Mienzaniso michina yakasiyana zvekunyanyisa. Mienzaniso Original pamusoro mapurani itsva

World akitekicha yakatanga pasi mitemo yechechi zvakazara. Zvivako Residential ehurumende akatarira chaizvo mwero, apo temberi akarova ake zvokushamisira. KuMiddle Ages chechi vaipiwa zvinoreva kuti vafundisi yakakwirira akagamuchira kubva mamiriro, mukuwedzera, mipiro vanhu kuuya muchivigiro muchechi. With mari iyi, uye machechi dzakavakwa zvose pamusoro Russia. Mienzaniso yevagari mavakirwo iyoyo akasiya zvakawanda anodikamwa. Zvisinei, kubvira muzana remakore rechi18, mamiriro ezvinhu akachinja zvikuru. Machechi uye machechi dzakavakwa kare pasina zvisingakoshi hwokusanyara, asi asvika Estates, nyika yamambo dzimba uye kunyange zvivako vanokudzwa kunovhima munzvimbo yekudyidzana akawedzera kuti kunatsiridzwa uye runako. Style dzimba, mavakirwo zvivakwa, migwagwa dzaiungana zvave akaramba hwakavandudzika. Architects vaiona vairemekedzwa zvikuru nevanhu.

Early Gothic Style

Mienzaniso Anowanikwa mapurani yekare - a Church, dzakanga dzakavakwa kubvira pezana remakore rechi12 riri kuchamhembe mudunhu France. The Kudeuka Gothic Church yakavakwa muna Amiens, muna 1220. Gare gare imwe Gothic Church akavaka muguta wokuGermany Cologne, kuvakwa kwayo yakapedzwa muna 1248.

In zvinofambirana pamwe Gothic ari rechi12 - rechi14 emakore dzakabudirira uye Romanesque mavakirwo muMiddle Ages. Italian ezvivako kuzomisa chivako namadziro incredible ukobvu, imba iri nani yakaita nenhare. Mienzaniso Romanesque mapurani - kuvaka chakatodzana memasvingo zvechiuto. Rezasi weDanho rave simba zvikuru, zvikuru, uriri rechipiri raiva shongwe uye turrets, rakatenderera uye rectangular mu plan, huru neduku. All shongwe yaiva yakatetepa, mukuru mahwindo, yakaita shongwe. Romanesque architecture muMiddle Ages kusvikira nguva yake. Anorwisana Mudunhu jousting zvinodiwa asingagoni nani akakodzera kudzivirira kunobudirira kubva vachirwisa romuvengi, uye mhuri Castle nhare kuti chinangwa ichi.

yekare akitekicha

Munguva dzekare, yakawanda nzeve rwakabhadharwa kuna kuvakwa paruzhinji zvivako. Ndivo huru zvivako akagadzirirwa sangano vakawanda zvinoratidzwa. Forum Roman, rakagadzirirwa ezviuru vaoni, vekare Greek mumusika, chinhu chihombe yakatsaurwa yakazara vanhu zuva nezuva, navavezi navatengesi. Mavakirwo muIjipiti yekare yakanga yakasiyana nevaRoma, pakutanga kwezvose, kuti vaEgipita haana boka zviuru vakaungana panzvimbo imwe. Nhoroondo muEgipita midzi muzana remakore rechi15 BC, apo mavakirwo wakange ndokunge hunhu. Zvivako zvakavakwa kuti reraimu uye tsvuku zvakabikwa nevhu. About kuno- hapana aizivikanwa vaIjipiti vekare havana hanya Kugadzira zvivako zvavo uye sei dzimba yakakwirira kunzvenga mafashamo kubva mafashamo aNairi.

kunogarirwa

Mavakirwo Greek yekare waiva vakawanda rinotarisa pakuvaka zvivako temberi, zvimwe zvasvika nguva yedu. Zvishoma nezvishoma zvakava pachena akawanda mapurani zvekunyanyisa:

• Doric - Features nyore, simba siyana, kunyange vamwe vavo inorema zurdo. Doric mbiru dziri pamusoro nyere, yakadzika grooves, kuvakoka apasi napamaruva misoro. The chinjikira miganhu Doric - architrave ichi, izvo rinobatanidza mbiru kusvikira pachiyero Mushosho, pamusoro anotuma frieze zvinosanganisira maviri akaturikidzana - triglyphs uye metopes. All pamwechete chimiro entablement iyo surmounts gezimsom, cornice pamwe zvaikosha chokunze protrusion.

