Ndiani Duke? zvichireva

The soro Musoro kwamachinda aigona kupfeka chete Europe. KuMiddle Ages akapa munhu wechipiri pashure mambo. Kupindura mubvunzo pamusoro ndiani ari Duke, tinogona kutaura kuti munhu vanokudzwa Estates. In zvake akanga nhare nyika, vanhu. Munguva dzekare shoko akataura mukuru German avanhu.

rokushandura kutsunga

Taurai pakati mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti ndiani ari Duke anogona kuwanikwa yaMakoronike yekare. Shoko «Herzog» kunobva mutauro wokuGermany. Rinobatanidzwa ne vanhu huru.

Shoko "Duke" rinoshandiswa mimwe mitauro:

• Kushandurwa kubva pashoko German rinoreva "Duke» (Herzog) kunorondedzerwa so "kutyaira, kutungamirira, kutungamirira."
• (- kutungamirira duco) akashandisa akafanana shoko nashe muchiLatin.
• In French shoko "Duke" rinorondedzerwa so «duc».
• The Chirungu shanduro rinoreva "munhu aikudzwa, Jehovha" - «Duke».
• Italian Duke akadana shoko «duca».

kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro tsananguro

Pano kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro tsanangudzo mumaduramazwi. Funga kuti Duke:

1. Zvinoreva yekare neshoko anorondedzerwa somurwi dzinza.
2. Muridzi wenyika uye vanhu.
3. munhu wechipiri pashure mambo. Noble wenyaya vanhu vakasarudzwa kwamachinda.
4. Machinda vaibatanidzwa muhurumende amambo. In ake pasi aiva calculators.
5. MuEngland, madzishe vaiva vanhu vane chokuita machinda ropa, madzimambo.
6. The Union of South Africa rakanga wehurumende muna 1924-1939 Hertzog Dzheyms wacho. Ndakaenda pasi munhau sezvo mutsigiri urudzi, vairambawo kutaura achipikisa Germany.
7. Muridzi wemunda - the Duchy nhaka. Zvakange kwepamutemo pachiyero mukuru nesimba Charles II Bald (877).

Early zvenhoroondo ukoshi

Ndianiko Duke, rakachengetedzwa anotaurwa dzekare. marudzi German ainzi se ake mukuru. In kufora refu vanhu vave nemakore, uye vamwe vavo vasara vakakunda mundima. kutama uku akapa uriri unotevera pfungwa - muridzi wenyika, kuudza zvakananga kuna mambo. For dzemo mukuru aiva nechiremera chikuru.

Madzishe aiva nevamwe nguvo inopfekwa korona rakasiyana chimiro mhando uye vakaratidza kuzvipira kwavo. Feoffee King kuchengetedza hurongwa mupurovhinzi yake uye, kana zvakakodzera, zvakare akatungamirira uto Mushandirapamwe vanomisa kupandukira kana dzinga kurwiswa kumiganhu yavo. The pasi raiva boka wematirastii - calculators.

Machinda vaisungirwa wokushandura vanhu kuda mambo, kuongorora aurayiwe mirairo yake uye kubata kuri kushandiswa pamusoro vaitsoropodza. dunhu rimwe nerimwe racho mirairo uye mamwe mitemo akapfuura zvakananga muridzi wenyika.

European rokuremekedza

Karl Veliky akaedza kubvisa musoro kuti vadzivise dzose kurwira rusununguko. In nzvimbo kwamachinda akagadzwa zendgrafy uye margraves. Zvisinei, tsanangudzo shoko "Duke" anoramba zvarinoreva iri pedyo States.

Vaimbove Nemachinda akapora shoko uye akaramba kutaura kwayo rusununguko. Vakakwanisa kuwanazve zvavo kare madunhurirwa. Saka, mukati Germany chete paiva duchies zvinopfuura zvishanu pakutanga kwezana remakore rechigumi:

1. Saxon.
2. Lorraine.
3. Swabian.
4. Franconian.
5. Bavarian.

Highest rokuremekedza paakavapa chete paiva mutongi, kuti varege kubvumira kupambwa simba mukirasi mutongo vavengi. Shoko "Duke" kumhuka imwe kwenguva. Saka vakatanga kudana appointees chehurumende, mukuzadzikisa kuda namambo. Gare gare, basa racho vakatanga kuwedzera "Guru", izvozvo akasimbisa kukosha murume uye simba zita rake.

Mune dzimwe nyika

Funga shoko "Duke" kuMiddle Ages. Mushure abolition pamusoro wenyaya avakuru vakatanga kurwisa hurumende nechepakati, uye akaisa mitemo yavo pachavo muzita. Papera vatongi vave kukwanisa kuti kutevedza, asi hondo yakaramba yakareba chaizvo nguva.

