Nhoroondo mifananidzo muRussia. mifananidzo First uye Camera

Chido akakunda nguva muupenyu, yokuvamba munhu kana nyika zvakamupoteredza, agara aripo. Izvi zvakare dombo mifananidzo, uye nomucheka Arts. Mune Mifananidzo nenyanzvi zvikurukuru vakaonga nemagadzirirwo uye oudzame, kukwanisa andobata chinhu nenzira yakanaka sezvazviri, chiedza, rasai ruvara palette, mimvuri. Nokuti basa rakadaro kazhinji akatora mwedzi basa. Chido ichi, uye chido kuderedza nguva uye akava riwedzere nokuda kwezvisikwa ichi uri mufananidzo, sezvinoita mufananidzo.

VeMubatanidzwa mifananidzo

Muzana IV remakore BC Aristotle, nyanzvi yakakurumbira muGirisi yekare, yakati kuziva chokwadi kuti chiedza kuti yakasvinwa kuburikidza buri diki iri shutter nepahwindo, vachidzokorora mimvuri pamadziro unogona kuona yekare kwenzvimbo kunze nepahwindo.

Uyezve, muna akadhindwa masayendisiti kubva Arab nyika anotanga kunzi wokuti kamera obscura, zvichireva "rima kamuri." Izvi zvakaratidza kuva mudziyo muchimiro mubhokisi buri mberi, hwaishandiswa zvakakwanisika kuti rubbings vachiri lifes uye nharaunda. Gare gare nani bhokisi, dzichigovera sezvikamu uchifamba uye izvo, zvichiita kuti fokusatsiyu mufananidzo.

Nemhaka itsva features, mufananidzo vakava kujeka zvikuru, uye mudziyo anonzi "chiedza kamuri", kureva, kamera lucina. nyore Michina kwakadaro akatibvumira kudzidza kutarisa Arkhangelsk pakati XVII remakore. Uchibatsirwa zvavo, tarisiro guta rave atendeuka, iro rakarurama.

Zvokukura kukura mifananidzo

Muzana XIX remakore naJoseph Niepce akanga afunga nenzira mapikicha, yaakakudanirai photogravure. Kutora nzira iyi kwakaitika inopenya chezuva uye akaramba kusvikira maawa 8. Chaizvoizvo wayo sezvinotevera:

• vakatora ndiro simbi yakanga zvinenge zvakazara bituminous lacquer.

• The ndiro riri pasi zvakananga kuona chiedza, nekuti icho varnish haisi chikaparara. Asi izvi zvave gogonera uye chouviri nesimba chiedza pa nerimwe nzvimbo.

• Ipapo ndiro aiitirwa pamwe solvent.

• Mushure acid chinopinda.

Somugumisiro, vose manipulations yakaitika zororo, rwakatemwa muenzaniso uri chitete. Akatevera zvinokosha Danho kukura mifananidzo yaiva daguerreotype. Zita nzira yake kuti zita muvambi waro Louis Jacques mande Daguerre, uyo akakwanisa kuwana chifananidzo pamusoro yesirivha, kubatwa ane ayodhini mhute.

Zvinotevera Nzira yaiva calotypy afunga Genri Talbotom. The mukana nzira anokwanisa kuita makopi mufananidzo chete, izvo zvinozoita iri kuburitswa papepa akaiswa mushonga wokuuraya sirivha munyu.

The kuziva yokutanga unyanzvi Photography muRussia

Nhoroondo Russian mifananidzo zvawave kwerinopfuura hafu remakore. Uye nyaya iyi izere zviitiko siyana uye zvinonakidza zvinhu. Nemhaka vanhu venyika yedu yakazarukira unyanzvi mapikicha, tinogona kuona Russia kuburikidza prism kwenguva, akadai aiva makore akawanda apfuura.

Nhoroondo mifananidzo iri Russia kunotanga 1839. Yakanga nhengo Russian Academy of Sciences J. Hamel akaenda Britain, apo iye akasangana nzira calotypy, kuridzidza zvizere. Ipapo akatuma rondedzero. Uye vokutanga mifananidzo yakatorwa nenzira calotypy avapo, izvo zvichiri achichengetwa Academy of Sciences mu uwandu zvidimbu 12. In mifananidzo pane siginicha pamusoro vakatanga nzira, Talbot.

