Plutonium zvombo-mugiredhi: kushandiswa, kugadzira, marara

Humanity anogara kundotsvaka zvinyorwa itsva simba anogona kugadzirisa matambudziko akawanda. Asi kwete nguva dzose, haakuvadzi. Saka, kunyanya, ari zvikuru kushandiswa nhasi zvenyukireya reactors kunyange kukwanisa kutanga chete rakawanda chaizvo yakadaro ose anodiwa zvemagetsi simba dzichiri aurayiwe. Asi, kuwedzera kushandisa renyukireya zvinangwa rugare, dzimwe nyika zvenyika vakadzidza kushandisa nayo, uye vari muchiuto, kunyanya nokuda pakusika zvenyukireya warheads. Nyaya iyi ichakurukurwa pachishandiswa zvombo zvakadaro dzinoparadza, ane zita - plutonium zvombo-mugiredhi.

kumashure

In ichi chiine chimiro simbi rine kanenge 93,5% 239Pu isotope. plutonium zvombo-mugiredhi ainzi saka kuti zvibvire kusiyanisa kubva "mukoma reactor." Pfungwa, mashoko plutonium anogara achiumbwa zvachose reactor chero zvenyukireya, izvo zvinozoita Anomhanyira yakaderera-zvakapfumisa kana dzinongoitika uranium exchange, ine, kazhinji kacho, kuti isotope 238U.

Shandisa muchiuto zvekutepfenyura

Zvombo-mugwaro plutonium 239Pu - hwaro zvombo zvenyukireya. Panyaya iyi, kushandiswa isotopes pamwe vakawanda nhamba 240 uye 242 hachibatsiri, sezvo zvibereko yakakwirira kwazvo Nyuturoni nechekumashure, izvo pakupedzisira KUNOTADZISA zvakasikwa uye akaitwa mukuru-waivako mutoro yenyukireya. Uyezve, plutonium isotopes 240Pu uye 241Pu vari yekudyidzana chiduku hafu-upenyu zvichienzaniswa 239Pu Zvisinei plutonium zvakasimba kupopotedzana nhengo. Zviri muna izvi renyukireya chombo mainjiniya vanomanikidzwa kuwedzera mamwe zvinhu chokubvisa zvakawandisa kupisa. Zviya, 239Pu wakachena inodziya muviri. Mumwe haagoni asi kufungawo chokwadi kuti zvibereko kuora inorema isotopes riri pasi zvinokuvadza zvachinja sekristaro yekamuri pamusoro simbi, uye zviri zvikuru zvakasikwa reconfigures zvikamu plutonium, izvo pakupedzisira zvinogona kukonzera zvachose kukundikana yenyukireya putika mudziyo.

Kazhinji, zvose nezvinetso izvi zvinogona kukundwa. Uye, mune tsika, hatina kakawanda vakapfuura bvunzo kuti bhomba mano pahwaro ndiro "reactor" plutonium. Asi zvinofanira kunzwisiswa kuti chombo renyukireya haina yokupedzisira nzvimbo inogarwa compactness dzavo, pasi mumugwagwa uremu, mukurumari uye kuvimbika. Panyaya iyi, zvinoshandisa chete plutonium zvombo-mugiredhi.

Design zviri kugadzirwa reactors

Inenge ose plutonium mu Russia yakanga zvakapararira munzvimbo reactor nepokuongorora graphite Sachigaro. Imwe neimwe reactors rinoumbwa munhu cylindrically akaunganidza inoperera graphite.

Vakaunganidzwa pakati graphite kutigumbura vane rinokosha slots hwokupa kuramba riparadzirwe coolant, iro rinoshandiswa senitrogen. Munyaya vakaungana mamiriro, uye vari vertically akaronga Mipata zvakasikwa nekuda kwemutemo kutonhora mvura pamusoro pavo uye mafuta. Roga, ungano iri nokuramba wakaomerera panzira rinotsigirwa pamusoro chivako yakabvooka kuti migero zvinoshandiswa zvacho kare irradiated mafuta. Saka mumwe nomumwe migero mu dzakaonda-rine chubhu iri kuumbwa kubva lightweight uye dzimwe simba aruminiyamu chiwanikwa. Vakawanda zvinorondedzerwa migero ane 70 mafuta tsvimbo. Kutonhora mvura inoyerera zvakananga vakakomba mafuta pematanda, achibvisa nekumwisa kupisa kwavari.

Kuwedzera simba Kugadzirwa reactors

Pakutanga, reactor wokutanga "Lighthouse 'kwaiitwa inokwana 100 MW chafariz. Zvisinei, chikuru mutungamiriri weSoviet zvombo zvenyukireya budiriro chirongwa, Igor Kurchatov akaita zvakataurwa, rakanga kuti reactor iri yechando akashanda inokwana 170-190 MW, uye panguva yezhizha - 140-150 MW. Izvi zvakaita kuti reactor kubereka anenge 140 magiramu anokosha plutonium pazuva.