• Ionic kuti - kufananidzwa ponderous Doric dzakasiyana kukura nyore. The chikuru chiratidzo kungova Ionic murayiro ndiye guru mbiru serin'i kaviri volute kunangidzirwa curls pasi. Ionic kuti anonzi munhu mapurani zvechikadzi werudzii, sezvo iye yakanatswa uye akawedzera zvemaoresa. Paiva hurongwa VI remakore BC, muna Ionia, iri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero echitsuwa Gungwa reAegean. Kwapera A remakore, kupararira yose Greece yekare. The huru chivako Ionic manyorerwo - iri temberi mwarikadzi Hera pachitsuwa Samosi yakavakwa muna 570 BCE uye nokukurumidza yakaparadzwa nokudengenyeka kwenyika. Uye kupfuura Stylish chivako Ionic kuti ndiyo Temberi yaAtemisi paEfeso - mumwe "Wonders manomwe World."

• VokuKorinde kuti - zvikuru achangopfuura, akasiyana nevamwe chinokosha zvokushamisira. Mbiru mumufananidzo uye entablature kufanana zviratidzo zviri Ionic kurongeka, asi Mushosho uye guta guru zvakasiyana nokure. Style yeKorinde azere decoration, ayo misoro aripo maruva mazano pamusoro mukomberedzo vari misara miviri acanthus mashizha. Capital Uyewo inoshongedza zhinji seruva volyutok.

"Palladianstva"

Early rechi18 pakataurwa chidzoke ane muitiro mutsva mutsika munyika - classicism. Kugara chimiro, akajeka fungidziro uye kukura - ndivo nzira chikuru mapurani classicism. A muteveri yekare manyorerwo temberi mapurani vakatendeka Venetian tenzi Palladio nomudzidzi Scamozzi dzatinogona dzidziso yake classicism yekare. Dzidziso wakanzi "palladianstva" uye vakatsva zvinowanzoshandiswa pakuvaka private dzimba. Style "classicism" iri mapurani rakaratidza kuva yemazuva ano akura uye mushandisi-ushamwari panyaya zvakagadzirwa uye kuvakwa kwezvivako.

Sunset akitekicha "Baroque"

Somugumisiro, mari zvivako yakavakwa wokugadzira mutsva, akanga yekudyidzana yakaderera. Buildings akasiyana Kupfupika, "pie cake" Late Baroque chinhu chekare, yayo zvakafanana, ichibata classicism-axial sezvamunoita uye anokudzwa kuzvidzora yokushongedzwa kwatinosvika vachivakuza. connoisseurs pakati mapurani ounyanzvi European vakanga vakagadzirira kusiya Baroque uye rococo muchifarira Chamber, pamwe manotsi Yedzidzo, zvakaoma uye yakashongedzwa classicism.

Panguva imwe chete, dzimba dzakawanda dzakanga dzakavakwa pasi pokutungamirira Andrea Palladio, kupfuura inozivikanwa iyo yaiva muzinda "rotunda" pedyo Vicenza. Style "classicism" angotanga kukurumbira mu mapurani. Paris ari chaizvoizvo dzinozara pakuvaka. Under Louis XV ndokumisa mapurani yose zvivako, zvakadai somunhu Concorde. Uye paitonga Louis XVI "laconic classicism" zvazova huru kuitika mumaguta mapurani. Mushure kuurayiwa Mambo French uye sapakuparadzwa poumambo muna 1793 kuParis kwenguva refu akavaka randomly uye inconsistently nguva.

