Shogun - chii ichi? Board shoguns muJapan

budiriro Japanese runoonekwa kuva chaizvo vaduku. Pasinei chokwadi kuti zviwi Japanese akatanga kugara anopfuura chiuru chimwe apfuura, kuunza vanhu pamwe chete conglomeration namarudzi zvakaitika chete muzana remakore rechipiri BC. Akatodzana statehood chete akauya pano ari wechitatu remakore AD, apo pamwe namarudzi Kusakabe waigona vamwe rudzi, uye kuti ave chikuru. Zvishoma nezvishoma simba Kusakabe kwakabva rakaita yamambo, uye vatongi vavo pachavo akadana Madzimambo ( "Tenno"). Rimwe izwi "Shogun" (nani, mutongi - High mukuru), akapinda kushandiswa emakore akazotevera.

The yekare kwakatangira the Samurai

MuJapan, muna 6-7 emakore unorema chavagari Aimiririrwa vanhuwo zvavo, paivawo varanda uye vagari dzisakarurama munzanga Japanese, kazhinji rine Chinese uye vokuKorea. Vanhuwo zvavo vaiva pasi chaizvo akanaka mitero muchimiro chigadzirwa uye mari rendi, aiudzwa kushanda kunze uye chaizvoizvo zvakabatanidzwa kunyika. Kurwisa feudal murimi mudiki okutsutsumwa ndakasika zvikwata zvikuru vakadzidziswa masoja - Samurai, uye administrative simba munyika zvaiva kwamachinda, kunyanya nhengo imwe genus sezvo mutongi mukuru.

The shogunate yokutanga munhoroondo Japan

shoguns Japanese pamutemo akazviratidza remakore rechi11 AD. On muganhu Japan akatanga kuumba boka remauto feudal madzishe, pakati ndiyo Taira uye Minamoto. Ivo yakakanda hondo 1180-1185 gg., Kurwa izvo chakaitika zvose pamusoro pachitsuwa Honshu. Kumativi maviri nechemberi paiva nemazana ezviuru mapoka nemauto, vakauraya vanhuwo zvavo, yakashatiswa dzemamongi. The weNobel raiva Minamoto dzavo, vane mumiririri, Yoritomo, paakavapa muna 1192 musoro "Seyi Tay Shogun" - ". Mukuru, anokunda vaGiriki" zvinoreva Saka nhoroondo Japan akazviratidza shogunate.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti hondo yevagari Japan panguva iyoyo chaizvoizvo akunda hapana Yoritomo, uye mukoma wake - Yoshitsune, izvo maererano nomutongi kufungira akanga adzingwa yamambo. Maererano nedzimwe ngano, Yoshitsune vakatiza Japan kusvika yakaoma, apo akatora zita "Genghis Khan", pane rimwe - vakazviuraya. Uyewo dzinonakidza nengano pamusoro rufu Yoritomo pashure kudonha kubva bhiza chakaitika nokuti chokuti bhiza akamisa, akaona mweya waMwari Yoshitsune.

Izwi rakabva China

Kana vokuJapan vanobvunza: "Tsanangura okuti" Shogun "," taysegun, "nezvimwewo ...", The mhinduro inogona zvakasiyana-siyana. Chokwadi chokuti mafungiro akauya Japan kubva China, apo yakagoverwa muchimiro "pakavanda Shogun", iro rinogona kushandurudzwa se "mukuru muti mukuru." Maererano nengano, munhu akakurumbira Chinese weuto Hyo-I zvokuti vanozvininipisa kuti apo vanenge kukunda kwake akataura pachena, akamhanyira pasi pemuti, kwete kuteerera nokurumbidza kero yake.