Pashure paizvozvo, muFrance Hamel ajaira Daguerre, ane mazano pasi iye pachake anoita zvimwe kwepfuti. Academy of Sciences, muna September 1841 tsamba yakagamuchirwa kubva Hamel, iyo, maererano naye, yakatanga kuitwa Photo zvakasikwa. Takasikwa Paris ari mufananidzo - hadzi nhamba.

Pashure paizvozvo, unyanzvi mifananidzo muRussia kutanga kuwana tichimhanya yava kukura. Muna XIX uye XX emakore Photographers yeRussia akatanga ari mukuru kodzero kutora chikamu Photo kuratidzira uye showrooms dzekirasi dzakawanda, izvo vakagamuchira nomukurumbira mibayiro uye mibayiro, vane nhengo nhengo munharaunda.

nzira Talbot

Nhoroondo mifananidzo iri Russia yakazokudziridzwa kunokwana vanhu kufarira itsva uri fomu. Saka Yuliy Fedorovich Fritsshe, akakurumbira Russian nyanzvi uye kemisiti. It nyanzvi Talbot nzira wokutanga kuwana akaipa pamusoro photosensitive papepa achiteverwa kudhinda pamusoro jira kubatwa munyu sirivha uye achiratidzwa chiedza chezuva.

Fritzsche akatora mapikicha vokutanga calotypy-chirimwa mashizha, uye ipapo vakaenda akadama of Sciences muSt Petersburg muna May 1839 nomushumo. Mairi akati kuti calotypy nzira yakakodzera imprinting planar zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, kuti nzira yakakodzera kutora mifananidzo yepakutanga chirimwa pamwe anodiwa nemazvo kuti bhotani.

Mupiro J. Fritzsche

Nokuda Fritzsche munhoroondo mifananidzo muRussia akatora danho mberi; iye zvinganaka kutsiva yavaibvisa giposulfat, yaishandiswa kukudziridza mufananidzo Talbot, nokuti amoniya pane yekudyidzana upgraded calotypy, nani mufananidzo unhu. Julius Fedorovich aivawo yokutanga munyika uye mumwe yokutanga munyika, uyo tsvakurudzo pamusoro mifananidzo uye Photographic nounyanzvi.

Nadya Grekov uye "unyanzvi kabhini"

Nhoroondo mifananidzo muRussia mberi, uye zvinotevera zvinokonzera ayo budiriro chakaitwa Nadya Grekov. Moscow muvambi uye wamabwe, aiva vatenzi kwemifananidzo wokutanga Russian uye nyanzvi calotypy uye daguerreotypes. Uye kana iwe bvunza mubvunzo chii vaiva makamera vokutanga Russia, ndiyo nokugadzirwa Grekov, "uri mukamuri", anogona kunzi sezvo vakadaro.

The kamera wokutanga, akasika muna 1840, kunoita kuti uite yepamusoro, pamwe hasha yakanaka asian mifananidzo aigona kuti kuva kuti vakawanda vari kuedza kuzadzisa kuti Photographers. VaGiriki tega nechigaro chaizvo pamakusheni kuti akatsigira unotorwa mifananidzo musoro, kuubvumira haana kuneta panguva refu vagere, uye kuchengetedza wakaiswa chinzvimbo. Uye kuva achiri murume ari cheya akanga refu: 23 maminitsi inopenya chezuva uye kwidibira zuva - zvose 45.

Grekov tenzi mifananidzo iri kuonekwa Russia yokutanga Ndiwe mifananidzo-portraitist. Vawane yakanaka asian mifananidzo kwakamubatsira uye tega navo fotoustroystvo rinoumbwa remuti kamuri, kupinda risina chiedza. Asi bhokisi ichi inogona nominated kubva mumwe uye kudzokera panzvimbo. At rokunze bhokisi riri nechemberi kwayo zvakabatanidzwa izvo, chiri chinhu. In yomukati bhokisi ndiro Ainzwa chiedza. By kusiyanisa kure pakati mabhokisi, kureva, zvinofamba imwe kubva kune imwe, kana ndiEzekieri, zvaigoneka kuita zvinodiwa mufananidzo hasha.

