Ndarama uye dzimwe nyika dzinotengeserana dzekuRussia: ukuru, chimiro, simba

Dhiyabhorosi yeRussia nekunze kune dzimwe nyika inoshandiswa pakutsinhanisa inzvimbo yakachengetwa nenzira yezvinhu zvakakosha zvendarira, madhaimondi, mashandisirwo akawanda anotengeswa kune dzimwe nyika, kuchengetedza nzvimbo, kodzero dzekudhirorera, uye mamwe madhizimusi akawanda. Inogona kushandiswa nehurumende yezvemari yekuchengetedza ruble kushandiswa kwehuwandu, mari yekusara kwebhadharo, uye kutsigira hupfumi hwemhuri. Inoumbwa kubva munzvimbo dzeHurumende (Ministry of Finance) uye Central Bank.

Mitemo yemusika haisati ichitaridzika tsvina, inofungidzirwa, yakarongwa inoyerera. Pane zvinopesana, zvinyorwa, kubvumira, kukurudzirwa kwemugadziro ndezvemamiriro ehupfumi hwemazuva ano. Kugadzirisa migumisiro yekuwa kwakakosha, kupisa mari yemari, kukurudzira mhizha, nyika dzakawanda dzinowedzera chikamu chemari yavo mune zvigadziro zvegoridhe nemari. Nzvimbo yavo yepasi rose yakaenzana ne $ 12 trillion.

Kukura nenyika

Nzvimbo dzegoridhe nemari yeRussia muna 2014 (saAugust 1) yaiva $ 468.4 mabhiriyoni. Ichi ndicho chiratidzo chechitanhatu pakati pemarudzi ose. Mari yakawanda yakadaro inobvumira kudengenyeka kusina maturo kwekuderera kwezvemari, kushandiswa kwemazuva mazhinji ekugadzirira mapurojekiti, kushandisa mari mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti zvakachengetwa panguva ino yezvakaitika zvinoderera (ne4 mabhiriyoni pamusoro pevhiki yekupedzisira yaJuly).

• Kukurukurwa kukuru kwe "locomotive" yenyika - i People's Republic of China. Nyika iri kuvaka sarudzo yayo. Muna 2013, yakawedzerwa ne09,9%, ichiwana madhiyamu 3,8 madhora.
• Katatu zvikamu zviduku muJapan: munaFebruary 2014 zvakasvika ku-1.288 trillion madhora.
• IEuropean Central Bank pakutanga kwegore ra2014 yakanga ine resero ye 771.789 mabhiriyoni emadhora.
• Kupfuura yegoridhe uye yekuchengetedzwa kwekunze kweRussia, nzvimbo dzeSaudi Arabia neSwitzerland.
• Nzvimbo yeUnited States munaFebruary 2014 yakasvika 146.057 mabhiriyoni emadhora (18th nzvimbo).

Maitiro

Nheyo yekuumbwa kwe "golide uye mari yebhakiti" inokurudzira kuvapo mune zvakachengetwa kune mari yakawanda yemari, goridhe yemari nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinokosha, uye mari yepasi rose yemari. Shanduro dzekushandura dzakabatana, naizvozvo kana imwe mari iri muviri isingadhuri, yechipiri - maererano nemutengo. Somugumisiro, re reserved fund haina kurasikirwa nechimwe chinhu. Chimiro chekutsvaga kwegoridhe neyemari yeRussia chinoramba chichishanduka, zvichienderana nemafambiro ehupfumi hwepasi rose. Pakutanga, nheyo yezvokuchengetedza yakanga yakaumbwa nesimbi inokosha uye US dollar. Nekuiswa kwepan-European currency, euro yakanyanya kudzvinyirirwa nedhora.

Kunyanya kuzvikudza kwakanyanya pamadhora eU.S. simba rinoshandura nyika kuti iyanise kusiyana kwayo. Russia inoratidza kuti vanofarira vanoti vanotora (kugadzira) imwe nzira kune mari yepasi rose. Panguva imwecheteyo, mugove wemari yeimwe nyika inotungamirira iri kuwedzera mubhasiki. Somuenzaniso, nzvimbo yacho yakanyanya kuwedzera neCanada dollar, British pound, yen Japanese.

• Chikamu chemari yekunze kune 85%. Somuenzaniso, mugore rekutanga ra2013, 44.7% yaiva US dollar, euro - 40.3%, pound sterling - 9.9%, yeCanada dollar - 2.3%, yen - 1%.
• Mari yemari ndeye 8.9%.
• Nzira inokosha yekukwereta - 2%.
• Iyo IMF yakachengetwa zvipo inenge 1%.