In nemabhuku emabasa Japanese Shoko "Shogun" pamwe pakapfava siyana dzinotaurwa 7-8 emakore munguva yedu, kusanganisira:

• fukusegun - "Mutevedzeri wavarwi";
• taysegun - "mukuru mukuru" (mbiri inonyaradza namagwatidziro vatakuri vakanga vakakamurwa kuva dzakakwirira uye dzakaderera mune chinzvimbo);
• tinteki shogun - rechiuto mutungamiri uyo akakunda venyika of West;
• chete Shogun - Kumukundi pakati venyika vokumabvazuva;
• tindzyu Shogun - Mukuru-conciliator.

Musoro wokutanga akadzoka

Mumazuva iwayo, mutakuri ezita aiva nechinzvimbo chepamusoro, uyo rinotungamirirwa muchiuto kana mugove waro, kana mutumwa. The rokuremekedza hwakapiwa pokurwa uye ipapo vakadzokera mambo. The mhemberero yekare "kudzidziswa" yakaoneka Classified murau panyaya iyi (mutemo) uye mharidzo bakatwa dzokuzvinatsa mune Imperial Palace. Gare gare, muitiro unogadzurudzirwa zvishoma. Somuenzaniso, nokuti vamiririri vakwegura haana kubvumirwa kupinda palace Kyoto kuti vateereri, uye muna 14-19 emakore mutemo vakauya shogun "imba". Akavazadza ari mhinduro bhokisi kubva pasi mutemo jecha yendarama, vakamuisa kuna paakaenda mumiriri uye akavimbisa kutevedzera "muenzaniso wakajeka" mutongi Yoritomo Minamoto.

Shogun akakwanisa kuva mwana mumwe makore

Shoguns Kutonga muJapan kubvira 1192 kusvika Meiji Revolution. Panguva iyi, mukuru wehondo akataura simba rake nhaka uye kubatanidzwa hurumende namagwatidziro pamusoro, apo simba mambo zvakanga ceremoniously-ndima. By Minamoto Yoritomo akafa, simba akapfuura mwanakomana wake regents - the Gurui dzavo.

Pashure kumira pakati genus Minamoto patrilineal Japanese shoguns, zvimwe chete nguva munhoroondo, yaisanganisira kwavo Kuwanda mwana ari wemhuri Wakakusachou, uyo akagadzwa kuti chikuru pachena hofisi panguva aine makore maviri.

Kamakursky shogunate vakauya muJapan flag

The shogunate wokutanga Japan akanga sezvo rayo guru guta Kamakura, rinonzi saka Kamakurskim shogunate. Iyi nhoroondo nguva yakanga dzinoratidzwa kurwisana kwevagari uye kutonga pakati nhengo Samurai - "servicemen vanhu" avo vaiumba nemauto-feudal kirasi zviduku vanokudzwa, kudzivirira uye kushumira dzavo "daimyo." Panguva iyoyowo Japan nokuda kupindira masimba akakwanisa dzinga zviviri Mongol yaingopambwa (1281 uye 1274 years) uye kuwana mureza, izvo, maererano nengano, vakapa shogunate muBuddha - Patriarch pamusoro Nichiren.

feudal mapoka

Minamoto Yoritomo, Shogun (Photo mufananidzo wairatidza kumubudisa pamusoro), pashure pehondo neimwe dunhu yakatarwa magavhuna muchiuto, izvo pamusoro nguva Makawana yakawanda rehondo, uye kusimbiswa mumaoko minda. Panguva iyoyowo, Japan akagadza zvakanaka dzaishandiswa nomukadzi China uye Korea, izvo zvakazoita kuti vapfume ari feudal nemadzishe kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva.

pezvakaitwa kwakadaro hadzizi feudal madzishe ari mwero Kamakura, zvichiita kuti mukurwisana uye kuchinjwa kwesimba kuna Ashikaga dzavo. Vamiririri yokupedzisira yakatamira kubva vakaparadza Kamakura muna Kyoto, pedyo Imperial Palace, apo mari yakawandisa uri mutambo chete zvokushamisira roruvanze kwamachinda. State mabasa vaiva mumamiriro hanya kuti zvakazoita kuti intensification nemagavhuna zvechiuto mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika yacho uye zvitsva chokutambudzika yehondo.