Muna 1952, kwakakwana nemabasa yesayenzi-tsvakurudzo rakaitwa kuti kuwedzera kugadzirwa inogona kushanda reactors nzira dzakadaro:

• Nokuwedzera mvura inoshandiswa kutonhora uye ruchiyerera napakati kushingaira mapazi ane chokugadza yenyukireya.
• By kuwedzera kuramba ngura Fani kuitika pedyo muwedzero makwara.
• Kudzikira mwero oxidation kuti graphite.
• Temperature buildup mukati chinotsva masero.

Somugumisiro, vanokwanisa pakati achiparadzira mvura iri yekudyidzana kwakawedzera pashure pokunge akanganwirwa kwakawedzera uye musiyano uri pakati mafuta chiteshi masvingo. Ngura uyewo vakakwanisa kubvisa. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, isu akasarudza kupfuura rakakodzera aruminiyamu alloys vave achishingaira achiwedzera yavaibvisa dichromate, izvo pakupedzisira akanatsiridzwa ari softness ari kutonhora mvura (ph akanga akaenzana anenge 6.0-6.2). Oxidation kuti graphite akarega kuva dambudziko chairo, pashure simbi kushandisa senitrogen (yamboshandiswa chete mhepo) kuti kutonhora.

Pakuvira kwezuva 1950 zvakagadzirwa kunge vakaziva zvizere tsika, saka achidzikisa nemwaranzi Kutemeswa mumatenhere uranium exchange zvikuru basa, kuderedza zvikuru chafariz nokuomesa matanda uranium exchange kuvandudza Kamudzira kuzvidzivirira uye kuvandudza kugadzirwa unhu kuzvidzora.

Production panguva "Mayak"

"KuChelyabinsk-65" - chimwe chezvinhu vasanonoka miti apo zvakanga yakabereka plutonium zvombo-mugiredhi. The zvebhizimisi kwaiva reactors, rimwe nerimwe tichava kunyatsotarisisa.

A reactor

Installation yakanga yakagadzirwa uye akavaka pasi utungamiriri kunozivikanwa N. A. Dollezhalya. Aishanda inokwana 100 MW. The reactor akanga 1,149 vertically yakarongwa kuzvidzora uye mafuta mugero ari graphite chinhu chinogumbura. Complete mamiriro uremu kwakanga matani anenge 1050. Zvinenge channel zvose (kunze 25) vari dzakatakura uranium exchange, zvachose guru matani 120-130. 17 channel anoshandiswa kutonga tsvimbo 8 uye - nokuti kuedza. The kunonyanyisa Kupisa kusunungurwa yevanhu pamasikiro huni muchitokisi akaenzana 3,45 KW. Pakutanga reactor yakabereka anenge 100 magiramu pamusoro plutonium pazuva. First plutonium simbi yakaitwa April 16, 1949.

kwesayenzi pezvatinokanganisa

Anenge chaizvo dambudziko chakakomba, inova ngura kuti aruminiyamu inoisa uye coatings ari mafuta sero vakanga pakarepo kuzivikanwa. Uyewo ivo zvakazvimba uye zvakakanganisa mafuta pematanda uye ikatanga zvakananga vakapinda kutonhora mvura reactor core. Tapedza leakage reactor yaifanira akamira kusvika 10 maawa kuti zvinenge pakaoma graphite. Muna January 1949 inoisa kupinda migero zvatsiviwa. Pashure paizvozvo, kutanga installation kwakaitika March 26, 1949.

Grade plutonium Kugadzirwa mu reactor A iyo Akaperekedzwa ose nezvinetso akarondedzera mumakore 1950-1954, neavhareji simba 180 MW chikwata. Tevera basa kubudikidza pakutanga reactor chinoteverwa kumwezve kurishandisa, riri zvikuru dzinongoitika uye kwakaita kuti kakawanda kufanira (kusvika 165 nguva pamwedzi). Somugumisiro, muna October 1963, vakuru reactor ukapfigwa pasi uye rakavhurwa chete muchirimo 1964. danidziro yake yapera zvachose muna 1987 uye panguva yose nguva refu oparesheni yakabereka matani 4,6 kubva plutonium.

reactors AB

The zvebhizimisi "kuChelyabinsk-65" reactors matatu AB kwakasarudzwa kuvaka pokuwa 1948. Dzavo kugadzirwa vanokwanisa ndiyo 200-250 magiramu pamusoro plutonium pazuva. Mugadziri Chief kuvaka yakanga Savin. Mumwe reactor kwaisanganisira 1996 migero, 65 zvakanga chidhiraivho. mumwe mugero ari yaipiwa chaiwo detector coolant leakage - The hwokugadzira utsva zvirimwa raishandiswa. Kutama akadaro uchandibudisira kubvumira kuti nzeve pasina kukanganisa kushanda reactor.