Somugumisiro, vachitevera Duchy zvakatanga pamusoro mundima nyika dzokuEurope:

• 1156 - yeAustria.
• 1185 - Pomeranian, yambotaurwa nezvayo sezvo necheSalvic;
• Muna 1273 - umbwa muna Carinthian.
• 1339 - akazviratidza Geldernskie.
• Muna 1349 - munhoroondo Mecklenburg akapinda.
• 1364 - Luxembourg.
• Muna 1356 - akavamba Jülich.
• 1378 - savoy.
• Muna 1423 - akavamba Duchy reimba Wettin.

Kubva 1844, pane musoro Duke vakatanga kushandisa dzimwe mazita okuremekedza. MuGermany, mambo vanhu vanonzi nokukwirira, toreva haana akashandisa shoko changamire ushe. MuEngland, taishandisa mashoko okuti "ngoni dzake".

A ndozvinoitawo Vaifunga dzimwe inoti:

1. -Lithuanian Polish mamiriro. Pakazosvika ducal simba hanya vakuru zvomudzimu, vanokudzwa, rokunyika wakare, vakuru vehurumende, Radney nezvaenga.
2. Hungary. Pakazosvika vatongi vari pasi pamambo kubatwa venyika machinda, NaAmai Pauline Kabanzi, earls. The yepamusoro pamisara aiva nekodzero yepamutemo kuita paruzhinji mabasa, achida kugadzirisa nyaya inokosha muimba hurumende. muunganidzwa uyu anonzi "tafura tycoons" kana "mukuru tafura".

MuEngland uye muFrance

Ducal dunhu vakaramba kwenguva refu, zvakakwana kuratidza kwayo kuita kuzvimirira zvombo. Kings vakaedza nepose kuti vabatane akapoteredza anokudzwa Estates. Akatenga Kuzviisa kuzvimirira nemiviri zvibvumirano, zvichemo, hwevakaroorana mibatanidzwa. Vaya vakanga hatiwani magwaro ari mukuru simba, kubviswa nechisimba.

Saka, muna France duchy simba vakamira panze:

• Gascon, Gienskoe.
• Brittany, Burgundy.
• Normandy, Aquitania.

Gare gare, munguva yokutonga Napoleon I-Saint uye muzukuru Napoleon III-Rd, shoko "Duke" hachisisina pakutanga zvichinje. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuti vatongi akatanga kumupa wenyaya munhu kuti nekutengesa. Kunyange jester itsva pakarepo anogona kuva Ishe.

In England musoro Duke akazviratidza kubva yaitonga Mambo Edward III. Asati ava paiva NaAmai Pauline Kabanzi, kunokosha. Kuitira kusimbisa mhuri dzavo, mutongi vaimudana vana - vanakomana:

1. Senior Prince of Wales paakavapa musoro Duke pamusoro Cornwall. MuEngland, izvi mhando akachengetedzwa nanhasi.
2. The Duke pamusoro York.
3. Duke pamusoro Clarence.

The rokuremekedza akapiwa vamiririri vakazvipira kunyanya kwamachinda. Saka pakanga madzishe:

• Lancaster.
• Northumberland.
• Clarence.

Title muRussia

Kutanga Menshikov, uye akaonekwa neshoko rake Russian rinoreva "Duke". The Middle Ages vaiva vapfumi vanokudzwa uye vashanyi kubva kunze kwenyika proteges simba. Zita rokuremekedza iri rakanga riripo kunyange Tsars yokuRussia - Holstein-Gottorp. Akataura dzakavapo Western.

Munhoroondo yacho akanyorwa mhuri inonyatsozivikanwa pakati Romanovs:

• Leuchtenberg.
• Oldenburg.
• Württemberg.

Madzishe aiva simba neMhedziso. Asi vakakoniwa kutora musoro mamiriro maererano kupambwa nyika apo gavhuna chipo kukwanisa kudzivirira kodzero dzavo. Zviitiko izvi zvakaitika munhoroondo European inoti.

MuRussia, musoro dzezvipfeko kwamachinda, vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata. Rank zvigopiwa, pachiyero inoti kushandisa dzimwe tsanangudzo machinda amambo pedyo - machinda.

Pane zita chero vakararama panguva yake?

Mumarudzi zvichiripo madzishe Luxembourg, Jean, kutendeukira kuna iye, kutanga nemashoko okuti "Royal nokukwirira." Musoro Duke pamusoro Cornwall ndiye Muchinda Wales muEngland.

Kana tikafunga shoko "Duke" munguva yedu, zvinokwanisika kuti tiite zvakafanana kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro zviri tsanangudzo:

• Sezvaiitwa kare, pasi musoro Duke vainzwisisa vanokudzwa kwakabva womunhu.
• Nhaka nemachinda vakaenda nhare nezvimwe zvivako dzakaitika.
• Chirevo ndechokuti vanhu vane ndozvaari ane rakati kurei raigona uwane muchimiro nyika matunhu uye mari.

Zvisinei, machinda ano asipo simba rayo pamusoro enyika zviitiko munyika. Title chete inoyeuchidza vamwe nezvemavambo murume neimba yake. MuEngland pane madzishe nhasi. Vanopinda Principal pamwero vezera, iyo yaiva vakuru pazasi chakanaka madzimambo.