa denderedzwa ostrookanchivayuschiesya uye sublinear. Mugore shorthand notation chaienzanirana rose shoko, zvinofanira kwakabatana. Zvakanyorwa pasina dzongonyedzo chinyoreso kubva papepa. Musiyano uri pakati zviratidzo zviviri zvinofanira kuva hafu matanho. The notation "p" tsamba "k", "b", izvo zvimire pakutanga mashoko akanyorwa wokufambisa kuruboshwe.

Labels maererano kunyora shoko rose, vari interconnected achishandisa chete features, sezvo zvinoitwa longhand. Kana mufananidzo yakanyorwa zvisiri pamwe verbatim uchapupu, hazvina kururama, asi kungoti kuyambuka kubva kushandisa yokutema miti.

The kurzive harishandiswi dzose huripo mutauro nyora. Verbatim zvinyorwa maingova nokuputsanya uye pfungwa. Kushandiswa Kudanidzira uye mubvunzo mavanga. Kana koma uye Taridzamutauri, vari kushandiswa bedzi Muzviitiko zvokuora kunofanirawo.

tenzi kurzive

Nyanzvi mune shorthand kunogona kuva asiri mukadzi chete. Kazhinji nzira iri anazvo uye vamiririri akasimba pabonde. Asi, pasinei ichi, muzana remakore rapfuura payo zvakasimbisa kuti maonero kuti kurzive - ndiko evasingatombonamati munhukadzi basa. Ndezvipi Zvinodiwa vanachiremba izvi?

Stenographer - nenyanzvi inoziva basa pakunyora mashoko achishandisa zvikuru dzakabudirira hurongwa zviratidzo. Mitoro nyanzvi idzi anosanganisira kuderedza kugadzira zvinhu zvose iziviswe panguva chaiyo, icho chinoratidza pamusoro bepa vakatakura kukurukurirana kana kutaura. The stenographer anofanira kukwanisa decipher uye kuti achapiwa airatidza papepa, vachisiya zvinyorwa mune verengeka chimiro.

Panyaya iyi, zviri pachena kuti kurzive - hazvina chete chero unogona kukwira munhu chete pachavo. Zviri mumwe hurongwa anokosha vatambi. Panyaya iyi, inofanira kutanga kudzidza shorthand.

Kupi uye kana kudiwa nyanzvi yakadaro? Stenographer aida pamisangano, misangano uye Misangano, apo mharidzo protocols anofanira akambochera. Pakutanga, basa iri rinoita kuti ave uncreative uye monotonous. Zvisinei, vamiririri vakakurukura dzakagadzirirwa kunodiwa kuti aakatipa pachake uye nyanzvi unhu. Chokutanga, kuti stenographer anofanira kukwanisa kuisa, mukuwedzera, inoda ndangariro dzakanaka, ruzivo mutauro, yakarurama uye unyanzvi hwokukurukurirana vakakwana.

Kuchitaura kuti kurzive kunyora havagoni chete aivabatsira basa, asiwo kubatsira zvikuru, uyewo nguva okuponesa. Kudzidza chirango ichi zvinoita kuti tikwanise kukura munhu, yekudyidzana huchiita mashoko ayo, izvo kukasawedzerwa paainyora dzakasiyana-siyana mumagwaro.