Mugore nokushanda reactors vokutanga kwakaratidza kuti vaunze vanenge 260 magiramu pamusoro plutonium pazuva. Zvisinei, kubva gore kushanda simba rechipiri riri zvishoma kuwedzera, uye kare muna 1963 ayo zvazvingava raiva 600 MW. Mushure overhaul wechipiri rave kugadziriswa zvachose dambudziko pamwe inoisa, uye simba yakatotanga yakasvika 1,200 MW ane wepagore kugadzirwa plutonium 270 makirogiramu. zviratidzi izvi achiripo kuti apedzise kuvhara kuti reactors.

Reactor AI-neKara

KuChelyabinsk emakambani kushandisa pakuvira ichi munguva kubva 22 Zvita 1951 kusvika 25 May 1987. Kuwedzera uranium exchange, ari reactor ikabereka sezvo cobalt-60, uye polonium-210. Pakutanga, nzvimbo yakabereka tritium, asi vakazotanga kugamuchira uye plutonium.

Uyewo emhodzi plutonium zvombo-mugiredhi aifanira kuvaka reactors uchishanda mvura rinorema uye chete chiedza-mvura reactor (zita rake - "Ruslan").

Siberian Zirume

"Tomsk-7" - kuti ndiro zita akatakura chirimwa, iro rine shanu reactors rokusika plutonium. Imwe neimwe aggregates ose graphite rinoshandisirwa sipidhi neutrons, uye vanhuwo zvavo mvura kuitira yakakwana kutonhora.

Uye reactor-1 vakashanda pamwe kutonhora maitiro umo mvura akapfuura kamwe. Zvisinei, vamwe vana inokwana zviyero vakanga vakapakata ane namahwindo chikuru redunhu akashongedzerwa nokupisa exchangers. zvakagadzirwa Izvi zvinobvumira kutanga zvimwe zvichiri uye chiutsi, izvo zvinozoita inobatsira iri kugadzirwa nemagetsi uye kudziyisa kuti musha siyana.

"Tomsk-7", uye reactor ainziwo EI-2, izvo zvaizoitawo aiva nechinangwa hunyambiri: kuti vabereke plutonium tichiregeredza anogadzirwa chiutsi wakadenha Magetsi 100 MW uye 200 MW nokupisa simba.

anokosha mashoko

On nevimbiso masayendisiti, nehafu upenyu plutonium zvombo-mugiredhi makore anenge 24 360. A rakakura nhamba! Panyaya iyi, mumwe mubvunzo kunyanya chakasimba anova: "sei zvakarurama chokuita tsvina kweShanduro chinhu" yakanakisisa nezvechisarudzo ichaongororwa kuti kuvakwa dzinokosha mabhizimisi kuti humwe kubudiswa plutonium zvombo-mugiredhi. Chikonzero ndechokuti iyi, kuti chinhu haachagoni kushandiswa zvinangwa zvechiuto uye achapiwa ichitongwa murume. Ndiko kuti dzinoshandiswa plutonium zvombo-mugiredhi kuRussia, asi United States of America akaenda neimwe nzira, nokudaro mutemo yayo wazvipira dzakawanda.

Saka, hurumende US proposes kuparadza zvikuru zvakapfumisa mafuta renyukireya riri kwete industrially anogadzirwa, uye dilution kuti plutonium uye kuchengeta nawo inokosha midziyo panguva kudzika 500 metres. Hatigoni kutaura kuti iyi nyaya, mashoko anogona nyore kuva chero nguva kubvisa pasi, uye zvakare akamuisa zvehondo kushungurudza. Maererano President Russian Vladimir Putin, nyika pakutanga hauna kuparadza plutonium saizvozvi, uye kuti vaite kierrätys panguva maindasitiri zvivako.

Special hanya anopiwa kukosha plutonium zvombo-mugiredhi. Nyanzvi dzinofungidzira kuti makumi ematani maatomu akafanana izvi zvingave zviripo mabhiriyoni akawanda US emadhora. Asi vamwe nyanzvi mune E anoita kunge zvinofungidzirwa matani 500 plutonium zvombo-mugiredhi zvakawanda 8 matiririyoni emadhora. Huwandu chaizvo chaizvo. Kuti izvozvo zvakajeka, sezvo mari yakawanda, ngatigarei dzinoti okupedzisira ezana remakore rechi20 avhareji mwero Russian GDP pagore akanga $ 400 billion. Kureva Chokwadi, mutengo chaiye plutonium chombo wegiredhi akaenzana makumi maviri GDP yeRussian Federation pagore.