Nzvimbo dzegoridhe

Mari yeRussia neyekune imwe nyika mari yakachengetwa haisi yekuti mari chete. Daimondi uye simbi dzinokosha ndezvimwe chikamu chekuchengetedzwa kwemaitiro. Izvi ndizvo zvishongo zvegoridhe, palladium, sirivha, platinum. Ndarama ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa munguva yakareba. Kunyange zvazvo kukosha kwayo kwemashamba kunofanirwa nekuchinja kukuru, mumatambudziko, "yellow metal" inova nzira yakatendeseka yekubhadhara.

Nyika dzakasiyana nekufungidzira kushanda kwekuunganidza mari mugoridhe bullions. Kune rumwe rutivi, ivo vanokosha pakatarisana nedambudziko guru rezvemari uye hondo inogona kuitika. Kune rumwe rutivi, vanovata mumatura sechiremera chakafa, panzvimbo yekushandira pfuma. Somuenzaniso, muUnited States, zvinopfuura 70% zvekuchengetedzwa ndarama, uye muChina - 1.1%. Russia ndiyo mutungamiri mune zvigadzirwa zvegoridhe muCIS - 1040.7 tani. Zvisinei, iyo inodarika makumi matanhatu kudarika yakachengetwa muUnited States.

Volumes of gold reserve, 2014

Dynamics

Pfuma yeRussian Federation inowanikwa yakapoteredza kuwedzera uye kutengeswa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa. Hurumende yakatora nzvimbo yepamusoro-inoda kuti iende kure nemuenzaniso wehupfumi hwehupfumi uye kusimbisa zvekugadzirwa kwepamusoro-tech. Izvi zvinoda makore uye mabhiriyoni emadhora ekutsvaga. Kusvika ikozvino, zvigadziro zvegoridhe uye zvemari zveRussia zvinobva pane kutengeswa kwemaminera uye zvigadzirwa zvavo. Izvo zvikamu zvakakosha kune zvekutengeserana - hydrocarbons (mafuta, gasi), zvigadzirwa zvemafuta uye zvigadzirwa.

Kana iwe uchiongorora iyo yegoridhe uye yezvokuchengetedza kwekunze kwenyika yeRussia, dynamics inogona kunyatsooneka. Inonyanya kuvimba nekwenjuncture yezvinhu zvakasikwa munyika, kunyanya - muEurope, mutengi mukuru wekuRussia gas uye mafuta. Semuenzaniso, muna 1999, nhepfenyuro yezvakaitika zve reserve fund yakagadzirirwa pa $ 10.7 mabhiriyoni. Mugore rimwe chete, mutengo wemafuta waiva muduku kudarika makore makumi maviri akapfuura, achichinja-shanduka anenge madhora 10 pamubhairi.

Historical maximum

Pakazosvika 2007 pakanga pane kudiwa kwakanyanya kwemafuta. Muna July 2008, nhoroondo yakakosha ye "OPEC basket" yakagadziriswa (inowanikwa yepamusoro yemari yebhari yemarudzi akasiyana emafuta) - $ 140.73. Mari inoshandiswa negasi yakasungirwa kumafuta emafuta, zvichienderana, uye yakasimudzirwa kumatenga. Hurumende yakanga isati yakagadzirira kuziva kutenderera kwemari. Chimwe chikamu chemari yakawanda yakasarudzwa yakagadzirirwa kuunganidza mugoridhe uye mune dzimwe nyika. MunaAgasti 2008, nzvimbo dzekutsinhanisa dzegoridhe nedzimwe nyika dzomuRussia dzakasvika pakurongwa kwepamusoro ye $ 598.1 mabhiriyoni.

Zuva rezuva ranhasi

Nhasi kunze kwenyika mamiriro ezvinhu uye kupera kwemitengo yemasikirwo emhepo kusimbisa hurumende kushandisa chikamu chemari kuchengetedza hupfumi, kusimbisa hondo, uye kuchengetedza kuchengetedza kwekudya. Kana iyo yegoridhe nemari yemari yeRussia yaive $ 494.6 mabhiriyoni muna 2014.03.07, saka yakaderera kusvika $ 468.4 mabhiriyoni muna August. Zviri pachena kuti hapana nzvimbo dzekuchengetedzwa kwekuwedzera kwavo munguva yemberi. Zvisinei, mari yakawanda yegoridhe uye yokuchengetedzwa kwenyika kune imwe nyika haisi chiratidzo chekushanda kwehupfumi. Kana mari inoshandiswa pakugadzirwa kwemazuva ano, kutsvakurudza kwezvesayenzi, kuisa muzvikwereti, mari inoshandiswa nhasi ichadzorerwa mangwana nenzira yezvigadzirwa zvitsva, kugadzirwa kwemazuva ano, kuvandudza mararamiro ehupenyu, nekuvandudza kuchengetedzwa kwenyika.