Mapurani werudzii ari Empire

Mukupera rechi18 classicism rotanga kuvira vaida gadziridzo yose tsika vakawanda uye mavakirwo sezvo chikamu kwayo nhengo.

In nzvimbo classicism kwakauya manyorero chitsva unyanzvi uye mapurani, wainzi Empire, iyo yakatanga uye yakazokudziridzwa muFrance, paitonga Napoleon I. The chidzoke rutsva kuitika kwakakonzerwa iri diki chikamu enyika zvikonzero. Hurumende Napoleon Bonaparte akaedza kumanikidza inonzi "Imperial" manyorero yayo pamusoro mapurani, pazvakava pachena kuti classicism unouya kuti pedyo. How yakatarwa uye vachivhaira Empire nezvimwe zvitaera zvose remakore rechi19 mapurani inonyatsoenderana zvakakwana mumuzinda agglomerates, asi kusimbisa richiri pamusoro "wamambo" mirayiridzo.

Muna Russian Empire mapurani akazviratidza yaitonga Alexander I, uyo vakavimbika kune tsika French uye vakafunga akakodzera godo. Ndosaka mambo akakoka mapurani kubva kuFrance, Auguste Montferrand, nokuti erection yaiva yakakurumbira Cathedral St. kwaIsaka. Style mu akitekicha - ari Empire - haana yunifomu waro chimiro, zvakanga yakakamurwa kupinda St. Petersburg uye Moscow uye kwakatora kusvikira pezana remakore rechi19. Kuwedzera Cathedral St. vaIsaka, yakavakwa muna 1858, muSt Petersburg pane imwe Nyanzvi mu "wamambo" manyorero ndiwo Kazan Cathedral Andrei Voronikhin, uye muna Moscow "Kupemberera Arch". Russian Style mu mapurani Empire - kwenguva yemakore matatu, kuvakwa ounyanzvi zvechokwadi.

Architectural zvinokwezva St. Petersburg

Rimwe remaguta dzepamusorosoro munyika mapurani kukosha ndiro guta St. Petersburg, iro Northern Capital kweRussia. Nokuda chamazuva wokuRussia uye Western European madhorobha kuronga Zvakaitika XVIII - XIX emakore, muSt Petersburg, yakasiyana conglomerate yakatangwa. The guta chinomiririrwa gumi neshanu mapurani akasiyana zvitaera, rinobvumirana polyphony iyo pave rakasiyana mufananidzo pamusoro kudzokerana anoverengeka zvenhoroondo nguva imwe. Miganhu epochs haina zvakajeka muchimucherechedza, "Blurred", asi zvose nezviratidzo kare varipo.

Petersburg akitekicha zvinosanganisira nzvimbo sere dziri zvakazara:

• Baroque "Peter", kutanga muzana remakore rechi18;
• Baroque "Elizabeth", pakati pezana remakore rechi18;
• Gothic, yechipiri yezana remakore rechi18;
• classicism, kuguma muzana remakore rechi18;
• Russian Empire, kwezana remakore rechi19;
• Renaissance, pakati pezana remakore rechi19;
• eclectic, yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19;
• Art Nouveau, mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20;

Petro Baroque - munhu kutendeuka Italian uye French Baroque. Several Artsy Style akanga kufarira Peter I uye ake boka racho. Zvisinei, nguva yokuti iyo ichatonga zvine mbiri Baroque, aiva hondo kudzikama, vakawanda yakaparadza muchivigiro. Kuvaka Zvivako zvitsva underfinanced, uye chakabata unhu hwavo. The Baroque Style yakanga akasarudzwa chete pamusoro pamadziro, accentuated huru zviri mapurani dzinoitwa: zviri pediments, pilasters pamwe volutes, ari spiers padenga. The omukati vakakweverwa pachishandiswa ari Suite, izvozvo yekudyidzana zvinoderedza mari kuvakwa. Petrine Baroque vakatonga muSt Petersburg kubva 1703 kusvika 1740, pashure pokufa mambo muna 1725 Chekuita pasi chibvumirano kuti ezvivako European wapera, asi basa mberi kwemamwe makore 15.