Sergeya Levitskogo mupiro

Akatevera munhu kuburikidza iyo nhoroondo mifananidzo muRussia akaramba kukura nokukurumidza, aiva Sergei Levitsky. Munhau Russian mifananidzo vaiva dagerroptipy Pyatigorsk uye Kislovodsk, akaita kuCaucasus. Uyewo ndarama menduru yacho uri kuratidza rakaitirwa muParis, apo akatuma mifananidzo kuna nemakwikwi.

Sergey Levitsky kwave nechemberi kurutivi Photographers, uyo aida kuchinja decoration colour nokuda filming. Vakasarudzawo tiite retouching asian mapikicha uye negatives kuitira kuderedza kana zvachose kubvisa zvekushandisa zvaunokanganisa, kana ani.

Levitsky akasiya kuItaly muna 1845, achisarudza kurera padanho ruzivo uye unyanzvi pasango daguerreotype. Anoita mifananidzo Rome, uyewo asian mapikicha vemifananidzo Russian vaigara ikoko. Uye muna 1847, anouya aine kamera ane shangu mbava, kushandisa fur ichi kubva akodhiyoni. Innovation akabvumira kamera kuti kuva Mobile, izvo zvakakanganisa chaizvo kuwedzera kutora mifananidzo yetumedu mikana.

Akadzokera kuna Russia Sergey Levitsky atova nyanzvi mifananidzo, akazarura muSt Petersburg daguerreotype pachake workshop "Light kupenda". Kana uyewo anozarura chitoro ane akapfuma wemabhuku Portraits nenyanzvi Russian, vanyori uye voruzhinji. Kudzidza unyanzvi mapikicha, haasiyi, kupfuurira empirically kudzidza kushandisa magetsi uye kubatanidza pamwe chete zuva wayo simba pamusoro mifananidzo.

Russian zvisaririra mu mifananidzo

Of Arts, tenzi kwemifananidzo, vavambi uye masayendisiti kubva kuRussia vakabatsirawo chaizvo munhoroondo mifananidzo uye kubudirira. Somuenzaniso, pakati havaoni pakubhadhara itsva makamera vanozivikanwa surnames Russian sezvo Sreznevsky, Ezuchevsky, Karpov, Kurdyumov.

Kunyange Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev akanga achishingaira zvinobatanidzwa, mubasa yokungotaura uye anobatsira zvinetso mukugadzira mifananidzo. Uye pamwe Sreznevsky akamira pamukova kwakatangira mashoko Photographic dhipatimendi paRussian Technical Society.

Kuzivikanwa kubudirira vatenzi yakajeka Russian mapikicha, iyo inogona kupfeka ndima pamwe Levitsky, Andreya Denera. Ndiye musiki rokutanga Album pamwe Portraits yakakurumbira masayendisiti, vanachiremba, vafambi, vanyori uye vaimbi. A mifananidzo Alexander Karelin akazozivikanwa Europe yose, uye vakapinda nhoroondo mifananidzo sezvo muvambi weimba ongororo yacho Genre.

Kukura Photography muRussia

Kufarira Photography pakupera ari XIX remakore kwakawedzera kwete chete pakati nyanzvi asi pakati vanhuwo zvavo. Uye mumakore 1887, akasunungurwa "Photographic Bulletin" magazini, umo mashoko ikaunganidzwa ne mushonga, zvemakemikari nziyo, nzira kubudiswa mifananidzo, yokungotaura mashoko.

Asi pamberi yechimurenga Russia kuita unyanzvi mifananidzo kwave kuwanika chete vashoma vanhu, nekuti zvinenge hapana vanotanga kamera haana zvichikwanisika kubereka navo muindasitiri akamboona.

Muna 1919, V. I. Lenin chirevo kutamisira Photographic indasitiri aidzorwa zvevanhu Commissariat, uye muna 1929 akatanga kuumba chiedza-inonyatsoziva Photographic zvinhu, zvino vava kuwanikwa zvose. Uye wokutanga mumhuri kamera "Photocor" rinowanikwa muna 1931.

Basa vatenzi Russian, uri wakanaka, asi vanotanga kukura mifananidzo guru uye anopindura nzvimbo akafanira munhoroondo yenyika kwemifananidzo.