Shoguns vanotonga kuJapan muna 1478 - 1577 makore, zvakare achiperekedzwa kurwisana kwemauto pakati anenge ose enyika, vaitungamirira umambo kuna vatarisana pokuwa nepakati remakore rechi16. Asi paiva "daimyo" - mumiririri vepamusoro pakati Samurai (Nobunaga), uyo vakakunda Nhongonya nyika pamwe guru Kyoto, akakunda guru feudal madzishe nokurerwa nemapoka ayo matarenda General - Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

Shogun akakwanisa kuva murimi

Ichi vasina kudzidza asi enterprising uye akachenjera anobva mumhuri murimi mudiki afa Nobunaga kwakabva vamiririri akapedza kubatana kwakaita Japan (muna 1588). Saka, mumiriri nonaristocratic kirasi chaizvoizvo vakagamuchira zita "Shogun." Pakutanga, zvakanga blurs miganhu pakati makirasi, asi iye Hideyoshi kuti mutemo akasimbisa zvose ropafadzo dzose Samurai uye kunyange tisimudzire kubviswa zvombo (minondo) miduku yokuruwa.

Tevera shoguns Japanese, asi kubva Tokugawa wemhuri akatonga Japan kwerinenge kota chemakore. Chokwadi chokuti Hideyoshi mumaoko simba mwanakomana wake, uyo akanga ari muduku, uye akanga pasi kuitarisira. Just pakati vachengeti vakamira Tokugawa Ieyasu, iyo yakapedza simba chepamutemo mugari wenhaka uye akatanga kutonga kusarudza sezvo guta guru Tokyo ano.

Pakutanga, Samurai vaiva vapfumi

Munguva pokutonga Tokugawa imba yakanga streamlined hurongwa nokutongwa nyika - mambo kunyimwa simba, vakapinda muguta makanzuru nevakuru, vanhu rakakamurwa makirasi. Hukuru nzvimbo inogarwa varwi - the Samurai. Varipowo varimi, navapfuri vesimbi, vatengesi, tarira vatambi, pariah uye murombo, izvo uyewo dzinounzwa kuti yoga kirasi. Munguva pokutonga Tokugawa Samurai vaiva vepamusoro munzanga, ndiro chegumi vemo, uye aiva neropafadzo dzakawanda. Asi zvino vanoverengeka muchiuto akaratidza basa, uye vamwe Samurai akava Ninja, ronin (vakaripira vaurayi), apo vamwe vakatamira tradespeople kana vakatanga kudzidzisa basa rechiuto uye muuzivi "Bushido" - Code of Samurai. Rioters Ronin chete akanga kudzvinyirira masimba ehurumende.

Zvikonzero kuchaitwa of shogunate utongi

Seiko yakapararawo aidzorwa hurumende iri Shogun? Reviews kare zvinoratidza kuti nyika nokuda nekukura wezvokutengeserana ukama akazviratidza kirasi zviduku bourgeoisie, iro zvakasimba woutsinye nokuda shogunate vakuru, uye kunokonzerwa okutsutsumwa. In mumadhorobha rukoko yakatanga vakadzidza, izvo aida kudzvinyirira, zvikurukuru, nokuti ayo chido wechiShinto vachizivisa sungano wechiJapanese zvisinei mukirasi uye nevamwe.

Hurumende yakarambidza zvimwe zvitendero (chiKristu), dzisina nevanhu dzimwe nyika, izvo zvakaita kuti kuratidzira uye, pakupedzisira, kuti kuchinjwa ari Tokugawa shogunate wehurumende simba shure kune mambo muna 1867. Nhasi, "Shogun" muna Japan - akamborarama izwi, sezvo yakadaro chinzvimbo yakaguma panguva Meiji Restoration, kwakaitika muna 1868 - 1889 makore.