Ndiani akakwira choumambo muna 1741 mwanasikana Peter I Elizabeth akatsvaka centralize simba, mukuwedzera, akanga asiri mutsva muumbozha, kubwinya, zvemaoresa mitambo uye mabhora. Mavakirwo mumadhorobha ukatambararira yaitonga Elizabeth akava traceable pomposity uye pretentiousness, saka kuti pacharo akasimuka manyorerwo "Elizabethan Baroque". The chikuru mapurani nguva yakanga Bartolomeo Rastrelli, uyo akasika munhu Nyanzvi wenyika mavakirwo nyika kukosha - the Winter Palace, iri Palace Square, rinova kuziva "Hermitage" somunhu miziyamu.

List pamusoro mapurani, chakavakwa paitonga Elizabeth ari Baroque:

• Anichkov Palace (1741 - 1753).
• Summer Dvorets Elizavety (1741 - 1744), haana riparare.
• Grand Peterhof Palace (1745 - 1762).
• Ekateringofsky Palace (1747 - 1750), haana riparare.
• Smolny Cathedral, yakavakwa muSt Petersburg (1748 - 1754).
• Vorontsov Palace, St. Petersburg (1749 - 1757).
• Vatariri Palace pamusoro Central kubenzi (1751 - 1754), haana riparare.
• The Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye tiiviste (1752 - 1758).
• Stroganov Palace, Nevsky Tariro (1753 - 1754).
• Nicholas-Epiphany Naval Cathedral (1753 - 1762).
• House Shuvalov pamusoro Italian mumugwagwa (1753 - 1755).
• Winter Palace (1754 - 1762).
• Mansion Yakovleva (1762 - 1766), haana riparare.

Gothic muSt Petersburg

Guta riri Neva ndechimwe chezvinhu nemamwe maguta ari munyika iyo tsika saka siyana. Gothic akitekicha akazviratidza St. Petersburg muna 1777, yakanga Chesma Palace uye Chesma Church. Sezvakaita ne "yaPetro Baroque", zvivako izvi regai zvakakwana kusangana manyorero. Gothic zvinhu mabasa somunhu zvokunze makona - pamadziro, namaberere, vakawanda turret, yakakwirira spiers. Kubereka hurongwa zvezvivako anoitwa kushandisa itsanangudzo zano. Kutaura zvazviri, aiva ekunyebera, zvisinei muzana remakore rechi19 vakawanda machechi uye dzimba enyika dzakavakwa.

Mapurani werudzii "classicism" yambokurukurwa munguva kubva 1760 kusvika gore 1780. Petersburg panguva yakanga agadzirira kuchinja. Building, yakavakwa muna dzekare manyorerwo, kukodzera zvakakwana kupinda mumaguta nakuyenda. Zvezvisarudzo chinozikamwa zvivako zvinotevera:

• "Imperial Academy of Arts Akanaka", yakavakirwa Vasilevsky Island muna 1764 -1788 makore.
• Yusupov Palace (1771-1773).
• The Hanging Gardens of Small Hermitage (1764-1775).
• Armenian Church (1771-1776).
• Marble Palace (1768-1785)
• Tauride Palace (1783-1789).
• Mining Institute of Empress Catherine (1806-1808).

Classicism waiva nhungamiri yokushanyira St. Petersburg yeRussian Empire. Shanduko mirayiridzo rakauya kuzviona. Nepo mapurani werudzii ari Empire aiva kudiwa kuFrance sorutivi kufambira nokuchinja kuitika munyika. It akaratidza vavariro Napoleon uye akava chiratidzo upenyu hutsva kuti French. A Russian Empire chakatsiva classicism, hapana zvakawanda. Petersburg akitekicha yakatanga nemitemo yayo. A chinokosha kukanganisa kwaro inotungamirwa aiva tsika French.

Architecture & Photography

Kuvaka dzinogarwa uye sacral, Manor dzimba uye machechi, mumajeri uye mahofisi vaiva kumba. Chimiro Chero izvo zvahunoreva upenyu ruzhinji aifanira mapurani zvinhu. Vamwe dzimba dzakavakwa zvichinyatso enderana pamwe aesthetics kweimba nemirau, murongedzeri kazhinji vakakwanisa kuzadzisa hunoshamisa zvabuda. Ounyanzvi ose mapurani uri akanga achironga, nekuti mapikicha haana asi kuvapo. Photo makanaka yakabuda uye akatanga kukudziridza chete yokutanga yezana remakore rechi19. Zvisinei, kwete pakarepo kukwanisa kutsiva mufananidzo ari mufananidzo. Architecture - anogara mufananidzo nani kunzwisisa, noruvara zhinji uye pasi uye kuipa havana kuvapa daguerreotype, pamusoro ndiro anogamuchira chete sandara gwapa pamwe patunhu contours. Zvino Artists akapfuurira kuwana.

Asi makore akapfuura, nani mufananidzo, uye ipapo kwakauya nguva nechivako chinoitwa zvinobvira mufananidzo. Architecture, nomazvo Classic, ndiye "yakagwamba nechando mumhanzi", uye vazhinji vanoda nziyo mumabhatiri mundangariro dziri mifananidzo. Vanhu yakurukurwa tikafunga mumisha yavo pachavo kana kuedza kurega pedyo zvimwe zvivako vakakurumbira. zvitaera siyana pamusoro mapurani, iyo mifananidzo vane musha vaiona chimiro chakanaka, akava akakurumbira. Mumazuva mifananidzo mangwanani, mifananidzo vakawanda vaiva kana mhuri, kana mifananidzo zvezvivako.

Styles akitekicha mienzaniso

Mienzaniso mapurani siyana siyana, mumwe nomumwe wavo ane zvimwe zvinhu munguva nzvimbo, nezvaiitwa muridzi uye nguva iyo ichi chivako yakavakwa.

Oga, kuti zvitaera inozivikanwa kwazvo mapurani anogona kupa kongiri mienzaniso:

• Empire - "Arch of General Staff" muSt Petersburg raMwari Palace Square (1819 - 1829), mapurani Carlo Rossi;
• classicism - "Utatu Cathedral iri Alexander Nevsky Monastery" (1776 - 1790), murongedzeri vatana. St. Petersburg;
• Gothic - "Sevastyanov House" (1863 - 1866), mapurani pfari, Ekaterinburg;
• Baroque - "Stroganov Palace" muSt Petersburg, musi Nevsky Tariro (1752 - 1754), akitekiti Rastrelli;
• Renaissance - The Cathedral "Santa Maria Del it fiore" muna Florence (1417 - 1436), akitekiti Brunelleschi;
• Nouveau - "House of Singer" kuSt Petereburge (1902 - 1904), akitekiti Suzor.

Mienzaniso akitekicha rinopupurira kuti pave siyana Genres mumazana emakore.

Mienzaniso Original kuti mapurani yanhasi

Nhasi, nyika ine zvakakwana ezvivako okusika vanoitira ultramodern mazano. Other zvirongwa zviri pachokwadi utilitarian hunhu, asi pane avo anogona kunzi yepakutanga. Somuenzaniso, muJapan, muna mufashoni pamba pamusoro balls. Sezvo nyika kumabvazuva nokudengenyeka kwenyika, eJapan ezvivako vakatanga kuisa dzimba huru balls akagadzirwa zvikuru vafuke zvinhu. Saka, panguva imba kwenyika chete anotanga uku, nokufamba zvakaramba havagoni kuita zvakaipa kwaari.

Kune Zvivako yepakutanga, iyo dzinokonzerwa okusika kugadzira pfungwa. The guta Spanish inozivikanwa Barcelona, iro zvakakodzera rakava kutanga munyika iri nhamba zvivako chepakutanga, ezvivako ndakasika mumwe rounyanzvi. Iyi imba, flipped "zvachose pasi". Nemamiriro pamire padenga uye kujairika kunofadza ayo vashanyi.